{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T16:03:56Z","timestamp":1725465836044},"publisher-location":"Boston","reference-count":53,"publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0387305270"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-31168-8_11","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,2]],"date-time":"2006-06-02T15:18:25Z","timestamp":1149261505000},"page":"169-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What Governance and Regulations for the Internet? Ethical Issues"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jacques","family":"Berleur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Poullet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"11_CR1","unstructured":"Abramatic, 2005. Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Abramatic, About the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), http:\/\/www.w3.org\/Consortium\/"},{"key":"11_CR2","unstructured":"AFA, 2002. Association des Fournisseurs d\u2019Acc\u00e8s et de Services, Pratiques et Usages, Mise \u00e0 jour septembre 2002, http:\/\/www.afa-france.com\/deontologie.html"},{"key":"11_CR3","unstructured":"Berleur, 1999. We have proposed a simple rule inspired by the Kantian deontological tradition: \u201cAs soon as the interest of the majority are at stake and that people concerned risk to be made more fragile and vulnerable, the public authority must interfere and ensure that an \u2018horizon of universality\u2019 remains open\u201d. See: Jacques Berleur, Self-Regulation and Democracy: Choice and Limits?, in: User Identification & Privacy Protection, Applications in Public Administration & Electronic Commerce, Simone Fischer-H\u00fcbner, G. S., Quirchmayr & Louise Yngstr\u00f6m, Eds., Dept of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University\/Royal Institute of Technology, Report Series 99-007, 1999, ISBN 91-7153-909-3, pp. 1\u201319."},{"key":"11_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brousseau, 2001. Eric Brousseau, R\u00e9gulation de l\u2019lnternet: l\u2019autor\u00e9gulation n\u00e9cessite-t-elle un cadre institutionnel?, in: E. Brousseau and N. Curien, (\u00e9ds.), Economic de l\u2019Internet, Revue Economique, Num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial, Septembre 2001.","DOI":"10.3406\/reco.2001.410294"},{"key":"11_CR5","unstructured":"Cerf, 1999. Vinton Cerf, On the Internet, July\u2013August, 1999."},{"key":"11_CR6","unstructured":"Council of Europe, 2000. The text of the Convention no 185 on Cybercrime is available on the site of the Council of Europe http:\/\/conventions.coe.int\/Treaty\/FR\/cadreprojets.htm"},{"key":"11_CR7","unstructured":"de Terwangne, 2001. C\u00e9cile de Terwangne, La mission publique de I\u2019Etat dans la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019Information, Brussels \u2014 Bruylant, 2001."},{"key":"11_CR8","unstructured":"Delmas, 2001. Richard Delmas, L\u2019Internet et les chantiers l\u00e9gislatifs europ\u00e9ens, in: L\u2019Internet et le droit, Actes du colloque de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Paris 1, 25 et 26th September 2000, Legipresse, 2001"},{"key":"11_CR9","volume-title":"Regulating the Global Information Society","author":"Froomkin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Froomkin, 2000. M. Froomkin, Lessons learned from the WIPO domain name process, Regulating the Global Information Society, C.T. Marsden (ed.), Routledge, London \u2014 New York, 2000, p. 210 etsv."},{"key":"11_CR10","unstructured":"Dinant, 1999. Jean-Marc Dinant, Les traitements invisibles sur Internet, in: Droit des technologies de l\u2019information \u2014 Regards prospectifs, in Cahiers du CRID, no16, Brussels \u2014 Bruylant, 1999, p.287 sv."},{"key":"11_CR11","unstructured":"eCommerce, 2005. http:\/\/www.ecp.nl, http:\/\/www.gbde.org, http:\/\/econfidence.jrc.it"},{"key":"11_CR12","unstructured":"Electronic Publishing Charter, 2000. Charte d\u2019\u00e9dition \u00e9lectronique http:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/licence\/charte.html"},{"key":"11_CR13","unstructured":"Eurolspa, 2005., European Internet Services Providers Association, Pages detailing the Codes of Conduct for members of EuroISPA, http:\/\/www.euroispa.org\/25.htm"},{"key":"11_CR14","unstructured":"European Commission, 1996. Directive of 11th March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, OJ.E.C, 27 March 1996, L077\/20."},{"key":"11_CR15","unstructured":"European Commission, 1999. Directive 1999\/93\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures, OJ.E.C., 19th January 2000, L013\/12."},{"key":"11_CR16","unstructured":"European Commission, 2000. Directive 2000\/31\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market Directive on electronic commerce, OJ.E.C., L178,17\/07\/2000 pp. 01\u201316."},{"key":"11_CR17","unstructured":"European Commission, 2001. Directive 2001\/29\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, OJ.E.C., 22th June 2001, L167\/10."},{"key":"11_CR18","unstructured":"European Commission, 2002. Directive 2002\/58\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector \u2014 Directive on privacy and electronic communications, OJ.E.C., L201, 31\/07\/2002, pp. 37\u201347."},{"key":"11_CR19","unstructured":"European Parliament, 2000. Advice of the Economic and Social Committee of the European Parliament on the \u2018Effects of electronic commerce on the single market (SMO)\u2019 of the 2nd March 2000, O.J.E. C on the 25th April 2001, C 123\/1."},{"key":"11_CR20","unstructured":"French Internet Charter, 1997. http:\/\/www.planete.net\/code-internet\/ The access to this site is possible through http:\/\/www.archive.org"},{"key":"11_CR21","unstructured":"FTC, 2000. Statement given by the Federal Trade Commission on 25th May 2000 before a Senate committee: Privacy Online: Fair Information Practices in the Electronic Marketplace, http:\/\/www.ftc.gov\/os\/2000\/05\/testimonyprivacy.htm"},{"key":"11_CR22","unstructured":"Green Paper 1997. European Commission: \u2018Green paper on the protection of minors and human dignity in audiovisual and information services\u2019, COM (97) 570 final, 18.11.1997. This text and its following recommendations, decisions or actions are available at http:\/\/europa.eu.int\/comm\/avpolicy\/regul\/new_srv\/pmhd_en.htm"},{"key":"11_CR23","unstructured":"ICANN, 2002. President\u2019s Report: ICANN \u2014 The Case for Reform, 24 February 2002, http:\/\/www.icann.org\/general\/lynn-reform-proposal-24feb02.htm See also the discussion: Committee on ICANN Evolution and Reform Seeks Public Submissions, 27 March 2002; ICANN Board Accepts Contributions to Facilitate At-Large Organizing Efforts, 24 April 2002; Working Paper on ICANN Mission and Core Values, 6 May 2002, http:\/\/www.icann.org\/committees\/evol-reform\/working-paper-mission-06may02.htm,..."},{"key":"11_CR24","unstructured":"Klein & Mueller, 2005. Hans Klein & Milton Mueller, The Internet Governance Project, April 5, 2005: What to do about ICANN, A proposal for Structural Reform, http:\/\/www.internetgovernance.org\/)"},{"key":"11_CR25","unstructured":"IFIP-SIG9.2.2, 2000. Jacques Berleur, Penny Duquenoy, Marie d\u2019Udekem-Gevers, Tanguy Ewbank de Wespin, Matt Jones and Diane Whitehouse, Self-Regulation Instruments \u2014 Classification \u2014 A Preliminary Inventory, (HCC-5, Geneva 1998; SIG9.2.2 January 2000; SIG9.2.2 June 2000; IFIP-WCC-SEC2000), http:\/\/www.info.fundp.ac.be\/~jbl\/IFIP\/sig922\/selfreg.html Other \u2018Internet Resources on Self-Regulation and the Internet\u2019 can also be found on one of the site of the Law Faculty of the University of Washington at http:\/\/www.law.washington.edu\/lct\/publications.html"},{"key":"11_CR26","unstructured":"IFIP-SIG9.2.2, 2004. Criteria and Procedures for Developing Codes of Ethics or of Conduct. To Promote Discussion Inside the IFIP National Societies. On behalf of IFIP-SIG9.2.2: Jacques Berleur, Penny Duquenoy, Jan Holvast, Matt Jones, Kai Kimppa, Richard Sizer, and Diane Whitehouse, Laxenburg, IFIP Press 2004, ISBN 3-901882-19-7 http:\/\/www.info.fundp.ac.be\/~jbl\/IFIP\/Criteria_and_procedures.pdf"},{"key":"11_CR27","unstructured":"ISOC, 2005. ISOC Commentary on the status of the work of the Working Group on Internet Governance, April 2005, http:\/\/www.isoc.org\/isoc\/conferences\/wsis\/"},{"key":"11_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, 2002. Hans Klein, ICANN and Internet Governance: Leveraging Technical Coordination to Realize Global Public Policy, The Information Society \u2014 An International Journal (Taylor and Francis, ed.), vol. 18, no3, 2002, pp.193\u2013207.","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240290074959"},{"key":"11_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawton, 2001. George Lawton, Is IPv6 Finally Gaining Ground, in: Computer, IEEE Computer Society, August 2001, pp. 11\u201315.","DOI":"10.1109\/2.940007"},{"key":"11_CR30","unstructured":"Lessig, 1999. Lawrence Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Basic Books 1999."},{"key":"11_CR31","unstructured":"McCullagh, 2005. Declan McCullagh, U.S. to retain control of Internet domain names, New York Times, July 1, 2005"},{"key":"11_CR32","unstructured":"Montero, 2000. Etienne Montero, La responsabilit\u00e9 des prestataires interm\u00e9diaries de 1\u2019Internet, Rev. Ubiquit\u00e9, June 2000, no5."},{"key":"11_CR33","unstructured":"On the Internet, 2001. On the Internet, Spring\/Summer 2001, pp. 13, 26."