{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T18:58:16Z","timestamp":1782500296644,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031268588","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031268595","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/164_2022_622","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T20:16:09Z","timestamp":1668456969000},"page":"367-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Metabolomics of Critical Illness"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ana E.","family":"Pacheco-Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela J.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allingstrup M, Afshari A (2015) Selenium supplementation for critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (7):CD003703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003703.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003703.pub3"},{"issue":"7","key":"622_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.7.862","volume":"288","author":"D Annane","year":"2002","unstructured":"Annane D, S\u00e9bille V, Charpentier C et al (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288(7):862\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.288.7.862","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"622_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705716","volume":"378","author":"D Annane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Annane D, Renault A, Brun-Buisson C et al (2018) Hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone for adults with septic shock. N Engl J Med 378(9):809\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1705716","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"622_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","volume":"315","author":"G Bellani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T et al (2016) Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA 315(8):788\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"622_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.008417","volume":"93","author":"BY Besecker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Besecker BY, Exline MC, Hollyfield J et al (2011) A comparison of zinc metabolism, inflammation, and disease severity in critically ill infected and noninfected adults early after intensive care unit admission. Am J Clin Nutr 93(6):1356\u20131364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.110.008417","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"622_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182451c87","volume":"40","author":"CS Calfee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calfee CS, Gallagher D, Abbott J, Thompson BT, Matthay MA, Network NA (2012) Plasma angiopoietin-2 in clinical acute lung injury: prognostic and pathogenetic significance. Crit Care Med 40(6):1731\u20131737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182451c87","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"622_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70097-9","volume":"2","author":"CS Calfee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calfee CS, Delucchi K, Parsons PE et al (2014) Subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome: latent class analysis of data from two randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2(8):611\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70097-9","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"622_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30177-2","volume":"6","author":"CS Calfee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calfee CS, Delucchi KL, Sinha P et al (2018) Acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotypes and differential response to simvastatin: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 6(9):691\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30177-2","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"622_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1404896","volume":"370","author":"MP Casaer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Casaer MP, Van den Berghe G (2014) Nutrition in the acute phase of critical illness. N Engl J Med 370(25):2450\u20132451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1404896","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"622_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102662","volume":"365","author":"MP Casaer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G et al (2011) Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 365(6):506\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1102662","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"622_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper MS (2003) Corticosteroid Insufficiency in acutely Ill patients. N Engl J Med:8","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020529"},{"issue":"11","key":"622_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201201-0003OC","volume":"185","author":"T Dolinay","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dolinay T, Kim YS, Howrylak J et al (2012) Inflammasome-regulated cytokines are critical mediators of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185(11):1225\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201201-0003OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"622_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1974","volume":"37","author":"M Eckerle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eckerle M, Ambroggio L, Puskarich MA et al (2017) Metabolomics as a driver in advancing precision medicine in sepsis. Pharmacotherapy 37(9):1023\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.1974","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"622_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.01.011","volume":"37","author":"JA Englert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Englert JA, Rogers AJ (2016) Metabolism, metabolomics, and nutritional support of patients with sepsis. Clin Chest Med 37(2):321\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.01.011","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"622_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201603-0645OC","volume":"195","author":"KR Famous","year":"2017","unstructured":"Famous KR, Delucchi K, Ware LB et al (2017) Acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotypes respond differently to randomized fluid management strategy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195(3):331\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201603-0645OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"622_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2682-1","volume":"38","author":"ND Ferguson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ferguson ND, Fan E, Camporota L et al (2012) The Berlin definition of ARDS: an expanded rationale, justification, and supplementary material. Intensive Care Med 38(10):1573\u20131582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-012-2682-1","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"622_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781OC","volume":"193","author":"C Fleischmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fleischmann C, Scherag A, Adhikari NKJ et al (2016) Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 193(3):259\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"622_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31827c09f8","volume":"41","author":"DF Gaieski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gaieski DF, Edwards JM, Kallan MJ, Carr BG (2013) Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States. Crit Care Med 41(5):1167\u20131174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31827c09f8","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"622_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70183-8","volume":"1","author":"G Hermans","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hermans G, Casaer MP, Clerckx B et al (2013) Effect of tolerating macronutrient deficit on the development of intensive-care unit acquired weakness: a subanalysis of the EPaNIC trial. Lancet Respir Med 1(8):621\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70183-8","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"622_CR20","unstructured":"ICU Outcomes. Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies Accessed 24 Apr 2022. https:\/\/healthpolicy.ucsf.edu\/icu-outcomes"},{"issue":"16","key":"622_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2100433","volume":"384","author":"RC Investigators","year":"2021","unstructured":"Investigators RC, Gordon AC, Mouncey PR et al (2021) Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically ill patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384(16):1491\u20131502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2100433","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"622_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200912-1918OC","volume":"182","author":"TC Jansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jansen TC, van Bommel J, Schoonderbeek FJ et al (2010) Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182(6):752\u2013761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200912-1918OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"622_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.158","volume":"303","author":"AE Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S et al (2010) Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 303(8):739\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2010.158","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"622_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994","volume":"384","author":"AC Kalil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalil AC, Patterson TF, Mehta AK et al (2021) Baricitinib plus Remdesivir for hospitalized adults with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384(9):795\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"622_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.09.005","volume":"96","author":"R Khardori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khardori R, Castillo D (2012) Endocrine and metabolic changes during sepsis. Med Clin North Am 96(6):1095\u20131105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.09.005","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"195","key":"622_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195ra95","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005893","volume":"5","author":"RJ Langley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Langley RJ, Tsalik EL, van Velkinburgh JC et al (2013) An integrated clinico-metabolomic model improves prediction of death in sepsis. Sci Transl Med 5(195):195ra95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005893","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"622_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201404-0624OC","volume":"190","author":"RJ Langley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Langley RJ, Tipper JL, Bruse S et al (2014) Integrative \u201comic\u201d analysis of experimental bacteremia identifies a metabolic signature that distinguishes human sepsis from systemic inflammatory response syndromes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190(4):445\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201404-0624OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"622_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R66","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11316","volume":"16","author":"W Manzanares","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manzanares W, Dhaliwal R, Jiang X, Murch L, Heyland DK (2012) Antioxidant micronutrients in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Lond Engl 16(2):R66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc11316","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"issue":"6","key":"622_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31817603ba","volume":"36","author":"PE Marik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D et al (2008) Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 36(6):1937\u20131949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31817603ba","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"622_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.10.008","volume":"10","author":"E Masiero","year":"2009","unstructured":"Masiero E, Agatea L, Mammucari C et al (2009) Autophagy is required to maintain muscle mass. Cell Metab 10(6):507\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.10.008","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"622_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0069-0","volume":"5","author":"MA Matthay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matthay MA, Zemans RL, Zimmerman GA et al (2019) Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Rev Primer 5(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-019-0069-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Primer"},{"key":"622_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Metwaly SM, Winston BW (2020) Systems biology ARDS research with a focus on metabolomics. Metabolites 10(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo10050207","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10050207"},{"issue":"1","key":"622_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L79","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00077.2021","volume":"321","author":"S Metwaly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Metwaly S, Cote A, Donnelly SJ et al (2021) ARDS metabolic fingerprints: characterization, benchmarking, and potential mechanistic interpretation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 321(1):L79\u2013L90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00077.2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"622_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1726OC","volume":"187","author":"B Mickiewicz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mickiewicz B, Vogel HJ, Wong HR, Winston BW (2013) Metabolomics as a novel approach for early diagnosis of pediatric septic shock and its mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 187(9):967\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201209-1726OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"622_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000142","volume":"42","author":"B Mickiewicz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mickiewicz B, Duggan GE, Winston BW et al (2014) Metabolic profiling of serum samples by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a potential diagnostic approach for septic shock. Crit Care Med 42(5):1140\u20131149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000142","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"622_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819fcf68","volume":"37","author":"ME Mikkelsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mikkelsen ME, Miltiades AN, Gaieski DF et al (2009) Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis independent of organ failure and shock. Crit Care Med 37(5):1670\u20131677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819fcf68","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"622_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000278914.85340.fe","volume":"35","author":"DA Piel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Piel DA, Gruber PJ, Weinheimer CJ et al (2007) Mitochondrial resuscitation with exogenous cytochrome c in the septic heart. Crit Care Med 35(9):2120\u20132127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ccm.0000278914.85340.fe","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"622_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2017.08.003","volume":"34","author":"R Pool","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pool R, Gomez H, Kellum JA (2018) Mechanisms of organ dysfunction in sepsis. Crit Care Clin 34(1):63\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccc.2017.08.003","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"622_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu187","volume":"113","author":"JC Preiser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Preiser JC, Ichai C, Orban JC, Groeneveld ABJ (2014) Metabolic response to the stress of critical illness. Br J Anaesth 113(6):945\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aeu187","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"622_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201409-415OC","volume":"12","author":"MA Puskarich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Puskarich MA, Finkel MA, Karnovsky A et al (2015) Pharmacometabolomics of l-carnitine treatment response phenotypes in patients with septic shock. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12(1):46\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201409-415OC","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"622_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Puskarich MA, Jennaro TS, Gillies CE et al (2021) Pharmacometabolomics identifies candidate predictor metabolites of an L-carnitine treatment mortality benefit in septic shock. Clin Transl Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cts.13088","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13088"},{"issue":"8","key":"622_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","volume":"384","author":"P Horby","year":"2021","unstructured":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS et al (2021) Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384(8):693\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"622_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87538","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087538","volume":"9","author":"AJ Rogers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rogers AJ, McGeachie M, Baron RM et al (2014) Metabolomic derangements are associated with mortality in critically ill adult patients. PLoS One 9(1):e87538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087538","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"622_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L703","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00438.2016","volume":"312","author":"AJ Rogers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rogers AJ, Contrepois K, Wu M et al (2017) Profiling of ARDS pulmonary edema fluid identifies a metabolically distinct subset. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 312(5):L703\u2013L709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00438.2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"622_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003816","volume":"47","author":"AJ Rogers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rogers AJ, Guan J, Trtchounian A et al (2019) Association of elevated plasma interleukin-18 level with increased mortality in a clinical trial of statin treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 47(8):1089\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003816","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"622_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0478","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000478","volume":"3","author":"AJ Rogers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rogers AJ, Leligdowicz A, Contrepois K et al (2021) Plasma metabolites in early sepsis identify distinct clusters defined by plasma lipids. Crit Care Explor 3(8):e0478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000478","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"issue":"16","key":"622_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050333","volume":"353","author":"GD Rubenfeld","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Peabody E et al (2005) Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 353(16):1685\u20131693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa050333","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10219","key":"622_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","volume":"395","author":"KE Rudd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM et al (2020) Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet Lond Engl 395(10219):200\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"622_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30048-6","volume":"13","author":"T Rydzak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rydzak T, Groves RA, Zhang R et al (2022) Metabolic preference assay for rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections. Nat Commun 13:2332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-30048-6","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"622_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00008","volume":"29","author":"M Sair","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sair M, Etherington PJ, Peter Winlove C, Evans TW (2001) Tissue oxygenation and perfusion in patients with systemic sepsis. Crit Care Med 29(7):1343\u20131349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"622_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000281447.22966.8b","volume":"35","author":"C Schmidt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmidt C, H\u00f6cherl K, Schweda F, Bucher M (2007) Proinflammatory cytokines cause down-regulation of renal chloride entry pathways during sepsis. Crit Care Med 35(9):2110\u20132119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ccm.0000281447.22966.8b","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"622_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.12.006","volume":"45","author":"NI Shapiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D et al (2005) Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with infection. Ann Emerg Med 45(5):524\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.12.006","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9433","key":"622_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16815-3","volume":"364","author":"M Singer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singer M, De Santis V, Vitale D, Jeffcoate W (2004) Multiorgan failure is an adaptive, endocrine-mediated, metabolic response to overwhelming systemic inflammation. Lancet 364(9433):545\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16815-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"622_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW et al (2016) The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315(8):801\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"622_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30369-8","volume":"8","author":"P Sinha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sinha P, Delucchi KL, McAuley DF, O\u2019Kane CM, Matthay MA, Calfee CS (2020) Development and validation of parsimonious algorithms to classify acute respiratory distress syndrome phenotypes: a secondary analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 8(3):247\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30369-8","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"622_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071366","volume":"358","author":"CL Sprung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D et al (2008) Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 358(2):111\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa071366","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"622_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1608077","volume":"377","author":"BT Thompson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson BT, Chambers RC, Liu KD (2017) Acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 377(6):562\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1608077","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"622_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17021","volume":"324","author":"BM Tomazini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomazini BM, Maia IS, Cavalcanti AB et al (2020) Effect of dexamethasone on days alive and ventilator-free in patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19: the CoDEX randomized clinical trial. JAMA 324(13):1307\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.17021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"622_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E633","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2563","volume":"96","author":"I Vanhorebeek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vanhorebeek I, Gunst J, Derde S et al (2011) Insufficient activation of autophagy allows cellular damage to accumulate in critically ill patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(4):E633\u2013E645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-2563","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"622_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705835","volume":"378","author":"B Venkatesh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venkatesh B, Finfer S, Cohen J et al (2018) Adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 378:797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1705835","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"622_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30417-5","volume":"8","author":"J Villar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villar J, Ferrando C, Mart\u00ednez D et al (2020) Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 8(3):267\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30417-5","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"622_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39017-4","volume":"9","author":"A Viswan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Viswan A, Ghosh P, Gupta D, Azim A, Sinha N (2019) Distinct metabolic endotype mirroring acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) subphenotype and its heterogeneous biology. Sci Rep 9(1):2108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-39017-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"622_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102075","volume":"10","author":"W Wasyluk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wasyluk W, Wasyluk M, Zwolak A (2021) Sepsis as a pan-endocrine illness-endocrine disorders in septic patients. J Clin Med 10(10):2075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10102075","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"622_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L224","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00336.2015","volume":"310","author":"MS Zinter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zinter MS, Spicer A, Orwoll BO et al (2016) Plasma angiopoietin-2 outperforms other markers of endothelial injury in prognosticating pediatric ARDS mortality. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 310(3):L224\u2013L231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00336.2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"}],"container-title":["Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology","Metabolomics and Its Impact on Health and Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/164_2022_622","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T15:03:35Z","timestamp":1677855815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/164_2022_622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"ISBN":["9783031268588","9783031268595"],"references-count":64,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/164_2022_622","relation":{},"ISSN":["0171-2004","1865-0325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0171-2004","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2022","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}