{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T19:26:11Z","timestamp":1760729171653},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]],"date-time":"1997-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":880934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]},"DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,7]],"date-time":"2002-10-07T19:00:31Z","timestamp":1034017231000},"page":"271-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hazard Assessment of Boric Acid in Toys"],"prefix":"10.1006","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 G.","family":"Craan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony W.","family":"Myres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C1","first-page":"3808","article-title":"Is borax dangerous? Enquiries to a centre for information on poisoning during a period of 12 years","volume":"145","author":"Adelhardt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Laeger."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C2","series-title":"Poisoning: Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments","author":"Arena","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C3","unstructured":"ATSDR, 1992, Toxicological Profile for Boron and Compounds, U.S. Public Health Service, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(86)90309-8","article-title":"Ingestion of boric acid by infants","volume":"4","author":"Baker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3109\/10915818309142004","article-title":"Expert Panel of the American College of Toxicology: Final report on the safety assessment of sodium borate and boric acid","volume":"2","author":"Beyer","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1993.1005","article-title":"Lack of total independence of uncertainty factors (UFs): Implications for the size of the total uncertainty factor","volume":"17","author":"Calabrese","year":"1993","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C7","unstructured":"Canada, 1993, Consolidation of the Hazardous Products Act, Department of Health, Ottawa, Canada"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C8","unstructured":"R. Cantilli, 1991, Drinking Water Health Advisory for Boron: Government Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.761359","article-title":"Methods to assess reproductive effects of environmental chemicals: Studies of cadmium and boron administered orally","volume":"13","author":"Dixon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2300(83)90030-2","article-title":"Regulatory history and experimental support of uncertainty (safety) factors","volume":"3","author":"Dourson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(59)90111-5","article-title":"The urinary excretion of boric acid preparations following oral administration and topical applications to intact and damaged skin of rabbits","volume":"1","author":"Draize","year":"1959","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(91)90215-P","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity of boric acid in Swiss (CD-1) Mice: Assessment using the continuous breeding protocol","volume":"17","author":"Fail","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(82)80111-7","article-title":"Unaffected blood boron levels in newborn infants treated with a boric acid ointment","volume":"20","author":"Fris-Hansen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C14","first-page":"138","article-title":"The low toxicity in animals of boric acid as a preservative agent","volume":"30","author":"Frost","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C15","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Boric acid poisoning in infants: Cases observed at the Rome Pediatric Clinic from 1958 to 1968","volume":"22","author":"Giardini","year":"1970","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(53)80304-5","article-title":"Boric acid poisoning. Reports of four cases and a review of 109 cases from the world literature","volume":"43","author":"Goldbloom","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Pediat."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C17","first-page":"719","article-title":"Seizure disorders and anemia associated with chronic borax intoxication","volume":"108","author":"Gordon","year":"1973","journal-title":"Can. Med. Ass. J."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C18","unstructured":"Health Canada, 1996, Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality, Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Canada"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(92)90055-M","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of boric acid in mice and rats","volume":"18","author":"Heindel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102s7107","article-title":"The developmental toxicity of boric acid in mice, rats, and rabbits","volume":"102","author":"Heindel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659309000402","article-title":"A fatal case of boric acid poisoning","volume":"31","author":"Ishii","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00316588","article-title":"Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man","volume":"55","author":"Jansen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C23","first-page":"49","article-title":"Gastrointestinal absorption andin vitro","volume":"22","author":"Jansen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C24","first-page":"427","article-title":"Volume of a swallow","volume":"102","author":"Jones","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.761351","article-title":"Extrapolation of experimental data from animals to man","volume":"13","author":"Krasovskii","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.761369","article-title":"Toxic and gonadotropic effects of cadmium and boron relative to standards for these substances in drinking water","volume":"13","author":"Krasovskii","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(91)90143-3","article-title":"Tissue disposition of boron in male Fischer rats","volume":"111","author":"Ku","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658608992592","article-title":"Acute ingestion of boric acid","volume":"24","author":"Linden","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399009531443","article-title":"Effect of acute exposure to boric acid on the male reproductive system of the rat","volume":"31","author":"Linder","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(88)90001-0","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of toxicity in a series of 784 boric acid ingestions","volume":"6","author":"Litovitz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C31","first-page":"141","article-title":"Human toxicology of boron with special reference to boric acid poisoning","volume":"9","author":"Locatelli","year":"1987","journal-title":"G. Ital. Med. Lav."