{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T20:49:37Z","timestamp":1782334177600,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":189,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319524429","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319524443","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.5"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2016_15","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]],"date-time":"2016-06-06T08:06:01Z","timestamp":1465200361000},"page":"351-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["NPS: Medical Consequences Associated with Their Intake"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Schifano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Orsolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duccio","family":"Papanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Corkery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"15_CR1","unstructured":"UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) (2015) World Drug Report. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/wdr2015\/World_Drug_Report_2015.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR2","unstructured":"EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction) (2015) New psychoactive substances in Europe - an update from the EU Early Warning System. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/2015\/new-psychoactive-substances. Accessed 15 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR3","unstructured":"EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction) (2015) Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/topics\/pods\/synthetic-cannabinoids. Accessed 29 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR4","first-page":"17","volume":"28","author":"M Daly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Daly M (2013) Streets legal. Druglink 28:17","journal-title":"Druglink"},{"key":"15_CR5","first-page":"262","volume":"51","author":"D Shlosberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shlosberg D, Zalsman G, Shoval G (2014) Emerging issues in the relationship between adolescent substance use and suicidal behavior. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 51:262\u2013267","journal-title":"Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci"},{"key":"15_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415816-0.00013-4","volume-title":"Novel psychoactive substances classification, pharmacology and toxicology","author":"V Auwarter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Auwarter V, Dargan PI, Wood DM (2013) Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. In: Dargan PI, Wood DM (eds) Novel psychoactive substances classification, pharmacology and toxicology. Elsevier, London, pp 317\u2013343"},{"key":"15_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/17542860903350888","volume":"2","author":"F Schifano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schifano F, Corazza O, Davey Z, Di Furia L, Farre M, Flesland L, Mannonen M, Pagani S, Peltoniemi T, Pezzolesi C, Scherbaum N, Siemann H, Skutle A, Torrens M, Van Der Kreeft P (2009) Psychoactive drug or mystical incense? Overview of the online available information on Spice products. Int J Cult Ment Health 2:137\u2013144","journal-title":"Int J Cult Ment Health"},{"key":"15_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199662685.003.0040","volume-title":"Handbook of cannabis","author":"BF Thomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thomas BF, Wiley JL, Pollard GT, Grabenauer M (2014) Cannabinoid designer drugs: effects and forensics. In: Pertwee RG (ed) Handbook of cannabis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 710\u2013729"},{"key":"15_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20174","volume":"14","author":"F Schifano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schifano F, Orsolini L, Papanti GD, Corkery J (2015) Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry. World Psychiatry 14:15\u201326","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"15_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/815424","author":"G Martinotti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinotti G, Lupi M, Acciavatti A, Cinosi E, Santacroce R, Signorelli MS, Bandini L, Lisi G, Quattrone D, Ciambrone P, Aguglia A, Pinna F, Cal\u00f2 S, Janiri L, di Giannantonio M (2014) Novel psychoactive substances in young adults with and without psychiatric comorbidities. Biomed Res Int. doi:10.1155\/2014\/815424","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"15_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h299","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h299","volume":"350","author":"S Naviglio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naviglio S, Papanti D, Moressa V, Ventura A (2015) An adolescent with an altered state of mind. BMJ 350:h299","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"15_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617546","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/617546","volume":"2014","author":"AE Vento","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vento AE, Martinotti G, Cinosi E (2014) Substance use in the club scene of Rome: a pilot study. Biomed Res Int 2014:617546","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"15_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1039\/c4np00010b","volume":"31","author":"G Appendino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Appendino G, Minassi A, Taglialatela-Scafati O (2014) Recreational drug discovery: natural products as lead structures for the synthesis of smart drugs. Nat Prod Rep 31:880\u2013904","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"key":"15_CR14","unstructured":"Abdulrahim D, Bowden-Jones O, on behalf of the NEPTUNE Expert Group (2015) Overview of the effects and harms of club drugs. In: Guidance on the Management of Acute and Chronic Harms of Club Drugs and Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network (NEPTUNE), London."},{"key":"15_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1108\/ADD-02-2014-0006","volume":"7","author":"D Papanti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Papanti D, Orsolini L, Francesconi G, Schifano F (2014) \u2018Noids\u2019 in a nutshell: everything you (don\u2019t) want to know about synthetic cannabimimetics. Adv Dual Diagn 7:137\u2013148","journal-title":"Adv Dual Diagn"},{"key":"15_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2013.839700","volume":"46","author":"LK Brents","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brents LK, Prather PL (2014) The K2\/Spice Phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products. Drug Metab Rev 46:72\u201385","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"15_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003004","volume":"62","author":"RG Pertwee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pertwee RG, Howlett AC, Abood ME, Alexander SP, Di Marzo V, Elphick MR, Greasley PJ, Handsen HS, Kunos G, Mackie K, Mechoulam R, Ross RA (2010) International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB1 and CB2. Pharmacol Rev 62:588\u2013631","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"15_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710790980050","volume":"17","author":"RG Pertwee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pertwee RG (2009) Receptors and channels targeted by synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists. Curr Med Chem 17:1360\u20131381","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"15_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.09.017","volume":"97","author":"WE Fantegrossi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fantegrossi WE, Moran JH, Radominska-Pandya A, Prather PL (2013) Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to \u03949-THC: mechanism underlying greater toxicity? Life Sci 97:45\u201354","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"15_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.09.026","volume":"97","author":"AH Lewin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lewin AH, Seltzman HH, Carroll FI, Mascarella SW, Reddy PA (2013) Emergence and properties of spice and bath salts: a medicinal chemistry perspective. Life Sci 97:9\u201319","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"15_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017","volume":"61","author":"AL Halberstadt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA (2011) Multiple receptors contribute to the behavioural effects of indoleamine hallucinogens. Neuropharmacology 61:364\u2013381","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"15_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1P580","volume":"45","author":"DL Wells","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wells DL, Ott CA (2011) The new marijuana. Ann Pharmacother 45:414\u2013417","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"15_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-010-0517-6","volume":"381","author":"Z Fisar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fisar Z (2010) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by cannabinoids. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 381:563\u2013572","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1139(02)00201-4","volume":"118","author":"F Ismail","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ismail F (2002) Important fluorinated drugs in experimental and clinical use. J Fluor Chem 118:27\u201333","journal-title":"J Fluor Chem"},{"key":"15_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1071\/CH14198","volume":"68","author":"SM Wilkinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilkinson SM, Banister SD, Kassiou M et al (2015) Bioisosteric fluorine in the clandestine design of synthetic cannabinoids. Aust J Chem 68:4\u20138","journal-title":"Aust J Chem"},{"key":"15_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/scin.2015.187010020","volume":"187","author":"K Baggaley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baggaley K (2015) Drugs by design: corrupt chemists tweak compounds faster than law enforcement can call them illegal. Sci News 187:22\u201325","journal-title":"Sci News"},{"key":"15_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2312","volume":"28","author":"D Papanti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Papanti D, Schifano F, Botteon G, Bertossi F, Mannix J, Vidoni D, Impagnatiello M, Pascolo-Fabrici E, Bonavigo T (2013) \u201cSpiceophrenia\u2019: a systematic overview of \u2018Spice\u2019-related psychopathological issues and a case report. Hum Psychopharmacol 28:379\u2013389","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.011","volume":"1","author":"AR Winstock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Winstock AR, Barratt MJ (2013) Synthetic cannabis: a comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 1:106\u2013111","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"15_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3188-4","volume":"228","author":"M Spaderna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spaderna M, Addy PH, D\u2019Souza DC (2013) Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 228:525\u2013540","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"15_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2294-9_9","volume-title":"Cannabinoid modulation of emotion, memory, and motivation","author":"WD Wessinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wessinger WD, Moran JH, Seely KA (2015) Synthetic cannabinoid effects on behavior and motivation. In: Campolongo P, Fattore L (eds) Cannabinoid modulation of emotion, memory, and motivation. Springer, New York, pp 205\u2013224"},{"key":"15_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.04.020","volume":"39","author":"DM Wood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wood DM, Dargan PI (2012) Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone): what is new in our understanding of its use and toxicity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 39:227\u2013233. doi:10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.04.020","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"15_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31825b954b","volume":"34","author":"DM Wood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wood DM, Dargan PI (2012) Novel psychoactive substances: how to understand the acute toxicity associated with the use of these substances. Ther Drug Monit 34:363\u2013367","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"15_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04078.x","volume":"108","author":"M Hermanns-Clausen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hermanns-Clausen M, Kneisel S, Szabo B, Auw\u00e4rter V (2013) Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction 108:534\u2013544","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"15_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2292","volume":"28","author":"AR Winstock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Winstock AR, Barratt MJ (2013) The 12-month prevalence and nature of adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical presentations associated with the use of synthetic cannabinoid products. Hum Psychopharmacol 28:390\u2013393","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000437297.05570.a2","volume":"81","author":"MJ Freeman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freeman MJ, Rose DZ, Myers MA (2013) Ischemic stroke after use of the synthetic marijuana \u2018Spice\u2019. Neurology 81:2090\u20132093","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"15_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.11.034","volume":"45","author":"CY Hopkins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hopkins CY, Gilchrist BL (2013) A case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome caused by synthetic cannabinoids. J Emerg Med 45:544\u2013546","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"15_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0553-6","volume":"18","author":"IK Louh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Louh IK, Freeman WD (2014) A \u2018spicy\u2019 encephalopathy: synthetic cannabinoids as cause of encephalopathy and seizure. Crit Care 18:553","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"15_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1622","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3823","volume":"128","author":"A Mir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mir A, Obafemi A, Young A et al (2011) Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. Pediatrics 128:e1622\u2013e1627","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"15_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001973","volume":"85","author":"DZ Rose","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rose DZ, Guerrero WR, Mokin MV (2015) Haemorrhagic stroke following use of the synthetic marijuana \u201cspice\u201d. Neurology 85:1177\u20131179","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"15_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1110590","volume":"54","author":"RJ Tait","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tait RJ, Caldicott D, Mountain D, Hill SL, Lenton S (2015) A systematic review of adverse events arising from the use of synthetic cannabinoids and their associated treatment. Clin Toxicol 54:1\u201313. doi:10.3109\/15563650.2015.1110590","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR41","first-page":"93","volume":"62","author":"CDC","year":"2012","unstructured":"CDC (2012) Acute kidney injury associated with synthetic cannabinoid use \u2013 multiple states. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62:93\u201398","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"15_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6439a7","volume":"64","author":"AM Kasper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kasper AM, Ridpath AD, Arnold JK, Chatham-stephens K, Morrison M, Olayinka O, Parker C, Galli R, Cox R, Pteacely N, Anderson J, Kyle PB, Gerona R, Martin C, Schier J, Wolkin A, Dobbs T (2015) Severe illness associated with reported use of synthetic cannabinoids - Mississippi, April 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64:1121\u20131122","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"15_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.891399","volume":"15","author":"A Sheikh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sheikh A, Luk\u0161i\u010d M, Ferstenberg R, Culpepper-Morgan JA (2014) SPICE\/K2 synthetic Marijuana-induced toxic hepatitis treated with N-acetylcysteine. Am J Case Rep 15:584\u2013588","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"15_CR44","volume-title":"A case of acute liver failure associated with synthetic cannabis use","author":"E Spengler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spengler E, LaBrecque D (2014) A case of acute liver failure associated with synthetic cannabis use. American College of Gastroenterology Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts, Philadelphia"},{"key":"15_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sweeney B, Talebi S, Toro D, Gonzalez K, Menoscal JP, Shaw R, Hassen GW (2015) Hyperthermia and severe rhabdomyolysis from synthetic cannabinoids. Am J Emerg Med 34:121.e1-2; doi:10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.05.052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.05.052"},{"key":"15_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1100306","volume":"3","author":"JA