{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:13:45Z","timestamp":1790054025099,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,18]],"date-time":"2002-09-18T19:46:30Z","timestamp":1032378390000},"page":"157-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The impact of Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin on cells involved in immune response"],"prefix":"10.1006","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Liselott A.","family":"Svensson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Tarkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Thelestam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Lagerg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-6-525","article-title":"Identification of cdtB homologues and cytolethal distending toxin activity in enterohepatic Helicobacter spp","volume":"49","author":"Chien","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.4056","article-title":"A diffusible cytotoxin of Haemophilus ducreyi","volume":"94","author":"Cope","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(95)90022-5","article-title":"Distribution of the cytolethal distending toxin A gene among species of Shigella and Vibrio and cloning and sequencing of the cdt gene from Shigella dysenteriae","volume":"18","author":"Okuda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.3.1046-1051.1994","article-title":"Cloning, sequencing and expression of Escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin genes","volume":"62","author":"Pickett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.6.2070-2078.1996","article-title":"Prevalence of cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and relatedness ofCampylobacter sp cdtB genes","volume":"64","author":"Pickett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.4181785.x","article-title":"A new cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) from Escherichia coli producing CNF2 blocks HeLa cell division in G2\/M phase","volume":"24","author":"Peres","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.1.244-251.1994","article-title":"Cloning and sequencing of the genes encoding Escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin","volume":"62","author":"Scott","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5008","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.10.5008-5019.1998","article-title":"The cell-cycle specific growth inhibitory factor produced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin","volume":"66","author":"Sugai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.184-191.2000","article-title":"Cytolethal distending toxin sequence and activity in the enterohepatic pathogen Helicobacter hepaticus","volume":"68","author":"Young","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01537-1","article-title":"The cytolethal distending toxin family","volume":"7","author":"Pickett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.3.1156-1162.1992","article-title":"Haemophilus ducreyi, a cyto\u00cdtoxin-producing bacterium","volume":"60","author":"Purv\u00e9n","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3831","article-title":"The cytolethal distending toxin from the chancroid bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi induces cell-cycle arrest in G2 phase","volume":"103","author":"Cortes-Bratti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6394","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.12.6394-6402.1999","article-title":"Cytolethal distending toxin of Haemophilus ducreyi induces apoptotic death of Jurkat T cells","volume":"67","author":"Gelfanova","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.12.5088-5095.1997","article-title":"Escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin blocks the HeLa cell cycle at the G2\/M transition by preventing cdc2 protein kinase dephosphorylation and activation","volume":"65","author":"Comayras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.5.1934-1940.1998","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin causes a G2-phase cell cycle block","volume":"66","author":"Whitehouse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.8.4773","article-title":"Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans immunosuppressive protein is a member of the family of cytolethal distending toxins capable of causing a G2 arrest in human T cells","volume":"162","author":"Shenker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1097(95)00161-W","article-title":"Cytotoxin production in 100 strains of Haemophilus ducreyi from different geographic locations","volume":"129","author":"Purv\u00e9n","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEMS Microb Lett"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF18","first-page":"639","article-title":"Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases: the global picture","volume":"68","author":"De Schryver","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.3.357","article-title":"Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi: an update","volume":"8","author":"Trees","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.5.945","article-title":"Prospective analysis of genital ulcer disease in Brooklyn, New York","volume":"24","author":"Dillon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1086\/314502","article-title":"Etiology of genital ulcers and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in 10 US cities","volume":"178","author":"Mertz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199403000-00011","article-title":"Gross and microscopic features in chancroid: A study in 200 new culture-proven cases in San Salvador","volume":"21","author":"Ort\u0131́z-Zepeda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1206","article-title":"Humoral immune response of humans to lipooligosaccharide and outer membrane proteins of H. ducreyi","volume":"5","author":"Alfa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF24","first-page":"3495","article-title":"Purification and identification of Haemophilus ducreyi cytotoxin by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies","volume":"64","author":"Purv\u00e8n","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1987.tb01885.x","article-title":"Histological aspects of sexually transmitted genital lesions","volume":"1","author":"Freinkel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF26","first-page":"415","article-title":"Studies on chancroid. I. Observations on the histology with an evaluation of biopsy as diagnostic procedure","volume":"22","author":"Sheldon","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.2.427","article-title":"An immunohistochemical analysis of naturally occurring chancroid","volume":"174","author":"King","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1086\/314489","article-title":"The immune response to Haemophilus ducreyi resembles a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction throughout experimental infection of human subjects","volume":"78","author":"Palmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.2.394","article-title":"Haemophilus ducreyi elicits a cutanious infiltrate of CD4+ cells during experimental human infection","volume":"173","author":"Spinola","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1608-1619.2000","article-title":"Serum resistance in Haemophilus ducreyi requires outer membrane protein DsrA","volume":"68","author":"Elkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1998.0250","article-title":"Effect of normal and immune sera on Haemophilus ducreyi 35000HP and its isogenic MOMP and LOS mutants","volume":"26","author":"Hiltke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6013","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.22.6013-6022.1998","article-title":"Haemophilus ducreyi secretes a filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein","volume":"180","author":"Ward","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(05)80011-7","article-title":"Serum bactericidal activity and phagocytosis in host defence against Haemophilus ducreyi","volume":"18","author":"Lagergard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.2.689-695.1991","article-title":"Endotoxin shedding by enterobacteria: free and cell bound endotoxin differ in limulus activity","volume":"59","author":"Mattsby-Baltzer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mossman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(92)90021-F","article-title":"The role of Haemophilus ducreyi bacteria, cytotoxin endotoxin and antibodies in animal models for study of chancroid","volume":"13","author":"Lagerg\u00e5rd","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF37","first-page":"217","article-title":"The solid phase enzyme linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) for enumerating antibody secreting cells: Methodology and applications","author":"Czerkinsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"In: Kemeny DM, Eds. ELISA and other solid phase immunoassays. Challacombe"},{"key":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422_RF38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-9-2097","article-title":"A study of the cellular immune response to enteroviruses in humans: identification of cross-reactive T cell epitopes on the structural proteins of enteroviruses","volume":"77","author":"Cello","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401000904224?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401000904224?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T19:50:00Z","timestamp":1680551400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401000904224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0882401000904224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/mpat.2000.0422","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}}}