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C32","first-page":"1842","article-title":"Asymptomatic boric acid intoxication: Value of peritoneal dialysis","volume":"71","author":"Martin","year":"1971","journal-title":"N.Y. State J. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1928.02690320044013","article-title":"The distribution of boric acid in human organs in six deaths due to boric acid poisoning","volume":"90","author":"McNally","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1995.0004","article-title":"A human health risk assessment of boron (boric acid and borax) in drinking water","volume":"22","author":"Murray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C35","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (NTP), 1987, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Boric Acid (CAS No. 10043-35-3) in B6C3F1, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.58.9.737","article-title":"Chronic boric acid poisoning in infants","volume":"58","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1945.02860210022006","article-title":"Boric acid ointment: A study of possible intoxication in the treatment of burns","volume":"128","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C38","first-page":"61","article-title":"\u00c9tude comparative de l'action des acides borique, benz\u00e8ne boronique et p-m\u00e9thyl-benz\u00e8ne boronique sur le syst\u00e8me nerveux central","volume":"15","author":"Pham-Huu-Chahn","year":"1974","journal-title":"Agressologie"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1921.92630060030011","article-title":"A case of borax poisoning","volume":"76","author":"Potter","year":"1921","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C40","first-page":"173","article-title":"Developmental toxicity NOAEL and postnatal recovery in rats fed boric acid during gestation","volume":"14","author":"Price","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039109373964","article-title":"Safety factors and establishment of acceptable daily intakes","volume":"8","author":"Renwick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Food Add. Contam."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039309374156","article-title":"A data-derived safety (uncertainty) factor for the intense sweetener, saccharin","volume":"10","author":"Renwick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Food Add. Contam."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(92)90180-6","article-title":"Fatal ingestion of boric acid in adult","volume":"10","author":"Restuccio","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(65)90041-4","article-title":"Comparative acute effects of some chemicals on the skin of rabbits and guinea-pigs","volume":"7","author":"Roubadush","year":"1965","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00807517","article-title":"Electron-microscopic investigation of the effect of boric acid on the seminiferous tubules of albino rats","volume":"83","author":"Silaev","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. (USSR)"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/00028896909343157","article-title":"Range-finding toxicity data: List VII","volume":"30","author":"Smyth","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C47","unstructured":"W. S. Snyder, M. J. Cook, E. S. Masset, L. R. Karhausen, G. P. Howells, I. H. Tippon, 1984, Report of the Task Group on Reference Man, 11, 12, Pergamon, Toronto"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C48","series-title":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology","article-title":"The halogens and the nonmetals boron and silicon","author":"Stockinger","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550120213","article-title":"Toxicology update: Boron, boric acid, borates and boron oxide","volume":"12","author":"Von Burg","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1945.02860390018004","article-title":"Boric acid: A dangerous drug of little value","volume":"129","author":"Watson","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(83)90105-5","article-title":"The volume of a swallow: Correlation of deglutition with patient and container parameters","volume":"3","author":"Watson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(72)90037-3","article-title":"Toxicologic studies on borax and boric acid","volume":"23","author":"Weir","year":"1972","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.11.761","article-title":"Reproductive effects of sodium borates on male employees: Birth rate assessment","volume":"51","author":"Whorton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. W. Wiley, 1904, Influence of Food Preservatives and Artificial Colors on Digestion and Health. I. Boric Acid and Borax, 245","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.33285"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C55","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Boric acid poisoning: Report of 11 cases","volume":"90","author":"Wong","year":"1964","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155_RT971155C56","first-page":"447","article-title":"Boric acid as a poison","volume":"61","author":"Young","year":"1949","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230097911557?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230097911557?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T02:30:15Z","timestamp":1576636215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0273230097911557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0273230097911557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/rtph.1997.1155","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]}}}