Tyndall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tyndall JA, Gerona R, De Portu G et al (2015) An outbreak of acute delirium from exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid AB-CHMINACA. Clin Toxicol 3:950\u2013956. doi:10.3109\/15563650.2015.1100306","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0288-9","volume":"9","author":"S Alhadi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alhadi S, Tiwari A, Vohra R (2013) High times, low SATS: diffuse pulmonary infiltrates associated with chronic synthetic cannabinoid use. J Med Toxicol 9:199\u2013206","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00240.x","volume":"21","author":"EW Gunderson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N, Joshi AS, Hart CL (2012) \u2018Spice\u2019 and \u2018K2\u2019 herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial implications of synthetic cannabinoid use in humans. Am J Addict 21:320\u2013326","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"15_CR49","first-page":"705","volume":"50","author":"BA Froberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Froberg BA, Bauer BD (2012) Pneumorachis, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema after synthetic cannabinoid use. Clin Toxicol 50:705","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12225","volume":"34","author":"V Macfarlane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Macfarlane V, Christie G (2015) Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal: a new demand on detoxification services. Drug Alcohol Rev 34:147\u2013153","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"15_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00117-5","volume":"2","author":"M Di Forti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Forti M, Marconi A, Carra E, Fraietta S, Trotta A, Bonomo M, Bianconi F, Gardner-Sood P, O\u2019Connor J, Russo M, Stilo SA, Margues TR, Mondelli V, Dazzan P, Pariante C, David AS, Gaughran F, Atakan Z, Iyegbe C, Powell J, Morgan C, Lynskey M, Murray RM (2015) Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry 2:233\u2013238","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"15_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.064220","volume":"195","author":"M Di Forti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Di Forti M, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Pariante C, Mondelli V, Marques TR, Handley R, Luzi S, Russo M, Paparelli A, Butt A, Stilo SA, Wiffen B, Powell J, Murray RM (2009) High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 195:488\u2013491","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"15_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867411433974","volume":"46","author":"V Brakoulias","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brakoulias V (2012) Products containing synthetic cannabinoids and psychosis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 46:281\u2013282","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"15_CR54","first-page":"18","volume":"126","author":"P Glue","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glue P, Al-Shaqsi S, Hancock D, Gale C, Strong B, Schep L (2013) Hospitalisation associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. N Z Med J 126:18\u201323","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"15_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2014.929364","volume":"10","author":"A Celofiga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celofiga A, Koprivsek J, Klavz J (2014) Use of synthetic cannabinoids in patients with psychotic disorders: case series. J Dual Diagn 10:168\u2013173","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"key":"15_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2012.0004","volume":"22","author":"OO Oluwabusi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oluwabusi OO, Lobach L, Akhtar U, Youngman B, Ambrosini PJ (2012) Synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis: two adolescent cases. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 22:393\u2013395","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310930","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/310930","volume":"2015","author":"MF Ustundag","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ustundag MF, Ozhan Ibis E, Yucel A, Ozcan H (2015) Synthetic cannabis-induced mania. Case Rep Psychiatry 2015:310930. doi:10.1155\/2015\/310930","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"15_CR58","unstructured":"L\u00e1szik A, T\u00f6r\u0151 K, Vannai M, S\u00e1ra-Klausz g, K\u00f3cs t, Farkas R, Keller \u00c9, R\u00f3na K (2015) Self inflicted fatal injuries in association with synthetic cannabinoid abuse. 24th International Meeting on Forensic Medicine Alpe-Adria-Pannonia, AAP 2015 Programme and Abstract Book"},{"key":"15_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12216","volume":"58","author":"AL Patton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patton AL, Chimalakonda KC, Moran CL, McCain KR, Radominska-Pandya A, James LP, Kokes C, Moran JH (2013) K2 toxicity: fatal case of psychiatric complications following AM2201 exposure. J Forensic Sci 58:1676\u20131680. doi:10.1111\/1556-4029.12216","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"15_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181","volume":"8","author":"CD Rosenbaum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosenbaum CD, Carreiro SP, Babu KM (2012) Here today, gone tomorrow\u2026and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines. J Med Toxicol 8:5\u201332. doi:10.1007\/s13181","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks013","volume":"36","author":"KG Shanks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shanks KG, Dahn T, Terrell AR (2012) Detection of JWH-018 and JWH-073 by UPLC-MS-MS in postmortem whole blood casework. J Anal Toxicol 36:145\u2013152. doi:10.1093\/jat\/bks013","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1505328","volume":"373","author":"J Trecki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trecki J, Gerona RR, Schwartz MD (2015) Synthetic cannabinoid-related illnesses and deaths. N Engl J Med 373:103\u2013107","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"15_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.12.012","volume":"25","author":"A Rickli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rickli A, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2015) Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 25:365\u2013376. doi:10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.12.012","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.11.001","volume":"22","author":"K McElrath","year":"2011","unstructured":"McElrath K, O\u2019Neill C (2011) Experiences with mephedrone pre-and post-legislative controls: perceptions of safety and sources of supply. Int J Drug Policy 22:120\u2013127. doi:10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.11.001","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"15_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.10.029","volume":"97","author":"LJ De Felice","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Felice LJ, Glennon RA, Negus SS (2014) Synthetic cathinones: chemical phylogeny, physiology, and neuropharmacology. Life Sci 97:20\u201326. doi:10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.10.029","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"15_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.304","volume":"37","author":"MH Baumann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baumann MH, Ayestas MA Jr, Partilla JS, Sink JR, Shulgin AT, Daley PF, Brandt SD, Rothman RB, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV (2012) The designer methcathinone analogs, mephedrone and methylone, are substrates for monoamine transporters in brain tissue. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:1192\u20131203. doi:10.1038\/npp.2011.304","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"15_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.204","volume":"38","author":"MH Baumann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Lehner KR, Thorndike EB, Hoffman AF, Holy M et al (2013) Powerful cocaine-like actions of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a principal constituent of psychoactive \u2018bath salts\u2019 products. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:552\u2013562. doi:10.1038\/npp.2012.204","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"15_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x","volume":"168","author":"LD Simmler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, Schramm Y, Dieu LH, Huwyler J, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2013) Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 168:458\u2013470. doi:10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.10.033","volume":"97","author":"RA Gregg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gregg RA, Rawls SM (2014) Behavioral pharmacology of designer cathinones: a review of the preclinical literature. Life Sci 97:27\u201330. doi:10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.10.033","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"15_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1108\/DAT-10-2014-0035","volume":"15","author":"F Schifano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schifano F (2015) Novel psychoactive substances (NPS): clinical and pharmacological issues. Drugs Alcohol Today 15:21\u201327. doi:10.1108\/DAT-10-2014-0035","journal-title":"Drugs Alcohol Today"},{"key":"#cr-split#-15_CR71.1","unstructured":"Schifano F (2014) Novel psychoactive substances also known as 'legal highs'. In: Davies SC"},{"key":"#cr-split#-15_CR71.2","unstructured":"(ed) Annual report of the Chief Medical Officer 2013. Public mental health priorities: investing in the evidence. Department of Health, London. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/413196\/CMO_web_doc.pdf (2014). Accessed 22 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3","volume":"39","author":"RB Rothman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, Partilla JS (2001) Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Synapse 39:32\u201341","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"15_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.01.015","volume":"87","author":"L Iversen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iversen L, White M, Treble R (2014) Designer psychostimulants: pharmacology and differences. Neuropharmacology 87:59\u201365. doi:10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.01.015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"15_CR74","volume-title":"Human pharmacology of mephedrone: a dose-finding pilot study","author":"M Farr\u00e8","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farr\u00e8 M, Papaseit E, P\u00e9rez-Ma\u00f1\u00e1 C, Pujadas M, Fonseca F, Torrens M, De La Torre R, Farre M (2014) Human pharmacology of mephedrone: a dose-finding pilot study. College on Problems of Drug Dependence Meeting, San Juan"},{"key":"15_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01395a032","volume":"50","author":"JF Hyde","year":"1928","unstructured":"Hyde JF, Browning E, Adams R (1928) Synthetic homologs of d,I-Ephedrine. J Am Chem Soc 50:2287\u20132292. doi:10.1021\/ja01395a032","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"15_CR76","first-page":"802","volume":"2","author":"YJ L\u2019Italien","year":"1957","unstructured":"L\u2019Italien YJ, Park H, Rebstock LC (1957) Methylaminopropiophenone compounds and methods for producing the same. US Patent 2:802\u2013865","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"15_CR77","first-page":"284","volume":"45","author":"SJ de Burnaga Sanchez","year":"1929","unstructured":"de Burnaga Sanchez SJ (1929) Sur un homologue de l\u2019ephedrine. Bull Soc Chim Fr 45:284\u2013286","journal-title":"Bull Soc Chim Fr"},{"key":"15_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050797a","volume":"49","author":"P Meltzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meltzer P, Butler D, Deschamps JR, Madras BK (2006) 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors. J Med Chem 49:1420\u20131432","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"15_CR79","unstructured":"Boehringer. Boehringer Ingelheim Patent for MDPV (1969) http:\/\/catbull.com\/alamut\/Bibliothek\/Boehringer_MDPV_Patent.htm. Accessed 20 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6768","DOI":"10.1021\/jm901189z","volume":"52","author":"FI Carroll","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carroll FI, Blough BE, Abraham P, Mills AC, Holleman JA, Wolckenhauer SA, Decker AM, Landavazo A, McElroy KT, Navarro HA, Gatch MB, Forster MJ (2009) Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction. J Med Chem 52:6768\u20136781. doi:10.1021\/jm901189z","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"15_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)02010-7","volume":"474","author":"ML Bondarev","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bondarev ML, Bondareva TS, Young R, Glennon RA (2003) Behavioral and biochemical investigations of bupropion metabolites. Eur J Pharmacol 474:85\u201393","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4415\/ANN_13_04_14","volume":"49","author":"AE Vento","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vento AE, Schifano F, Gentili F, Pompei F, Corkery JM, Kotzalidis GD et al (2013) Bupropion perceived as a stimulant by two patients with a previous history of cocaine misuse. Ann Ist Super Sanita 49:402\u2013405. doi:10.4415\/ANN_13_04_14","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"15_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.07.011","volume":"39","author":"P Deluca","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deluca P, Davey Z, Corazza O, Di Furia L, Farre M, Flesland LH, Mannonen M, Majava A, Peltoniemi T, Pasinetti M, Pezzolesi C, Scherbaum N, Siemann H, Skutle A, Torrens M, van der Kreeft P, Iversen E, Schifano F (2012) Identifying emerging trends in recreational drug use; outcomes from the Psychonaut Web Mapping Project. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 39:221\u2013226. doi:10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.07.011","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"15_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.10.002","volume":"208","author":"M Coppola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coppola M, Mondola R (2012) 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online. Toxicol Lett 208:12\u201315. doi:10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.10.002","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"15_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0193-z","volume":"8","author":"JM Prosser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prosser JM, Nelson LS (2012) The toxicology of bath salts: a review of synthetic cathinones. J Med Toxicol 8:33\u201342. doi:10.1007\/s13181-011-0193-z","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq134","volume":"103","author":"PI Dargan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dargan PI, Albert S, Wood DM (2010) Mephedrone use and associated adverse effects in school and college\/university students before the UK legislation change. QJM 103:875\u2013879. doi:10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq134","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"15_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corkery JM, Schifano F, Ghodse AH (2012) Mephedrone-related fatalities in the United Kingdom: contextual, clinical and practical issues. In: Gallelli L (ed) Pharmacology. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp 355\u2013380. doi:10.5772\/32935. http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/pharmacology\/mephedrone-related-fatalities-in-the-united-kingdom-contextual-clinical-and-practical-issues. Accessed 15 Nov 2015","DOI":"10.5772\/32935"},{"key":"15_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318266c70c","volume":"32","author":"F Schifano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schifano F, Corkery J, Ghodse AH (2012) Suspected and confirmed fatalities associated with mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; \u2018meow meow\u2019) in the UK. J Clin Psychopharmacol 32:710\u2013714. doi:10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318266c70c","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2010.504200","volume":"18","author":"JM Corkery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Corkery JM, Schifano F, Oyefeso A, Ghodse AH, Tonia T, Naidoo V, Button J (2011) \u2018Bundle of fun\u2019 or \u2018bunch of problems\u2019? Case series of khat-related deaths in the UK. Drugs Educ Prev Policy 18:408\u2013425. doi:10.3109\/09687637.2010.504200","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"15_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2423","volume":"30","author":"B Loi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loi B, Corkery JM, Claridge H, Goodair C, Chiappini S, Gimeno Clemente C, Schifano F (2015) Deaths of individuals aged 16\u201324 years in the UK after using mephedrone. Hum Psychopharmacol 30:225\u2013232. doi:10.1002\/hup.2423","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schifano F, Albanese A, Fergus S, Stair JL, Deluca P, Corazza O, Davey Z, Corkery J, Siemann H, Scherbaum N, Farre\u2019 M, Torrens M, Demetrovics Z, Ghodse AH; Psychonaut Web Mapping; ReDNet Research Groups (2011) Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; \u2018meow meow\u2019): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 214:593\u2013602. doi:10.1007\/s00213-010-2070-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2070-x"},{"key":"15_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8417","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08417.1998","volume":"18","author":"UD McCann","year":"1998","unstructured":"McCann UD, Wong DF, Yokoi F, Villemagne V, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA (1998) Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [11C]WIN-35,428. J Neurosci 18:8417\u20138422","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"15_CR93","unstructured":"EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction) (2014) Perspectives on drugs: injection of synthetic cathinones. Perspectives on Drugs Series, Lisbon, 27 May. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/topics\/pods\/synthetic-cathinones-injection. Accessed 15 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giese C, Igoe D, Gibbons Z, Hurley C, Stokes S, McNamara S, Ennis O, O\u2019Donnell K, Keenan E, De Gascun C, Lyons F, Ward M, Danis K, Glynn R, Waters A, Fitzgerald M, outbreak control team (2015) Injection of new psychoactive substance snow blow associated with recently acquired HIV infections among homeless people who inject drugs in Dublin, Ireland, 2015. Eurosurveill 20; issue 40; art 1. doi:10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.40.30036","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.40.30036"},{"key":"15_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.5694\/mja13.00203","volume":"201","author":"K Sellors","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sellors K, Jones A, Chan B (2014) Death due to intravenous use of \u03b1-pyrrolidinopentiophenone. Med J Aust 201:601\u2013603","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"15_CR96","unstructured":"EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction) (2015) Injection of synthetic cathinones. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/topics\/pods\/synthetic-cathinones-injection. Accessed 29 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-014-0025-8","volume":"1","author":"BM Gannon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gannon BM, Reichard EE, Fantegrossi WE (2014) Psychostimulant abuse and HIV infection: cocaine, methamphetamine, and \u201cbath salts\u201d cathinone analogues. Curr Addict Rep 1:237\u2013242","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"15_CR98","volume-title":"The Chemsex study: drug use in sexual settings among gay & bisexual men in Lambeth, Southwark & Lewisham","author":"A Bourne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bourne A, Reid D, Hickson F, Rueda ST, Weatherburn P (2014) The Chemsex study: drug use in sexual settings among gay & bisexual men in Lambeth, Southwark & Lewisham. Sigma Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London"},{"key":"15_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60032-X","volume":"381","author":"T Kirby","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kirby T, Thornber-Dunwell M (2013) High-risk drug practices tighten grip on London gay scene. Lancet 381:101\u2013102","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"15_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h5790","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5790","volume":"351","author":"H McCall","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCall H, Adams N, Mason D, Willis J (2015) What is chemsex and why does it matter? It needs to become a public health priority. BMJ 351:h5790","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"15_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.3.188","volume":"35","author":"PD Maskell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maskell PD, De Paoli G, Seneviratne C, Pounder DJ (2011) Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone)-related deaths. J Anal Toxicol 35:188\u2013191","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.014","volume":"202","author":"H Torrance","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torrance H, Cooper G (2010) The detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland. Forensic Sci Int 202:e62\u2013e63. doi:10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"15_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0199-6","volume":"8","author":"BJ Warrick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Warrick BJ, Wilson J, Hedge M, Freeman S, Leonard K, Aaron C (2012) Lethal serotonin syndrome after methylone and butylone ingestion. J Med Toxicol 8:65\u201368. doi:10.1007\/s13181-011-0199-6","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv053","volume":"39","author":"D Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee D, Chronister CW, Hoyer J, Goldberger BA (2015) Ethylone-related deaths: toxicological findings. J Anal Toxicol 39:567\u2013571. doi:10.1093\/jat\/bkv053","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0495.1000230","volume":"5","author":"I Dy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dy I, Lankford S (2015) Bath salt thrombosis. J Clin Toxicol 5:230. doi:10.4172\/2161-0495.1000230","journal-title":"J Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR106","unstructured":"EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction) (2015) EMCDDA\u2013Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (\u03b1-PVP). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/attachements.cfm\/att_242501_EN_TDAS15001ENN.pdf. Accessed 29 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0196-9","volume":"8","author":"BL Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray BL, Murphy CM, Beuhler MC (2012) Death following recreational use of designer drug \u201cbath salts\u201d containing 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). J Med Toxicol 8:69\u201375. doi:10.1007\/s13181-011-0196-9","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"15_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318208b693","volume":"33","author":"IA Ojanper\u00e4","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ojanper\u00e4 IA, Heikman PK, Rasanen IJ (2011) Urine analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone in opioid-dependent patients by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 33(2):257\u2013263. doi:10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318208b693","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"15_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young AC, Schwarz ES, Velez LI, Gardner M (2013) Two cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation due to \u201cbath salts\u201d resulting in fatalities, with laboratory confirmation. Am J Emerg Med 31:445.e3-5. doi:10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.05.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.05.032"},{"key":"15_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.9.594","volume":"34","author":"M Wikstr\u00f6m","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wikstr\u00f6m M, Thelander G, Nystr\u00f6m I, Kronstrand R (2010) Two fatal intoxications with the new designer drug methedrone (4-methoxymethcathinone). J Anal Toxicol 34:594\u2013598","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR111","unstructured":"NISRA (2015) Drug related and drug misuse deaths 2004\u20132014. Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency, Belfast. http:\/\/www.nisra.gov.uk\/archive\/demography\/publications\/drug_deaths\/Drug_Tables_14.xls. Accessed 30 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.04.017","volume":"243","author":"S Elliott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elliott S, Evans J (2014) A 3-year review of new psychoactive substances in casework. Forensic Sci Int 243:55\u201360. doi:10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.04.017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"15_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.07.018","volume":"75","author":"WE Fantegrossi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fantegrossi WE, Murnane KS, Reissig CJ (2008) The behavioral pharmacology of hallucinogens. Biochem Pharmacol 75:17\u201333","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halpern JH, Suzuki J, Huertas PE, Passie T (2011) Hallucinogens. In: Addiction medicine. Springer, pp 1083\u20131098","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0338-9_54"},{"key":"15_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2012.03.009","volume":"21","author":"C Sinke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sinke C, Halpern JH, Zedler M, Neufeld J, Emrich HM, Passie T (2012) Genuine and drug-induced synesthesia: a comparison. Conscious Cogn 21:1419\u20131434","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"15_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan RHA, Mendelson JE (2014) Hallucinogens. In: Madras B, Kuhar M (eds) The effects of drug abuse on the human nervous system. Elsevier","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-418679-8.00017-4"},{"key":"15_CR117","first-page":"74","volume":"146","author":"P Jacob","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jacob P, Shulgin AT (1994) Structure-activity relationships of classic hallucinogens and their analogs. NIDA Res Monogr 146:74\u201391","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"15_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60963-3_10","volume-title":"Handbook of experimental pharmacology: pharmacological aspects of drug dependence","author":"RA Glennon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Glennon RA (1996) Classical hallucinogens. In: Schuster CR, Kuhar MJ (eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology: pharmacological aspects of drug dependence. Springer, Basel, Switzerland, pp 343\u2013371"},{"key":"15_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002","volume":"101","author":"DE Nichols","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nichols DE (2004) Hallucinogens. Pharmacol Ther 101:131\u2013181","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"15_CR120","volume":"5","author":"TS Ray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ray TS (2010) Psychedelics and the human receptorome. PLoS One 5, e9019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"15_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18524","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.343681","volume":"287","author":"S Bulling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bulling S, Schicker K, Zhang YW, Steinkellner T, Stockner T, Gruber CW, Boehm S, Freissmuth M, Rudnick G, Sitte HH, Sandtner W (2012) The mechanistic basis for noncompetitive ibogaine inhibition of serotonin and dopamine transporters. J Biol Chem 287:18524\u201318534. doi:10.1074\/jbc.M112.343681","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"15_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-013-1024-y","volume":"120","author":"F Ede","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ede F, Szabo A, Winkelman MJ, Luna LE, McKenna DJ (2013) A possibly sigma-1 receptor mediated role of dimethyltryptamine in tissue protection, regeneration, and immunity. J Neural Transm 120:1295\u20131303","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"15_CR123","unstructured":"Shulgin A, Shulgin A (1997) TIHKAL: the continuation. Transform Press. http:\/\/www.erowid.org\/library\/books_online\/tihkal. Accessed 15 Sept 2014"},{"key":"15_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0486","volume":"18","author":"L Orsolini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Orsolini L, Papanti GD, Francesconi G, Schifano F (2015) Mind navigators of chemicals\u2019 experimenters? A web-based description of e-psychonauts. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 18:296\u2013300. doi:10.1089\/cyber.2014.0486","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"15_CR125","unstructured":"Monitoring the Future Study (2014) Trends in prevalence of various drugs for 8th graders, 10th graders, and 12th graders. http:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/drugs-abuse\/hallucinogens. Accessed 20 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR126","unstructured":"National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Trends in prevalence of various drugs for ages 12 or older, ages 12 to 17, ages 18 to 25, and ages 26 or older. http:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/drugs-abuse\/hallucinogens (2014). Accessed 20 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR127","volume-title":"Magic mushrooms in religion and alchemy","author":"C Heinrich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heinrich C (2002) Magic mushrooms in religion and alchemy. Park Street Press, Rochester"},{"key":"15_CR128","volume-title":"Psychedelic medicine: new evidence for hallucinogenic substances as treatments","author":"MJ Winkelman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Winkelman MJ, Roberts TB (2007) Psychedelic medicine: new evidence for hallucinogenic substances as treatments. Praeger Publishers, Westport"},{"key":"15_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030800","volume":"7","author":"EA Studerus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Studerus EA (2012) Prediction of psilocybin response in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 7, e30800","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"15_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01652.x","volume":"102","author":"RS Gable","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gable RS (2007) Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction 102:24\u201334","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"15_CR131","volume-title":"LSD: my problem child","author":"A Hoffman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hoffman A (1980) LSD: my problem child. McGraw-Hill, London"},{"key":"15_CR132","unstructured":"US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. LSD in the United States. http:\/\/www.usdoj.gov\/dea\/pubs\/lsd\/toc.htm. Accessed 13 Nov 2015"},{"key":"15_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Elliott SP, Hoang K, Wallach J, Halbertstadt AL (2015) Return of the lysergamides. Part I: analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD). Drug Test Anal. doi:10.1002\/dta.1884","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1884"},{"key":"15_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2006.05.003","volume":"13","author":"H Flodrops","year":"2006","unstructured":"Flodrops H, Houdon L, Harvet G, Enaud L, Renouil M (2006) Voluntary intoxication by D-lysergic acid amide (LSA) in a 15-year-old teenager via Internet: new fact of society. Arch Pediatr 13:1158\u20131159","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"15_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(08)60291-3","volume":"22","author":"SA Barker","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barker SA, Monti JA, Christian ST (1981) N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: an endogenous hallucinogen. Int Rev Neurobiol 22:83\u2013110","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"15_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1976.tb04456.x","volume":"26","author":"RB Guichhait","year":"1976","unstructured":"Guichhait RB (1976) Biogenesis of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in human pineal gland. J Neurochem 26:187\u2013190","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"15_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90182-5","volume":"24","author":"J K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen","year":"1988","unstructured":"K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen J, R\u00e4is\u00e4inen M, Naukarinen H, Spoov J, Rimon R (1988) Urinary excretion of free bufotenin by psychiatric patients. Biol Psychiatry 24:441\u2013446","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"15_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4492(78)90070-9","volume":"61","author":"G Cimino","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cimino G, De Stefano S (1978) Chemistry of Mediterranean Gorgonians. Simple indole derivatives from Paramuricea chamaeleon. Comptes Rendus Biochem Physiol Ser C 61:361\u2013362","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biochem Physiol Ser C"},{"key":"15_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.315","volume":"3","author":"M Collins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Collins M (2011) Some new psychoactive substances: precursor chemicals and synthesis-driven end-products. Drug Test Anal 3:404\u2013416","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"15_CR140","first-page":"362","volume":"44","author":"Y Koike","year":"1981","unstructured":"Koike Y, Wada K, Kusano G, Nozoe S, Yokoyama K (1981) Isolation of psilocybin from Psilocybe argentipes and its determination in specimens of some mushrooms. Lloydia 44:362\u2013365","journal-title":"Lloydia"},{"key":"15_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1984.10472305","volume":"16","author":"DJ Mckenna","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mckenna DJ, Towers GHN (1984) Biochemistry and pharmacology of tryptamines and beta-carbolines: a minireview. J Psychoactive Drugs 16:347\u2013358","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"15_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1979.10472087","volume":"11","author":"RE Schultes","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schultes RE (1979) Hallucinogenic plants: their earliest botanical descriptions. J Psychedelic Drugs 11:13\u201324","journal-title":"J Psychedelic Drugs"},{"key":"15_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.13.1443","volume":"297","author":"JL Brandes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brandes JL, Kudrow D, Stark SR, O\u2019Carroll CP, Adelman JU, O\u2019Donnell FJ, Alexander WJ, Spruill SE, Barrett PS, Lener SE (2007) Sumatriptan-naproxen for acute treatment of migraine: a randomized trial. JAMA 297:1443\u20131454","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"15_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19590420518","volume":"42","author":"A Hoffmann","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hoffmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H, Frey A, Ott H, Petrzilka T, Troxler F (1959) Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen. Helv Chim Acta 42:1557\u20131572","journal-title":"Helv Chim Acta"},{"key":"15_CR145","first-page":"389","volume":"43","author":"B Sanders","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sanders B, Lankenau SE, Bloom JJ, Hathazi D (2008) \u2018Research chemicals\u2019: tryptamine and phenylamine use among high-risk youth. SUM 43:389\u2013402","journal-title":"SUM"},{"key":"15_CR146","volume-title":"The challenge of new psychoactive substances","author":"UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)","year":"2013","unstructured":"UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) (2013) The challenge of new psychoactive substances. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna"},{"key":"15_CR147","unstructured":"UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) (2013) Early Warning Advisory on New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). October 2013 update"},{"key":"15_CR148","unstructured":"UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) (2014) Global synthetic drugs assessment. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/2014_Global_Synthetic_Drugs_Assessment_web.pdf. Accessed 8 Dec 2015"},{"key":"15_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2013.03.066","volume":"23","author":"W Arunotayanun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arunotayanun W, Dalley JW, Huang XP, Setola V, Treble R, Iversen L, Roth BL, Gibbons S (2013) An analysis of the synthetic tryptamines AMT and 5-MeO-DALT: emerging \u2018Novel Psychoactive Drugs\u2019. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:3411\u20133415","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"15_CR150","unstructured":"The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 2005. Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 23 September 2014"},{"key":"15_CR151","unstructured":"Dargan PI, Wood DM (2013) Novel psychoactive substances: classification, pharmacology and toxicology. Elsevier"},{"key":"15_CR152","first-page":"49","volume":"24","author":"AW Lessin","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lessin AW, Long RF, Parkes MW (1965) Central stimulant actions of \u03b1-alkyl substituted tryptamine in mice. Br J Pharmacol 24:49\u201367","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00443425","volume":"97","author":"PA Pierce","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pierce PA, Peroutka SJ (1989) Hallucinogenic drug interactions with neurotransmitter receptor binding sites in human cortex. Psychopharmacology 97:118\u2013122","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"15_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0308-8","volume":"116","author":"NV Cozzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cozzi NV, Gopalakrishnan A, Anderson LL, Feih JT, Shuldin AT, Daley PF, Ruoho AE (2009) Dimethyltryptamine and other hallucinogenic tryptamines exhibit substrate behavior at the serotonin uptake transporter and the vesicle monoamine transporter. J Neural Transm 116:1591\u20131599","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"15_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1166127","volume":"323","author":"D Fontanilla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fontanilla D, Johannessen M, Hajipour AR, Cozzi NV, Jackson MB, Ruoho AE (2009) The hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous sigma-1 receptor regulator. Science 323:934\u2013937","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"15_CR156","first-page":"12","volume":"2","author":"TP Su","year":"2009","unstructured":"Su TP, Hayashi T, Vaupel DB (2009) When the endogenous hallucinogenic trace amine N,N-dimethyltryptamine meets the sigma-1 receptor. Sci Signal 2:12","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"15_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.02.007","volume":"170","author":"C Sogawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sogawa C, Sogawa N, Tagawa J, Fujino A, Ohyama K, Asanuma M, Funada M, Kitayama S (2007) 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (Foxy), a selective and high affinity inhibitor of serotonin transporter. Toxicol Lett 170:75\u201382","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"15_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1996.10472488","volume":"28","author":"T Lyttle","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lyttle T, Goldstein D, Gartz J (1996) Bufo. Toads and bufotenine: fact and fiction surrounding an alleged psychedelic. J Psychoactive Drugs 28:267\u2013290","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"15_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2174\/138920010794233495","volume":"11","author":"HW Shen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shen HW, Jiang XL, Winter JC, Yu AM (2010) Psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actions. Curr Drug Metab 11:659\u2013666","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"15_CR160","first-page":"12","volume":"50","author":"I Ujvary","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ujvary I (2014) Psychoactive natural products: overview of recent developments. Ann Ist Super Sanit\u00e0 50:12\u201327","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanit\u00e0"},{"key":"15_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181a3cb53","volume":"16","author":"JB Ambrose","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ambrose JB, Bennett HD, Lee HS, Josephson SA (2010) Cerebral vasculopathy after 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ingestion. Neurologist 16:199\u2013202","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"15_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0287-x","volume":"9","author":"A Bosak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bosak A, LoVecchio F, Levine M (2013) Recurrent seizures and serotonin syndrome following \u201c2C-I\u201d ingestion. J Med Toxicol 9:196\u2013198","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR163","first-page":"526","volume":"49","author":"JM Topeff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Topeff JM, Ellsworth H, Willhite LA, Cole JB, Edwards EM (2011) A case series of symptomatic patients, including one fatality, following 2C-E exposure. Clin Toxicol 49:526","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nelson ME, Bryant SM, Aks SE (2014) Emerging drugs of abuse. Emerg Med Clin N Am 1\u201328. doi:10.1016\/j.emc.2013.09.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.09.001"},{"key":"15_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corazza O, Schifano F, Farre M, Deluca P, Davey Z, Torrens M, Demetrovics Z, Di Furia L, Flesland L, Siemann H, Skutle A, Van Der Kreeft P, Scherbaum N (2011) Designer drugs on the internet: a phenomenon out-of-control? The emergence of hallucinogenic drug Bromo-Dragonfly. Curr Clin Pharmacol 6:125\u2013129","DOI":"10.2174\/157488411796151129"},{"key":"15_CR166","unstructured":"DEA US (Drug Enforcement Administration) (2013) Midyear Report 2013. Office of Diversion Control: National Forensic Laboratory Information System. US Drug Enforcement Administration, Springfield, VA. Accessed 1 Oct 2015"},{"key":"15_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-013-0217-2","volume":"32","author":"N Uchiyama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uchiyama N, Shimokawa Y, Matsuda S, Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y (2014) Two new synthetic cannabinoids, AM-2201 benzimidazole analog (FUBIMINA) and (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (MEPIRAPIM), and three phenethylamine derivatives, 25H-NBOMe 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl analog, 25B-NBOMe, and 2C-N-NBOMe, identified in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 32:105\u2013115","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.5694\/mja13.10926","volume":"199","author":"DG Caldicott","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caldicott DG, Bright SJ, Barratt MJ (2013) NBOMe \u2013 a very different kettle of fish. Med J Aust 199:322\u2013323","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"15_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.10.015","volume":"234","author":"JI Poklis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poklis JI, Devers KG, Arbefeville EF, Pearson JM, Houston E, Poklis A (2014) Postmortem detection of 25I-NBOMe [2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine] in fluids and tissues determined by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry from a traumatic death. Forensic Sci Int 234:e14\u2013e20","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"15_CR170","unstructured":"Ralston N, Davies I (2015) Teen jumps to his death after $1.50 drug hit 2013. http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/nsw\/teen-jumps-to-his-death-after-150-drug-hit-20130606-2nrpe.html#ixzz35BP7Ymmx. Accessed 1 Oct 2015"},{"key":"15_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000082","volume":"35","author":"JP Walterscheid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Walterscheid JP, Phillips GT, Lopez AE, Gonsoulin MI, Chen HH, Sanchez LA (2014) Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 35:20\u201325","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"15_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.028720","volume":"70","author":"MR Braden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braden MR, Parrish JC, Naylor JC, Nichols DE (2006) Molecular interaction of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor residues Phe339(6.51) and Phe340(6.52) with superpotent N-benzyl phenethylamine agonists. Mol Pharmacol 70:1956\u20131964. doi:10.1124\/mol.106.028720","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"February","key":"15_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.025","volume":"77","author":"AL Halberstadt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA (2014) Effects of the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I) and superpotent N-benzyl derivatives on the head twitch response. Neuropharmacology 77(February):200\u2013207. doi:10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.025","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"15_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1004179","volume":"53","author":"DM Wood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wood DM, Sedefov R, Cunningham A, Dargan PI (2015) Prevalence of use and acute toxicity associated with the use of NBOMe drugs. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 53:85\u201392. doi:10.3109\/15563650.2015.1004179","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"15_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.02.010","volume":"249","author":"VB Kueppers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kueppers VB, Cooke CT (2015) 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. Forensic Sci Int 249:e15\u2013e18. doi:10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.02.010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"15_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv092","volume":"39","author":"LM Lowe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lowe LM, Peterson BL, Couper FJ (2015) A case review of the first analytically confirmed 25I-NBOMe-related death in Washington State. J Anal Toxicol 39:668\u2013671. doi:10.1093\/jat\/bkv092","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2014.960111","volume":"46","author":"J Suzuki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suzuki J, Poklis JL, Poklis A (2014) \u201cMy friend said it was good LSD\u201d: a suicide attempt following analytically confirmed 25I-NBOMe ingestion. J Psychoactive Drugs 46:379\u2013382. doi:10.1080\/02791072.2014.960111","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"15_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.11.002","volume":"56","author":"J Suzuki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suzuki J, Dekker MA, Valenti ES, Arbelo Cruz FA, Correa AM, Poklis JL, Poklis A (2015) Toxicities associated with NBOMe ingestion-a novel class of potent hallucinogens: a review of the literature. Psychosomatics 56:129\u2013139. doi:10.1016\/j.psym.2014.11.002","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"15_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114523866","volume":"28","author":"W Lawn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lawn W, Barratt M, Williams M, Horne A, Winstock A (2014) The NBOMe hallucinogenic drug series: patterns of use, characteristics of users and self-reported effects in a large international sample. J Psychopharmacol 28:780\u2013788. doi:10.1177\/0269881114523866","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"15_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv058","volume":"39","author":"KG Shanks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shanks KG, Sozio T, Behonick GS (2015) Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. J Anal Toxicol 39:602\u2013606. doi:10.1093\/jat\/bkv058","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-010-0018-5","volume":"6","author":"DM Wood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wood DM, Davies S, Puchnarewicz M, Button J, Archer R, Ovaska H, Ramsey J, Lee T, Holt DW, Dargan PI (2010) Recreational use of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC) with associated sympathomimetic toxicity. J Med Toxicol 6:327\u2013330. doi:10.1007\/s13181-010-0018-5","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR182","first-page":"733","volume":"47","author":"DM Wood","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wood DM, Davies S, Puchnarewicz M, Button J, Archer R, Ramsey J, Lee T, Holt DW, Dargan PI (2009) Recreational Use of 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) presenting with sympathomimetic toxicity and confirmed by toxicological screening. Clin Toxicol 47:733","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"15_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.092288","volume":"28","author":"DM Wood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wood DM, Greene SL, Dargan PI (2010) Clinical pattern of toxicity associated with the novel synthetic cathinone mephedrone. Emerg Med J 28:280\u2013282","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"15_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1Q628","volume":"46","author":"JA Fass","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fass JA, Fass AD, Garcia AS (2012) Synthetic cathinones (bath salts): legal status and patterns of abuse. Ann Pharmacother 46:436\u2013441. doi:10.1345\/aph.1Q628","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"15_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20131206-08","volume":"43","author":"B Wilson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilson B, Tavakoli H, DeCecchis D, Mahadev V (2013) Synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, and other emerging drugs of abuse. Psychiatr Ann 43:558\u2013564","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"15_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190012465949","volume":"26","author":"P Mas-Morey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mas-Morey P, Visser MH, Winkelmolen L, Touw DJ (2013) Clinical toxicology and management of intoxications with synthetic cathinones (\u201cbath salts\u201d). J Pharm Pract 26:353\u2013357. doi:10.1177\/0897190012465949","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"},{"key":"15_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c1605","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1605","volume":"340","author":"AR Winstock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Winstock AR, Marsden J, Mitcheson L (2010) What should be done about mephedrone? BMJ 340:c1605. doi:10.1136\/bmj.c1605","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"15_CR188","unstructured":"Newcombe R (2009) Mephedrone: the use of mephedrone (M-cat,meow) in Middlesbrough. Lifeline Publications, Manchester. http:\/\/www.lifeline.org.uk\/articles\/the-use-of-mephedrone-m-cat-meow-in-middlesbrough\/. Accessed 29 Nov 2015"}],"container-title":["Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences","Neuropharmacology of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/7854_2016_15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T06:16:19Z","timestamp":1700201779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/7854_2016_15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"ISBN":["9783319524429","9783319524443"],"references-count":189,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7854_2016_15","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-3370","1866-3389"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-3370","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-3389","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 June 2016","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}