{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:02:50Z","timestamp":1781553770563,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030807580","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030807597","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_186","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T18:41:34Z","timestamp":1613760094000},"page":"517-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Clinical Treatment Options and Randomized Clinical Trials for Neurocognitive Complications of HIV Infection: Combination Antiretroviral Therapy, Central Nervous System Penetration Effectiveness, and Adjuvants"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Shih-Ping","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Calcagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Letendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"186_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw505","volume":"215","author":"AM Anderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson AM, Munoz-Moreno JA, McClernon DR et al (2017) Prevalence and correlates of persistent HIV-1 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid during antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 215:105\u2013113","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"186_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200209270-00003","volume":"16","author":"A Antinori","year":"2002","unstructured":"Antinori A, Giancola ML, Grisetti S et al (2002) Factors influencing virological response to antiretroviral drugs in cerebrospinal fluid of advanced HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 16:1867\u20131876","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.1970","volume":"69","author":"LD Baker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baker LD, Barsness SM, Borson S et al (2012) Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: results of a controlled trial. Arch Neurol 69:1420\u20131429","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"186_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9610-4","volume":"10","author":"LM Baker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baker LM, Paul RH, Heaps-Woodruff JM et al (2015) The effect of central nervous system penetration effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy on neuropsychological performance and neuroimaging in HIV infected individuals. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 10:487\u2013492","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"186_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2015.01.002","volume":"96","author":"HC Blanchard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blanchard HC, Taha AY, Rapoport SI, Yuan ZX (2015) Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylate) prevents increases in brain PGE2, 15-epi-lipoxin A4 and 8-isoprostane concentrations in 9 month-old HIV-1 transgenic rats, a model for HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 96:25\u201330","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"186_CR6","volume":"6","author":"A Bougea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bougea A, Spantideas N, Galanis P, Gkekas G, Thomaides T (2019) Optimal treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: myths and reality. A critical review. Ther Adv Infect Dis 6:2049936119838228","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"key":"186_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000152","volume":"29","author":"MJ Brouillette","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brouillette MJ, Mayo N, Fellows LK et al (2015) A better screening tool for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: is it what clinicians need? AIDS 29:895\u2013902","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR8","first-page":"84","volume":"15","author":"A Calcagno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calcagno A, Barco A, Trunfio M, Bonora S (2018) CNS-targeted antiretroviral strategies: when are they needed and what to choose. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep 15:84\u201391","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"186_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000564","volume":"83","author":"EC Caniglia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caniglia EC, Cain LE, Justice A et al (2014) Antiretroviral penetration into the CNS and incidence of AIDS-defining neurologic conditions. Neurology 83:134\u2013141","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.06.002","volume":"138","author":"S Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao S, Woodrow KA (2019) Nanotechnology approaches to eradicating HIV reservoirs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 138:48\u201363","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"186_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10651.1","volume":"6","author":"A Carroll","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carroll A, Brew B (2017) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: recent advances in pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatment. F1000Res 6:312","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"186_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0404-5","volume":"22","author":"A Carvalhal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carvalhal A, Gill MJ, Letendre SL et al (2016) Central nervous system penetration effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs and neuropsychological impairment in the Ontario HIV Treatment Network cohort study. J Neurovirol 22:349\u2013357","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0228-0","volume":"20","author":"JL Casado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Casado JL, Marin A, Moreno A et al (2014) Central nervous system antiretroviral penetration and cognitive functioning in largely pretreated HIV-infected patients. J Neurovirol 20:54\u201361","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600748946","volume":"12","author":"MJ Churchill","year":"2006","unstructured":"Churchill MJ, Gorry PR, Cowley