{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:37:48Z","timestamp":1792085868587,"version":"4.4.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781071604588","type":"print"},{"value":"9781071604595","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0459-5_25","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T01:03:45Z","timestamp":1594083825000},"page":"277-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"25_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J et al (2015) