{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:12:13Z","timestamp":1791310333815,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]],"date-time":"2001-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":991353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,18]],"date-time":"2002-09-18T21:19:16Z","timestamp":1032383956000},"page":"285-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Benefit and Risk of Organic Ultraviolet Filters"],"prefix":"10.1006","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Gerhard J.","family":"Nohynek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF1","first-page":"875","article-title":"Est-il dangereux d'utiliser des photoprotecteurs topiques? Editorial","volume":"121","author":"Amblard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00564.x","article-title":"Inhibition of solar simulator-induced p53 mutations and protection against skin cancer development in mice by sunscreens","volume":"112","author":"Ananthaswamy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF3","unstructured":"Anderson, M. W., Hewitt, J. P., and Spruce, S. R.1997. Broad-spectrum physical sunscreens: Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. In Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation and Regulatory Aspects.N. J. Lowe, N. A. Shaath, and M. A. Pathak, Eds., pp. 353\u2013397. Dekker, New York."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12479191","article-title":"The optics of human skin","volume":"77","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF5","unstructured":"Anonymous, 2000, Toxic fears over suntan lotions, Guardian, October 5."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980812)77:4<533::AID-IJC10>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Influence of sun exposure during childhood and during adulthood on melanoma risk","volume":"77","author":"Autier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.24.1873","article-title":"Sunscreen use, wearing clothes, and number of nevi in 6- to 8-year old European children","volume":"90","author":"Autier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.15.1304","article-title":"Sunscreen use and duration of sun exposure: A double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"91","author":"Autier","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00930-3.x","article-title":"Use and misuse of sunscreens","volume":"39","author":"Ayala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12538909","article-title":"Skin permeability in vivo: Comparison in rat, rabbit, pig and man","volume":"58","author":"Bartek","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.8.936","article-title":"Melanoma prevention: Evaluation of a health education campaign for primary schools","volume":"135","author":"Bastuji-Garin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF12","first-page":"1804","article-title":"Le danger des photoprotecteurs externes","volume":"29","author":"Beani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Le Concours Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF13","first-page":"242","article-title":"Sunbather's application of sunscreen is probably inadequate to obtain the sun protection factor assigned to the preparation","volume":"9","author":"Bech-Tomsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmun. Photomed."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF14","unstructured":"Benech-Kiefer, F, Meuling, W. J. A, Leclerc, C, Roza, L, Leclaire, J, and, Nohynek, G. 2001, Percutaneous absorption of Mexoryl SX in human volunteers: Coparison with in vitro data. Submitted for publication."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1159\/000029940","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption of sunscreens in vitro: Inter-species comparison, skin models and reproducibility aspects","volume":"13","author":"Benech-Kiefer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2000)071<0314:EOTPEO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of the protective effect of sunscreens on human skin reconstructed in vitro exposed to U VB or U VA irradiation","volume":"71","author":"Bernerd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1996.tb02441.x","article-title":"Sunscreens protect from U V-promoted squamous cell carcinomas in mice chronically irradiated with doses of U V radiation insufficient to cause edema","volume":"64","author":"Bestak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF18","unstructured":"Boehm, F., Meffert, H., and Tribius, S.1995. Hazards of sunscreens\u2014Cytotoxic properties of micronized titandioxide. In Biological Effects of LightM. F. Holick and E. G. Jung, Eds., pp. 446\u2013451. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breitbart, E. W.1997. Worldwide experience with the realisation of educational campaigns. In Skin Cancer and U V RadiationP. Altmeyer, K. Hoffmann, and M. St\u00fccker, Eds., pp. 850\u2013856. Springer Verlag, Berlin.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60771-4_98"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a033219","article-title":"Toxicity and phototoxicity of chemical sun filters","volume":"91","author":"Butt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103337","article-title":"Actinic keratoses: Scientific evaluations and public health implications\u2014Panel discussion and concluding remarks","volume":"42","author":"Callen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF22","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mexoryl SX."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF23","year":"1999","journal-title":"Response Statement: Internet Rumors About Sunscreens and Temporary Blindness are False and Unsubstantiated."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08301.x","article-title":"Measurement of in vivo sunscreen protection factors","volume":"70","author":"Damian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF25","first-page":"S65","article-title":"Sun exposure and protection behaviors among youth ages 11 to 18: A national survey","volume":"149","author":"Davis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(98)00114-8","article-title":"Test guidelines for in vitro assessment of dermal absorption and percutaneous penetration of cosmetic ingredients","volume":"37","author":"Diembeck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03709.x","article-title":"The influence of sunscreen type on photoprotection","volume":"137","author":"Diffey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF28","first-page":"303","article-title":"Information, d\u00e9sinformation et photo\u00e9ducation","volume":"126","author":"Dubertret","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/09546639809160682","article-title":"Assessment of the effects of a sunblock stick in the prevention of solar-simulating ultraviolet light-induced herpes labialis","volume":"9","author":"Duteil","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02898.x","article-title":"The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the human immune system","volume":"140","author":"Duthie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018440801577","article-title":"Sunlight and cancer","volume":"8","author":"English","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF32","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF33","year":"1997","journal-title":"General Factors."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF34","year":"1999","journal-title":"EPA's Sunwise School Program: Health Effects of U V Radiation."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF35","year":"1998","journal-title":"List of Ultraviolet Filters Which May Be Included in Cosmetic Products"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF36","year":"1999","journal-title":"Guidelines for Quantitative Risk Characterisation of Non-Threshold Carcinogens in the Framework of Existing Chemicals Following Council regulation (EEC) 793\/93"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF37","unstructured":"FDA, 1997, Seven steps to safer sunning, FDA Consumer, February 1997."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF38","first-page":"98","volume":"64","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fed. Regist."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF39","year":"2000","journal-title":"Guidance for Industry. Photosafety Testing"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF40","first-page":"7","year":"1996","journal-title":"FDC Reports\u2014The Rose Sheet"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00269.x","article-title":"Recommended distributions for exposure factors frequently used in health risk assessment","volume":"14","author":"Finley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03041.x","article-title":"Relevance of animal models of photocarcinogenesis to humans","volume":"63","author":"Forbes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03125.x","article-title":"Mexoryl SX protects against solar-simulated U VR-induced photocarcinogenesis in mice","volume":"64","author":"Fourtanier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF44","unstructured":"Fukuda, M., and Naganuma, M.1997. The Sunscreen industry in Japan: Past, present and future. In Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation and Regulatory Aspects, pp. 241\u2013259. N. J. Lowe, N. A. Shaath, and M. A. Pathak, Eds. Dekker, New York."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF45","unstructured":"Funk, J. O., Dromgole, S. H., and Maibach, H. I.1997. Contact sensitization and photocontact sensitization on sunscreening agents. In Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation and Regulatory Aspects, N. J. Lowe, N. A. Shaath, and M. A. Pathak, Eds., pp. 631\u2013653. Dekker, New York."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.22.2955","article-title":"Broad-spectrum sunscreen use and the development of nevi in white children: A randomized trial","volume":"283","author":"Gallagher","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.4.614","article-title":"Could sunscreens increase melanoma risk?","volume":"82","author":"Garland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Pub. Health"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF48","first-page":"103","article-title":"Rising trends in melanoma: A hypothesis concerning sunscreens","volume":"3","author":"Garland","year":"1993","journal-title":"AEP"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09677.x","article-title":"A review of sunscreen safety and efficacy","volume":"68","author":"Gasparro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.1999.tb07216.x","article-title":"Promoting sun protection in elementary schools and child care setting: The SunSafe Project","volume":"69","author":"Grant-Petersson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. School Health"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12168-2","article-title":"Daily sunscreen application and beta-carotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: A randomised, controlled trial","volume":"354","author":"Green","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF52","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Skin cancer in a subtropical Asutralian population: Incidence and lack of association with occupation","volume":"144","author":"Green","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF53","unstructured":"Greenoak, G., Torkamanzehi, A., and Nearn, M. R., Reduction in tumour incidence by a sunscreen containing microfine titanium dioxide. Cosmet. Aerosols Toiletries Aust.7, 12\u201318."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF54","article-title":"Here comes the sun","author":"Harrison","year":"1964","journal-title":"Abbey Road"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF55","first-page":"236","article-title":"A profile of the skin penetration of a common sunscreening agent: Oxybenzone","volume":"5B","author":"Hayden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perspect. Cut. Penetration"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF56","author":"Henry","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clinical Diagnosis and Management."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF57","first-page":"467","article-title":"Use of topical sunscreen and the risk of malignant melanoma: Results of a meta-analysis of 9067 patients","volume":"10","author":"Hunchrek","year":"2000","journal-title":"AEP"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF58","year":"1992","journal-title":"Monograph on Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF59","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sunscreens, Draft Report of the Meeting of the Working Group, Lyon, April 11\u201318, 2000."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF60","unstructured":"Janousek, A.1997. Regulatory aspects of sunscreens in Europe. In Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation and Regulatory AspectsN. J. Lowe, N. A. Shaath, and M. A. Pathak, Eds., pp. 215\u2013225. Dekker, New York."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF61","first-page":"239","article-title":"Skin penetration from sunscreens from commercial products","volume":"5B","author":"Jiang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perspect. Cut. Penetration"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00056.x","article-title":"Absorption of sunscreens across human skin: An evaluation of commercial products for children and adults","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(80)80221-0","article-title":"Sunscreen prevents ultraviolet photocarcinogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Kligman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000066249","article-title":"Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the pollicular orifice","volume":"12","author":"Lademann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1905840","article-title":"The p53 mutations in human cancers","volume":"253","author":"Levine","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF66","year":"1999","journal-title":"L'Express"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1997.tb07961.x","article-title":"Sunscreen Protection Against Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Pyrimidine Dimers in Mouse Epidermal DNA","volume":"65","author":"Ley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photochemistry and Photobiology"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70412-3","article-title":"The health impact of solar radiation and prevention strategies: Report of the Environmental Council, American Academy of Dermatology","volume":"41","author":"Lim","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC340101","article-title":"Nurture with ionizing radiation: A provocative hypothesis","volume":"34","author":"Luckey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/84.18.1427","article-title":"Increasing incidence of cutaneous melanoma in Queensland, Australia","volume":"84","author":"MacLennan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF71","first-page":"195","article-title":"Allergy to sunscreens","volume":"31","author":"Mancel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF72","first-page":"403","article-title":"An in vitro strategy to evaluate the phototoxicity of solar U V at the molecular and cellular level: Application to photoprotection assessment","volume":"8","author":"Marrot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF73","first-page":"95","article-title":"Permeability and reactivity of skin related to age","volume":"35","author":"Marzulli","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF74","unstructured":"Marzulli, F. N., and Maibach, H. I.1996a. Test methods for allergic contact dermatitis in humans. In DermatotoxicologyF. N. Marzulli and M. I. Maibach, Eds., 5th ed., Chapter 37, pp. 477\u2013485. Taylor and Francis, London."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF75","unstructured":"Marzulli, F. N., and Maibach, H. I.1996b. Photoirritation (phototoxicity) testing in humans. In DermatotoxicologyF. N. Marzulli and H. I. Maibach, Eds., 5th ed., Chapter 41, pp. 531\u2013535. Taylor and Francis, London."