D et al (2006) Use of laser capture microdissection to detect integrated HIV-1 DNA in macrophages and astrocytes from autopsy brain tissues. J Neurovirol 12:146\u2013152","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2560","volume":"18","author":"N Ciccarelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ciccarelli N, Fabbiani M, Colafigli M et al (2013) Revised central nervous system neuropenetration-effectiveness score is associated with cognitive disorders in HIV-infected patients with controlled plasma viraemia. Antivir Ther 18:153\u2013160","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"186_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000034177.47015.DA","volume":"59","author":"DB Clifford","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clifford DB, McArthur JC, Schifitto G et al (2002) A randomized clinical trial of CPI-1189 for HIV-associated cognitive-motor impairment. Neurology 59:1568\u20131573","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.6677","volume":"103","author":"HM Cross","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cross HM, Combrinck MI, Joska JA (2013) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: antiretroviral regimen, central nervous system penetration effectiveness, and cognitive outcomes. S Afr Med J 103:758\u2013762","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"186_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318274e2b0","volume":"62","author":"A Cusini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cusini A, Vernazza PL, Yerly S et al (2013) Higher CNS penetration-effectiveness of long-term combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with better HIV-1 viral suppression in cerebrospinal fluid. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 62:28\u201335","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"186_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280490521078","volume":"10","author":"LA Cysique","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cysique LA, Maruff P, Brew BJ (2004) Prevalence and pattern of neuropsychological impairment in human immunodeficiency virus-infected\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV\/AIDS) patients across pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy eras: a combined study of two cohorts. J Neurovirol 10:350\u2013357","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ab2b3b","volume":"73","author":"LA Cysique","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cysique LA, Vaida F, Letendre S et al (2009) Dynamics of cognitive change in impaired HIV-positive patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. Neurology 73:342\u2013348","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061738","volume":"8","author":"LA Cysique","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cysique LA, Moffat K, Moore DM et al (2013) HIV, vascular and aging injuries in the brain of clinically stable HIV-infected adults: a (1)H MRS study. PLoS One 8:e61738","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"186_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001752","volume":"79","author":"ML D\u2019Antoni","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u2019Antoni ML, Paul RH, Mitchell BI et al (2018) Improved cognitive performance and reduced monocyte activation in virally suppressed chronic HIV after dual CCR2 and CCR5 antagonism. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 79:108\u2013116","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"186_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.3.645","volume":"50","author":"Dana Consortium on the Therapy of HIV Dementia and Related Cognitive Disorders","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dana Consortium on the Therapy of HIV Dementia and Related Cognitive Disorders (1998) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of deprenyl and thioctic acid in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 50:645\u2013651","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.342","volume":"59","author":"A De Luca","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Luca A, Ciancio BC, Larussa D et al (2002) Correlates of independent HIV-1 replication in the CNS and of its control by antiretrovirals. Neurology 59:342\u2013347","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0257-3","volume":"54","author":"EH Decloedt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Decloedt EH, Rosenkranz B, Maartens G, Joska J (2015) Central nervous system penetration of antiretroviral drugs: pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenomic considerations. Clin Pharmacokinet 54:581\u2013598","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"186_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200109280-00027","volume":"15","author":"R Deutsch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Deutsch R, Ellis RJ, McCutchan JA et al (2001) AIDS-associated mild neurocognitive impairment is delayed in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 15:1898\u20131899","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-016-0469-7","volume":"205","author":"M Donath","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donath M, Wolf T, Sturmer M et al (2016) HIV-1 replication in central nervous system increases over time on only protease inhibitor therapy. Med Microbiol Immunol 205:575\u2013583","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"186_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9969","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009969","volume":"97","author":"AN Dravid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dravid AN, Natrajan K, Kulkarni MM et al (2018) Discordant CSF\/plasma HIV-1 RNA in individuals on virologically suppressive antiretroviral therapy in Western India. Medicine (Baltimore) 97:e9969","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"186_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1086\/657342","volume":"202","author":"A Eden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eden A, Fuchs D, Hagberg L et al (2010) HIV-1 viral escape in cerebrospinal fluid of subjects on suppressive antiretroviral treatment. J Infect Dis 202:1819\u20131825","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"186_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0454-2","volume":"13","author":"R Ellis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellis R, Letendre SL (2016) Update and new directions in therapeutics for neurological complications of HIV infections. Neurotherapeutics 13:471\u2013476","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"186_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420503","volume":"42","author":"RJ Ellis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ellis RJ, Hsia K, Spector SA et al (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels are elevated in neurocognitively impaired individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group. Ann Neurol 42:679\u2013688","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"186_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.6.923","volume":"59","author":"RJ Ellis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ellis RJ, Moore DJ, Childers ME et al (2002) Progression to neuropsychological impairment in human immunodeficiency virus infection predicted by elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of human immunodeficiency virus RNA. Arch Neurol 59:923\u2013928","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"186_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit921","volume":"58","author":"RJ Ellis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ellis RJ, Letendre S, Vaida F et al (2014) Randomized trial of central nervous system-targeted antiretrovirals for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Clin Infect Dis 58:1015\u20131022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"186_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix645","volume":"65","author":"KM Erlandson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erlandson KM, Kitch D, Wester CW et al (2017) The impact of statin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor\/angiotensin receptor blocker therapy on cognitive function in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 65:2042\u20132049","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"186_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1310\/hct0806-437","volume":"8","author":"SR Evans","year":"2007","unstructured":"Evans SR, Yeh TM, Sacktor N et al (2007) Selegiline transdermal system (STS) for HIV-associated cognitive impairment: open-label report of ACTG 5090. HIV Clin Trials 8:437\u2013446","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"},{"key":"186_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040903482830","volume":"24","author":"J Foley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Foley J, Ettenhofer M, Wright MJ et al (2010) Neurocognitive functioning in HIV-1 infection: effects of cerebrovascular risk factors and age. Clin Neuropsychol 24:265\u2013285","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"186_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1206-333","volume":"12","author":"L Garvey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garvey L, Surendrakumar V, Winston A (2011) Low rates of neurocognitive impairment are observed in neuro-asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects on effective antiretroviral therapy. HIV Clin Trials 12:333\u2013338","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"},{"key":"186_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000951","volume":"30","author":"TM Gates","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gates TM, Cysique LA, Siefried KJ, Chaganti J, Moffat KJ, Brew BJ (2016) Maraviroc-intensified combined antiretroviral therapy improves cognition in virally suppressed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. AIDS 30:591\u2013600","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.1.41","volume":"55","author":"PN Heseltine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Heseltine PN, Goodkin K, Atkinson JH et al (1998) Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of peptide T for HIV-associated cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 55:41\u201351","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"186_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.10.008","volume":"45","author":"S Hong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hong S, Banks WA (2015) Role of the immune system in HIV-associated neuroinflammation and neurocognitive implications. Brain Behav Immun 45:1\u201312","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"186_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0287-x","volume":"21","author":"SB Joseph","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joseph SB, Arrildt KT, Sturdevant CB, Swanstrom R (2015) HIV-1 target cells in the CNS. J Neurovirol 21:276\u2013289","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2012.01052.x","volume":"14","author":"Y Kahouadji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kahouadji Y, Dumurgier J, Sellier P et al (2013) Cognitive function after several years of antiretroviral therapy with stable central nervous system penetration score. HIV Med 14:311\u2013315","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"186_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F21","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000074","volume":"27","author":"KM Kelly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kelly KM, Beck SE, Metcalf Pate KA et al (2013) Neuroprotective maraviroc monotherapy in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques: reduced replicating and latent SIV in the brain. AIDS 27:F21\u2013F28","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002150","volume":"33","author":"BH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim BH, Kelschenbach J, Borjabad A et al (2019) Intranasal insulin therapy reverses hippocampal dendritic injury and cognitive impairment in a model of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in EcoHIV-infected mice. AIDS 33:973\u2013984","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanman T, Letendre S, Ma Q, Bang A, Ellis R (2019) CNS neurotoxicity of antiretrovirals. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09886-7"},{"key":"186_CR46","first-page":"137","volume":"19","author":"S Letendre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Letendre S (2011) Central nervous system complications in HIV disease: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Top Antivir Med 19:137\u2013142","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"key":"186_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000244208.49123.1b","volume":"20","author":"SL Letendre","year":"2006","unstructured":"Letendre SL, Woods SP, Ellis RJ et al (2006) Lithium improves HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. AIDS 20:1885\u20131888","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-006-9054-y","volume":"2","author":"SL Letendre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Letendre SL, Marquie-Beck J, Ellis RJ et al (2007) The role of cohort studies in drug development: clinical evidence of antiviral activity of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2:120\u2013127","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"186_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.31","volume":"65","author":"S Letendre","year":"2008","unstructured":"Letendre S, Marquie-Beck J, Capparelli E et al (2008) Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 65:65\u201370","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"186_CR50","first-page":"45","volume":"18","author":"SL Letendre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Ances BM, McCutchan JA (2010) Neurologic complications of HIV disease and their treatment. Top HIV Med 18:45\u201355","journal-title":"Top HIV Med"},{"key":"186_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19655","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19655","volume":"17","author":"R Libertone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Libertone R, Lorenzini P, Balestra P et al (2014) Central nervous system penetration-effectiveness rank does not reliably predict neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals. J Int AIDS Soc 17:19655","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"186_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e456","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30143-2","volume":"6","author":"A Livelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Livelli A, Vaida F, Ellis RJ et al (2019) Correlates of HIV RNA concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid during antiretroviral therapy: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet HIV 6:e456\u2013ee62","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"186_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1279","volume":"352","author":"CL Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu CL, Murakowski DK, Bournazos S et al (2016) Enhanced clearance of HIV-1-infected cells by broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 in vivo. Science 352:1001\u20131004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"186_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00397","volume":"7","author":"C Marban","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marban C, Forouzanfar F, Ait-Ammar A et al (2016) Targeting the brain reservoirs: toward an HIV cure. Front Immunol 7:397","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"186_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832c4152","volume":"23","author":"CM Marra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marra CM, Zhao Y, Clifford DB et al (2009) Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA and neurocognitive performance. AIDS 23:1359\u20131366","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison SA, Fazeli PL, Gower B et al (2019) Cognitive effects of a Ketogenic diet on neurocognitive impairment in adults aging with HIV: a pilot study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000110"},{"key":"186_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000110","volume":"31","author":"SA Morrison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morrison SA, Fazeli PL, Gower B et al (2020) Cognitive effects of a Ketogenic diet on neurocognitive impairment in adults aging with HIV: a pilot study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 31:312\u2013324","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"186_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw495","volume":"63","author":"SS Mukerji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mukerji SS, Locascio JJ, Misra V et al (2016) Lipid profiles and APOE4 allele impact midlife cognitive decline in HIV-infected men on antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 63:1130\u20131139","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"186_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0182547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182547","volume":"12","author":"JA Munoz-Moreno","year":"2017","unstructured":"Munoz-Moreno JA, Prats A, Molto J et al (2017) Transdermal rivastigmine for HIV-associated cognitive impairment: a randomized pilot study. PLoS One 12:e0182547","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"186_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827b9121","volume":"80","author":"N Nakasujja","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakasujja N, Miyahara S, Evans S et al (2013) Randomized trial of minocycline in the treatment of HIV-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 80:196\u2013202","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR61","first-page":"101","volume":"16","author":"I Perez Valero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perez Valero I, Gonzalez-Baeza A, Montes Ramirez ML (2014) Central nervous system penetration and effectiveness of darunavir\/ritonavir monotherapy. AIDS Rev 16:101\u2013108","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"186_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289909021295","volume":"5","author":"CK