{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:21:53Z","timestamp":1775053313279,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783540254720","type":"print"},{"value":"9783540266617","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26661-5_4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,19]],"date-time":"2006-02-19T18:53:43Z","timestamp":1140375223000},"page":"81-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Object-Role Modeling (ORM\/NIAM)"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Terry","family":"Halpin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"4_CR1","unstructured":"Abrial JR (1974) Data Semantics. In: Klimbie JW, Koffeman KL (eds) Data Base Management. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 1\u201360"},{"key":"4_CR2","unstructured":"Bakema GP, Zwart JPC, Lek H van der (1994) Fully Communication Oriented NIAM. In: Nijssen GM, Sharp J (eds) NIAM-ISDM 1994 Conf Working papers, Albuquerque, NM USA, pp L1\u201335"},{"key":"4_CR3","first-page":"121","volume":"1157","author":"A.C. Bloesch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bloesch AC, Halpin TA (1996) ConQuer: a conceptual query language. In: Proc ER\u201996: 15th Int Conf on conceptual modeling, Springer LNCS, vol. 1157, pp 121\u201333","journal-title":"Proc ER\u201996: 15th Int Conf on conceptual modeling"},{"key":"4_CR4","first-page":"113","volume":"1331","author":"A.C. Bloesch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bloesch AC, Halpin TA (1997) Conceptual queries using ConQuer-II. In: Proc ER\u201997: 16th Int Conf on conceptual modeling, Springer LNCS, vol. 1331, pp 113\u201326","journal-title":"Proc ER\u201997: 16th Int Conf on conceptual modeling"},{"key":"4_CR5","unstructured":"Bommell P van (1994) Implementation selection for Object-Role models. In: Halpin TA, Meersman RM (eds) Proc First Int Conf On Object-Role Modeling (ORM-1), Magnetic Island, Australia, pp 103\u201312"},{"key":"4_CR6","unstructured":"Campbell L, Halpin TA (1993) Automated Support for Conceptual to External Mapping. In: Brinkkemper S, Harmsen F (eds) Proc 4th Workshop on Next Generation CASE Tools, Univ. Twente Memoranda Informatica 93-32, Paris (June), pp 35\u201351"},{"key":"4_CR7","unstructured":"Campbell L, Halpin TA (1994) The reverse engineering of relational_databases. In: Proc 5th Workshop on Next Generation CASE Tools, Utrecht"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-023X(96)00005-5","volume":"20","author":"L.J. Campbell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Campbell LJ, Halpin TA, Proper HA (1996) Conceptual Schemas with Abstractions: making flat conceptual schemas more comprehensible. Data and Knowledge Engineering 20(1): 39\u201385","journal-title":"Data and Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"4_CR9","unstructured":"De Troyer O. (1993) On data schema transformations. PhD thesis, University of Tilburg (KUB)"},{"key":"4_CR10","first-page":"238","volume":"1021","author":"O. Troyer De","year":"1995","unstructured":"De Troyer O, Meersman RM (1995) A logic framework for a semantics of object oriented data modeling. In: OOER\u201995: Object-Oriented and Entity-Relationship Modeling, Springer LNCS, vol. 1021, pp 238\u201349","journal-title":"OOER\u201995: Object-Oriented and Entity-Relationship Modeling"},{"key":"4_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-255-8.ch011","volume-title":"Advanced Topics in Database Research","author":"J.L.G. Dietz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dietz JLG, Halpin TA (2004) Using DEMO and ORM in Concert: A Case Study. In: Siau K (ed) Advanced Topics in Database Research, vol. 3, Idea Publishing Group, Hershey PA, USA, pp 218\u2013236"},{"key":"4_CR12","volume-title":"Object-Oriented Systems Analysis","author":"D.W. Embley","year":"1992","unstructured":"Embley DW, Kurtz BD, Woodfield SN (1992) Object-Oriented Systems Analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ"},{"key":"4_CR13","unstructured":"Embley DW, Wu HA, Pinkston JS, Czejdo B (1996) OSM-QL: a calculus-based graphical query language. Tech Report, Dept of Comp Science, Brigham Young University, Utah"},{"key":"4_CR14","unstructured":"Everest G (1994) Experiences teaching NIAM\/OR modeling. In: Nijssen GM, Sharp J (eds) NIAM-ISDM 1994 Conf Working papers, Albuquerque, NM USA, pp N1\u201326"},{"key":"4_CR15","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Proc 1976 IFIP Working Conf on Modelling in Data Base Management Systems","author":"E.D. Falkenberg","year":"1976","unstructured":"Falkenberg ED (1976) Concepts for modelling information. In: Nijssen GM (ed) Proc 1976 IFIP Working Conf on Modelling in Data Base Management Systems, Freudenstadt, Germany, North-Holland Publishing, pp 95\u2013109"},{"key":"4_CR16","unstructured":"Falkenberg ED, Oei JLH (1994) Meta-model hierarchies from an Object-Role Modeling perspective. In: Halpin TA, Meersman RM (eds) Proc First Int Conf On Object-Role Modeling (ORM-1), Magnetic Island, Australia, pp 218\u2013227"},{"key":"4_CR17","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Microcomputers","author":"H. Habrias","year":"1993","unstructured":"[Ha93]Habrias H (1993) Normalized Object Oriented Method. In: Encyclopedia of Microcomputers, vol. 12, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 271\u201385"},{"key":"4_CR18","unstructured":"Halpin TA (1989) A Logical Analysis of Information Systems: static aspects of the data-oriented perspective. PhD thesis, University of Queensland"},{"key":"4_CR19","unstructured":"Halpin TA (1993) What is an elementary fact? In: Nijssen GM, Sharp J (eds) Proc First NIAM-ISDM Conf, Utrecht."