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascotto, R. E., and Sanzare, C. M.1997. Regulations on sunscreens. Skin Cancer and U V RadiationP. Altmeyer, K. Hoffmann, and M. St\u00fccker, Eds., pp. 325\u2013332. Springer Verlag, Berlin\/Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60771-4_35"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF77","author":"McPherson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Does Sunscreen Really Protect Against Skin Cancer"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF78","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drug Directorate Guidelines: Preparation of Human New Drug Submissions."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF79","unstructured":"Moyal, D., and Binet, O.1997. Polymorphic light eruption (PLE): Its reproduction and prevention by sunscreens. In Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation and Regulatory AspectsN. Lowe, N. Shaath, and M. Pathak, Eds., 2nd ed., pp. 611\u2013617. Dekker, New York."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF80","first-page":"209","article-title":"Immunosuppression induced by chronic ultraviolet radiation in humans and its prevention by sunscreens","volume":"8","author":"Moyal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF81","unstructured":"Murphy, E. G.1997. Regulatory aspects of sunscreens in the United States. In Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation and Regulatory AspectsN. J. Lowe, N. A. Shaath, and M. A. Pathak, Eds., pp. 201\u2013213. Dekker, New York."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690140054008","article-title":"High sun protection factor sunscreens in the suppression of actinic neoplasia","volume":"131","author":"Naylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1997.03890450096012","article-title":"The case for sunscreens: A review of their use in preventing actinic damage and neoplasia","volume":"133","author":"Naylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF84","volume":"October 7","year":"2000","journal-title":"New Scientist"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF85","first-page":"143","article-title":"The immune system in ultraviolet carcinogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Nishigori","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF86","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oekotest Sonderheft 27, Kosmetik; Teil 2, 1999"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF87","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oekotest Sonderheft 28; Kleinkinder, Teil 1, 1999."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03042.x","article-title":"Assessment of risk for photocarcinogenesis","volume":"63","author":"Osterberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF89","unstructured":"Potard, G., Laugel, C., Schaefer, H., and Marty, J. P.1998. In vitro absorption of five U V filters on excised fresh human skin. In Perspectives in Percutaneous PenetrationK. R. Brain, V. J. James, and K. A. Walters, Eds., Vol. 6a. Cardiff STS, Cardiff."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF90","unstructured":"Rigel, D. S. 2000, Lack of effect of sun protection factor (SPF) on sun exposure times in persons using sunscreens in extreme ultraviolet conditions. Submitted for publication."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08285.x","article-title":"p53 mutations in basal cell carcinomas arising in routine users of sunscreens","volume":"70","author":"Rosenstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF92","unstructured":"SCC, 1999a, Opinion Concerning Basic Criteria for the In Vitro Assessment of Percutaneous Absorption of Cosmetic Ingredients. EU Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers, Adopted by the SCCNFP, June 23, 1999."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF93","unstructured":"SCC 1999b. Testing for Phototoxicity. Guidelines for the In-Vitro Assessment of the Phototoxic Potential of U V-Filters: Testing for Phototoxicity, Notes of Guidance for Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients, 3rd Revision, Annex 3, pp. 49\u201352, June 23, 1999. EU Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF94","unstructured":"SCC 1999c. Guidelines for the In-Vitro Assessment of the Phototoxic Potential of U V-Filters. Testing for Photomutagenicity, Notes of Guidance for Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients, 3rd Revision, Annex 3, pp. 48\u201349, June 23, 1999. EU Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF95","unstructured":"SCC 1999d. General Scheme for Determining the Margin of Safety of U V Filters, Notes of Guidance for Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients, 3rd Revision, June 23, 1999, Annex 6, pp. 60\u201361. EU Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF96","unstructured":"Schaefer, H. 2000. Personal Communication."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S1085-5629(98)80023-0","article-title":"Recent advances in sun protection","volume":"17","author":"Schaefer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Cut. Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF98","first-page":"1","article-title":"State of the art sunscreens for prevention of photodermatoses","author":"Schaefer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF99","unstructured":"Schaefer, H., and Riedelmayer, T. E.1996. Skin barrier: Principles of Percutaneous Absorption, pp. 118\u2013128. Karger, Basel, Switzerland."