Petito","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petito CK, Chen H, Mastri AR, Torres-Munoz J, Roberts B, Wood C (1999) HIV infection of choroid plexus in AIDS and asymptomatic HIV-infected patients suggests that the choroid plexus may be a reservoir of productive infection. J Neurovirol 5:670\u2013677","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR63","unstructured":"Prabhakaran M. Narpala S, Gama L, et al. (2020) Infiltration of bNAb VRC01 into the cerebrospinal fluid in humans in the RV397 study. CROI 2020, Boston USA. Conference abstract 453"},{"key":"186_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.04.007","volume":"65","author":"T Rawson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rawson T, Muir D, Mackie NE, Garvey LJ, Everitt A, Winston A (2012) Factors associated with cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA in HIV infected subjects undergoing lumbar puncture examination in a clinical setting. J Infect 65:239\u2013245","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"186_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis507","volume":"55","author":"K Robertson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robertson K, Jiang H, Kumwenda J et al (2012) Improved neuropsychological and neurological functioning across three antiretroviral regimens in diverse resource-limited settings: AIDS Clinical Trials Group study a5199, the international neurological study. Clin Infect Dis 55:868\u2013876","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"186_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001189","volume":"30","author":"KR Robertson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robertson KR, Miyahara S, Lee A et al (2016) Neurocognition with maraviroc compared with tenofovir in HIV. AIDS 30:2315\u20132321","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.1.233","volume":"54","author":"N Sacktor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sacktor N, Schifitto G, McDermott MP, Marder K, McArthur JC, Kieburtz K (2000) Transdermal selegiline in HIV-associated cognitive impairment: pilot, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 54:233\u2013235","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822f0412","volume":"77","author":"N Sacktor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sacktor N, Miyahara S, Deng L et al (2011) Minocycline treatment for HIV-associated cognitive impairment: results from a randomized trial. Neurology 77:1135\u20131142","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0587-z","volume":"24","author":"N Sacktor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sacktor N, Skolasky RL, Moxley R et al (2018) Paroxetine and fluconazole therapy for HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment: results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Neurovirol 24:16\u201327","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR70","first-page":"ofz277","volume":"6","author":"GMA Santos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santos GMA, Locatelli I, Metral M et al (2019) Cross-sectional and cumulative longitudinal central nervous system penetration effectiveness scores are not associated with neurocognitive impairment in a well treated aging human immunodeficiency virus-positive population in Switzerland. Open Forum Infect Dis 6:ofz277","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"186_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.2.391","volume":"53","author":"G Schifitto","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schifitto G, Sacktor N, Marder K et al (1999) Randomized trial of the platelet-activating factor antagonist lexipafant in HIV-associated cognitive impairment. Neurological AIDS Research Consortium. Neurology 53:391\u2013396","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000204294.28189.03","volume":"66","author":"G Schifitto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schifitto G, Peterson DR, Zhong J et al (2006) Valproic acid adjunctive therapy for HIV-associated cognitive impairment: a first report. Neurology 66:919\u2013921","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000268487.78753.0f","volume":"69","author":"G Schifitto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schifitto G, Zhang J, Evans SR et al (2007a) A multicenter trial of selegiline transdermal system for HIV-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 69:1314\u20131321","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32813384e8","volume":"21","author":"G Schifitto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schifitto G, Navia BA, Yiannoutsos CT et al (2007b) Memantine and HIV-associated cognitive impairment: a neuropsychological and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. AIDS 21:1877\u20131886","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280902758973","volume":"15","author":"G Schifitto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schifitto G, Zhong J, Gill D et al (2009a) Lithium therapy for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated neurocognitive impairment. J Neurovirol 15:176\u2013186","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c51a48","volume":"73","author":"G Schifitto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schifitto G, Yiannoutsos CT, Ernst T et al (2009b) Selegiline and oxidative stress in HIV-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 73:1975\u20131981","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.1.97","volume":"64","author":"JJ Sevigny","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sevigny JJ, Albert SM, McDermott MP et al (2007) An evaluation of neurocognitive status and markers of immune activation as predictors of time to death in advanced HIV infection. Arch Neurol 64:97\u2013102","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"186_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182815497","volume":"80","author":"S Simioni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simioni S, Cavassini M, Annoni JM et al (2013) Rivastigmine