},{"key":"11_CR34","unstructured":"PICS. There are numerous sites about PICS. First, the official one of W3C: Platform for Internet Content Selection, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/PICS\/; the papers of Lorrie Faith Cranor, Paul Resnick, and Danielle Gallo, A Catalog of Tools that Support Parents\u2019 Ability to Choose Online Content Appropriate for their Children, http:\/\/www.research.att.com\/~lorrie\/pubs\/tech4kids\/; the web site of \u2018Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility\u2019 and its specific page \u2018Filtering FAQ\u2019 in particular the question on PICS at http:\/\/www.cpsr.org\/filters\/faq.html, etc."},{"key":"11_CR35","volume-title":"E-Commerce Law and Practice in Europe","author":"Poullet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Poullet 2000. Yves Poullet, How to regulate the Internet: New paradigms for Internet Governance, E-Commerce Law and Practice in Europe, I. Walden \u2014 J. H\u00f6rnle (\u00e9d.), Woodehead, Cambridge, 2000, Section 1. Chapter 2."},{"key":"11_CR36","unstructured":"Poullet, 2000b. Yves Poullet, Les Safe Harbor Principles: Une protection adequate?, published at http:\/\/www.droit-technologie.org in the column: Dossiers, 10.07.2000."},{"key":"11_CR37","unstructured":"Poullet, 2000c. Yves Poullet, Les diverses techniques de r\u00e9glementation d\u2019Internet: Fautor\u00e9gulation et le r\u00f4le du droit \u00e9tatique, Rev. Ubiquit\u00e9, no5, Juin 2000, p. 55 et sv."},{"key":"11_CR38","volume-title":"Internet: vers une r\u00e9gulation mondiale, Sommet mondial des r\u00e9gulateurs sur Internet","author":"Qu\u00e9au","year":"1999","unstructured":"Qu\u00e9au, 1999. Philippe Qu\u00e9au, Internet: vers une r\u00e9gulation mondiale, Sommet mondial des r\u00e9gulateurs sur Internet, CSA \u2014 UNESCO, Paris, 30th November \u2014 1st December 1999, http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/webworld\/news\/99120l_queau_csa.shtml"},{"key":"11_CR39","unstructured":"Regulating the Internet, 2000. Regulating the Internet \u2014 The Consensus Machine, in: The Economist, June 10th, 2000, pp. 99 sv."},{"key":"11_CR40","unstructured":"Reidenberg, 1996. Jo\u00ebl Reidenberg, Governing Networks and Cyberspace Rule Making, Emory Law Journal, 1996., p. 911 ff."},{"key":"11_CR41","unstructured":"Reidenberg, 1998., Jo\u00ebl Reidenberg, Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules through Technology, in: 76 Texas L. Rev. 553\u2013584 (1998)"},{"key":"11_CR42","unstructured":"RfC, 2005., IETF, Request for Comments Index, http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/iesg\/lrfc_index.txt"},{"key":"11_CR43","unstructured":"Resnick, 1999. Paul Resnick, PICS, Censorship, and Intellectual Freedom FAQ, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/PICS\/PICS-FAO-980126.html and the PICS sites we mentioned under PICS."},{"key":"11_CR44","unstructured":"Rodota, 2000., We owe this reflection to S. Rodota, president of the Group called Article 29, made up of representatives of the data protection authorities who defended this idea in the conclusion of 22nd international symposium of data protection ombudsmen, organised by the Italian Garante in Venice (September 2000)"},{"key":"11_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonelis, 2005. Alex Simonelis, A Concise Guide to the Major Internet Bodies, in: Ubiquity, Views, Issue 5, February 16\u201322,2005, http:\/\/www.acm.org","DOI":"10.1145\/1066328.1071915"},{"key":"11_CR46","unstructured":"Standards, 2001. The Standards Issue, On the Internet, Spring\/Summer 2001."},{"key":"11_CR47","unstructured":"Trudel, 1989. Pierre Trudel, Les effets juridiques de l\u2019autor\u00e9gleinentation, in: Revue de droit de l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 1989, vol. 19, no 2."},{"key":"11_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trudel 1995. Pierre Trudel (ed.), Le droit du cyberespace, Th\u00e9mis, 1995.","DOI":"10.1016\/1246-7391(95)80035-2"},{"key":"11_CR49","volume-title":"Les autoroutes de l\u2019information: enjeux et d\u00e9fis","author":"Trudel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Trudel 1996. Pierre Trudel, Le cyberespace, r\u00e9seaux constituants et r\u00e9seau de r\u00e9seaux, in: Les autoroutes de l\u2019information: enjeux et d\u00e9fis, Actes du colloque Jacques Carder, Lyon, 1996"},{"key":"11_CR50","unstructured":"UNESCO, 2000. Conclusions of the 3rd InfoEthics Congress (UNESCO, November 2000)."},{"key":"11_CR51","unstructured":"Van Ommeslaghe, 1995. Pierre Van Ommeslaghe, L\u2019autor\u00e9gulation. Rapport de synth\u00e8se, in: L\u2019autor\u00e9gulation, Bruxelles, Ed. Bruylant, 1995, pp. 233\u2013274."},{"key":"11_CR52","unstructured":"WGIG, 2005., Working Group on the Internet Governance, http:\/\/www.wgig.org"},{"key":"11_CR53","unstructured":"WSIS, 2003. Declaration of Principles, World Summit on the Information Society, First Phase, Geneva 2003, see in particular nr. 48 & 50, http:\/\/www.itu.int\/wsis. 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