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF100","first-page":"191","author":"Schaefer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Skin barrier: Principles of Percutaneous Absorption"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF101","first-page":"91","author":"Schaefer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Skin barrier: Principles of Percutaneous Absorption"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF102","first-page":"26","volume":"August","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sciences Avenir"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(98)00122-5","article-title":"Mexoryl SX: A broad absorption U VA filter protects human skin from the effects of repeated suberythemal doses of U VA","volume":"44","author":"Seite","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF104","unstructured":"Seite, S, et al., 1997, Effects of Repetitive Doses of Solar Simulated U VR in Human Skin: Protection by a Daily Use Cream. 19th Congress of Dermatology, Sydney, Australia, June 15\u201320, 1997."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF105","first-page":"679","article-title":"A study on U V filter chemicals from Annexx VII of the EUROPEAN Union Directive 76\/768 \/EEC, in the in vitro 3T3 NRU test","volume":"26","author":"Spielmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF106","first-page":"327","article-title":"Lifetime probability of developing melanoma in the Ile-de-France in 1994","volume":"126","author":"Souques","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venererol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF107","unstructured":"Strange, C. J. 2000, Thwarting skin cancer with sun sense, FDA Consumer, January 19."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF108","first-page":"209","article-title":"Protective effect of fine-particle titanium dioxide on U VB-induced DNA damage in hairless mouse skin","volume":"4","author":"Suzuki","year":"1987","journal-title":"Photodermatology"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF109","article-title":"Healthy Tan\u2014A fast fading myth","volume":"June","author":"Sweet","year":"1989","journal-title":"FDA Consumer Magazine"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF110","article-title":"Trying to look SUNsational? Complexity persists in using sunscreens","volume":"July\u2013August","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"FDA Consumer Magazine"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199310143291602","article-title":"Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use","volume":"329","author":"Thompson","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.24.1854","article-title":"Sun safety: Avoiding noonday sun, wearing protective clothing and the use of sunscreens","volume":"90","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jidsp.5640184","article-title":"Sunscreen effects on U V-induced immune suppression","volume":"4","author":"Ullrich","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF114","first-page":"505","article-title":"Sun exposure behavior in children between 3\u201315 years of age living in Montpellier","volume":"126","author":"Vergnes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venerol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF115","first-page":"205","article-title":"Relevance of photo-immunosuppression for viral infections (i.e. human papilloma virus)","volume":"8","author":"Vermeer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF116","author":"Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Looking at Skin Cancer in a Different Light"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.1999.tb00089.x","article-title":"Sunscreens for melanoma prevention","volume":"15","author":"Weinstock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF118","unstructured":"Weltfriend, S., Bason, M., Lammitausta, K., and Maibach, H. I.1996. Irritant Dermatitis (irritation). In DermatotoxicologyF. N. Marzulli and H. I. Maibach, Eds., pp. 97\u2013100. Taylor and Francis, London."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20000701)87:1<145::AID-IJC22>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Sunscreen use and malignant melanoma","volume":"87","author":"Westerdahl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00712.x","article-title":"Melanoma and sun exposure: Where are we now?","volume":"38","author":"Whiteman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intern. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF121","year":"1995","journal-title":"Health and Environmental Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation"},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF122","year":"1998","journal-title":"INTERSUN, The Global U V Project, Protection Against Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1994.1067","article-title":"Asbestos in New York City public school buildings\u2014Public policy: Is there a scientific basis?","volume":"20","author":"Wilson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476_RF124","first-page":"51","year":"1995","journal-title":"Principles of Cosmetic Licensing in Japan"}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027323000191476X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027323000191476X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T00:35:05Z","timestamp":1576542905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027323000191476X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S027323000191476X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]}}}