for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: a randomized crossover pilot study. Neurology 80:553\u2013560","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834171f8","volume":"25","author":"M Smurzynski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smurzynski M, Wu K, Letendre S et al (2011) Effects of central nervous system antiretroviral penetration on cognitive functioning in the ALLRT cohort. AIDS 25:357\u2013365","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.1.142","volume":"49","author":"The Dana Consortium on the Therapy of HIV Dementia and Related Cognitive Disorders","year":"1997","unstructured":"The Dana Consortium on the Therapy of HIV Dementia and Related Cognitive Disorders (1997) Safety and tolerability of the antioxidant OPC-14117 in HIV-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 49:142\u2013146","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.06.039","volume":"179","author":"KA Thompson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thompson KA, Cherry CL, Bell JE, McLean CA (2011) Brain cell reservoirs of latent virus in presymptomatic HIV-infected individuals. Am J Pathol 179:1623\u20131629","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"186_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000988","volume":"30","author":"M Thompson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thompson M, Saag M, DeJesus E et al (2016) A 48-week randomized phase 2b study evaluating cenicriviroc versus efavirenz in treatment-naive HIV-infected adults with C-C chemokine receptor type 5-tropic virus. AIDS 30:869\u2013878","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181af83d6","volume":"52","author":"V Tozzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tozzi V, Balestra P, Salvatori MF et al (2009) Changes in cognition during antiretroviral therapy: comparison of 2 different ranking systems to measure antiretroviral drug efficacy on HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 52:56\u201363","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"186_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000538","volume":"29","author":"J Underwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Underwood J, Robertson KR, Winston A (2015) Could antiretroviral neurotoxicity play a role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in treated HIV disease? AIDS 29:253\u2013261","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis326","volume":"206","author":"V Valcour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Valcour V, Chalermchai T, Sailasuta N et al (2012) Central nervous system viral invasion and inflammation during acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis 206:275\u2013282","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"186_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142600","volume":"10","author":"VG Valcour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valcour VG, Spudich SS, Sailasuta N et al (2015) Neurological response to cART vs. cART plus Integrase inhibitor and CCR5 antagonist initiated during acute HIV. PLoS One 10:e0142600","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"186_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000096","volume":"28","author":"M Vassallo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vassallo M, Durant J, Biscay V et al (2014) Can high central nervous system penetrating antiretroviral regimens protect against the onset of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders? AIDS 28:493\u2013501","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"186_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0490-z","volume":"23","author":"M Vassallo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vassallo M, Fabre R, Durant J et al (2017) A decreasing CD4\/CD8 ratio over time and lower CSF-penetrating antiretroviral regimens are associated with a higher risk of neurocognitive deterioration, independently of viral replication. J Neurovirol 23:216\u2013225","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-678144","volume":"127","author":"CX Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang CX, Cannon PM (2016) The clinical applications of genome editing in HIV. Blood 127:2546\u20132552","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"186_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f11bd8","volume":"75","author":"EJ Wright","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wright EJ, Grund B, Robertson K et al (2010) Cardiovascular risk factors associated with lower baseline cognitive performance in HIV-positive persons. Neurology 75:864\u2013873","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"186_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0433-8","volume":"22","author":"A Yadav","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yadav A, Betts MR, Collman RG (2016) Statin modulation of monocyte phenotype and function: implications for HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 22:584\u2013596","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"186_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1101-59","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Navia BA, Marra CM et al (2010) Memantine for AIDS dementia complex: open-label report of ACTG 301. HIV Clin Trials 11:59\u201367","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"}],"container-title":["Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences","Neurocognitive Complications of HIV-Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/7854_2020_186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T11:18:52Z","timestamp":1635506332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/7854_2020_186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9783030807580","9783030807597"],"references-count":92,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7854_2020_186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-3370","1866-3389"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-3370","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-3389","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}