},{"key":"4_CR20","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Database Prog & Design","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Halpin TA (1996) Business Rules and Object-Role Modeling. In: Database Prog & Design, vol. 9, no. 10, Miller Freeman, San Mateo CA, pp. 66\u201372"},{"key":"4_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halpin TA (1997) Object-Role Modeling: an overview. Online at www.orm.net","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03526-9_4"},{"key":"4_CR22","first-page":"150","volume-title":"Information Modeling for the new Millenium","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Halpin TA (2000) Integrating fact-oriented modeling with object-oriented modeling. In: Siau K, Rossi M (eds) Information Modeling for the new Millenium, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA, USA, pp 150\u2013166"},{"key":"4_CR23","unstructured":"Halpin TA (2000) Modeling collections in UML and ORM. In: Proc EMMSAD\u201900: 5th IFIP WG8.1 Int Workshop on Evaluation of Modeling Methods in Systems Analysis and Design, Kista, Sweden"},{"key":"4_CR24","volume-title":"Information Modeling and Relational Databases","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Halpin TA (2001) Information Modeling and Relational Databases. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco"},{"key":"4_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-930708-05-1.ch011","volume-title":"Unified Modeling Language: Systems Analysis, Design and Development Issues","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Halpin TA (2001) Supplementing UML with concepts from ORM. In: Siau K, Halpin T (eds) Unified Modeling Language: Systems Analysis, Design and Development Issues, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey PA, USA, pp 168\u2013185"},{"key":"4_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-930708-41-9.ch016","volume-title":"Advanced Topics in Database Research","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Halpin TA (2002) Information Analysis in UML and ORM: a Comparison. In: Siau K (ed) Advanced Topics in Database Research, vol. 1, Idea Publishing Group, Hershey PA, USA, pp 307\u2013323"},{"key":"4_CR27","volume-title":"Information Modeling Methods and Methodologies","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Halpin TA (2003) Constraints on Conceptual Join Paths. In: Krogstie J, Halpin T, Siau k (eds) Information Modeling Methods and Methodologies, Idea Publishing Group, Hershey PA, USA."},{"key":"4_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-255-8.ch002","volume-title":"Advanced Topics in Database Research","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Halpin TA (2004) Comparing Metamodels for ER, ORM and UML Data Models. In: Siau K (ed) Advanced Topics in Database Research, vol. 3, Idea Publishing Group, Hershey PA, USA, pp 23\u201344"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4018\/jdm.1999100101","volume":"10","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Halpin TA, Bloesch AC (1999) Data modeling in UML and ORM: a comparison. Journal of Database Management 10(4): 4\u201313","journal-title":"Journal of Database Management"},{"key":"4_CR30","first-page":"251","volume":"15","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Halpin TA, Proper HA (1995) Subtyping and polymorphism in Object-Role Modeling. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 15: 251\u201381","journal-title":"Subtyping and polymorphism in Object-Role Modeling. Data and Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"4_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halpin TA, Proper HA (1995) Database schema transformation and optimization. In: Papazoglou M (ed) OOER\u201995: Object-Oriented and Entity-Relationship Modeling, Springer LNCS, vol. 1021, pp 191\u2013203","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0020532"},{"key":"4_CR32","volume-title":"Proc 3rd Australian Database Conf","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Halpin TA, Ritson PR (1992) Fact-Oriented Modelling and Null Values. In: Srinivasan B, Zeleznikov J (eds) Proc 3rd Australian Database Conf,, World Scientific, Singapore."},{"key":"4_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-34913-8_18","volume-title":"Database Applications Semantics","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Halpin TA, Vermeir D (1997) Default reasoning in information systems\u2019. In: Database Applications Semantics, Chapman & Hall, London, pp 423\u2013441"},{"key":"4_CR34","volume-title":"Conceptual Modeling \u2014 ER2003","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Halpin TA, Wagner G (2003) Modeling Reactive Behavior in ORM. In: Conceptual Modeling \u2014 ER2003, Proc 22nd ER Conference, Chicago, Springer LNCS."},{"key":"4_CR35","volume-title":"Database Modeling with Microsoft\u00ae Visio for Enterprise Architects","author":"T.A. Halpin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Halpin TA, Evans K, Hallock P, MacLean W (2003) Database Modeling with Microsoft\u00ae Visio for Enterprise Architects. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco"},{"key":"4_CR36","unstructured":"Hofstede AHM ter (1993) Information modelling in data intensive domains. PhD thesis, University of Nijmegen"},{"issue":"7","key":"4_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(93)90004-K","volume":"18","author":"A.H. Hofstede ter","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hofstede AH ter, Proper HA, Weide th P van der (1993) Formal definition of a conceptual language for the description and manipulation of information models. Information Systems 18(7): 489\u2013523","journal-title":"Information Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-023X(93)90020-P","volume":"10","author":"A.H.M. Hofstede ter","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hofstede AHM ter, Weide th P van der (1993) Expressiveness in conceptual data modeling. Data and Knowledge Engineering 10(1): 65\u2013100","journal-title":"Data and Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"4_CR39","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proc 1977 IFIP Working Conf on Modelling in Data Base Management Systems","author":"W. Kent","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kent W (1977) Entities and relationships in Information. In: Nijssen GM (ed) Proc 1977 IFIP Working Conf on Modelling in Data Base Management Systems, Nice, France, North-Holland Publishing, pp 67\u201391"},{"key":"4_CR40","volume-title":"The RIDL conceptual language","author":"R.M. Meersman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Meersman RM (1982) The RIDL conceptual language. Research report, Int Centre for Information Analysis Services, Control Data Belgium, Brussels"},{"key":"4_CR41","first-page":"309","volume":"1157","author":"W.Y. Mok","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mok WY, Embley DW (1996) Transforming conceptual model to object-oriented database designs: practicalities, properties and peculiarities. In: Proc ER\u201996: 15th Int. Conf. on conceptual modeling, Springer LNCS, vol. 1157, pp 309\u201324","journal-title":"Proc ER\u201996: 15th Int. Conf. on conceptual modeling"},{"key":"4_CR42","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc 1976 IFIP Working Conf. on Modelling in Data Base Management Systems","author":"G.M. Nijssen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Nijssen GM (1976) A gross architecture for the next generation database management systems. In: Nijssen GM (ed) Proc 1976 IFIP Working Conf. on Modelling in Data Base Management Systems, Freudenstadt, Germany, North-Holland Publishing, pp 1\u201324"},{"key":"4_CR43","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Proc 1977 IFIP Working Conf. on Modelling in Data Base Management Systems","author":"G.M. Nijssen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Nijssen GM (1977) Current issues in conceptual schema concepts. In: Nijssen GM (ed) Proc 1977 IFIP Working Conf. on Modelling in Data Base Management Systems, Nice, France, North-Holland Publishing, pp 31\u201366"},{"key":"4_CR44","unstructured":"Object Management Group (2003) UML 2.0 Infrastructure Specification. Online at: www.omg.org\/uml"},{"key":"4_CR45","unstructured":"Object Management Group (2003) UML 2.0 Superstructure Specification. Online at: www.omg.org\/uml"},{"key":"4_CR46","unstructured":"Object Management Group (2003) UML 2.0 Object Constraint Language, Online at: www.omg.org\/uml"},{"key":"4_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proper HA (1994) A theory of conceptual modelling of evolving application domains. PhD thesis, University of Nijmegen.","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-023X(94)90031-0"},{"key":"4_CR48","unstructured":"Ritson PR, Halpin TA (1993) Mapping Integrity Constraints to a Relational Schema. In: Proc 4th Australian Conf on Inf Systems, Brisbane, pp 381\u2013400"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(75)90022-8","volume":"1","author":"M.E. Senko","year":"1975","unstructured":"Senko ME (1975) Information systems: records, relations, sets, entities and things. Information Systems 1(1): 3\u201313","journal-title":"Information Systems"},{"key":"4_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-023X(93)90033-L","volume":"10","author":"P. Shoval","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shoval P, Shreiber N (1993) Database reverse engineering: from the relational to the binary relational model. Data and Knowledge Engineering 10: 293\u2013315","journal-title":"Data and Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"4_CR51","first-page":"537","volume-title":"Information systems Design Methodologies: a comparative review, Proc. IFIP WG8.1 Working Conf.","author":"G.M.A. Verheijen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Verheijen GMA, van Bekkum J (1982) NIAM: an information analysis method. In: Information systems Design Methodologies: a comparative review, Proc. IFIP WG8.1 Working Conf., Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, North Holland Publishing, pp 537\u2013590"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(83)90036-4","volume":"8","author":"D. Vermeir","year":"1983","unstructured":"Vermeir D (1983) Semantic hierarchies and abstractions in conceptual schemata. Information systems 8(2): 117\u2013124","journal-title":"Information systems"},{"key":"4_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-0451-4","volume-title":"The NIAM Information Analysis Method: Theory and Practice","author":"J.J.V.R. Wintraecken","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wintraecken JJVR (1990) The NIAM Information Analysis Method: Theory and Practice. Kluwer, Deventer, The Netherlands."}],"container-title":["Handbook on Architectures of Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/3-540-26661-5_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T16:21:20Z","timestamp":1558369280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/3-540-26661-5_4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998]]},"ISBN":["9783540254720","9783540266617"],"references-count":53,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-26661-5_4","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998]]}}}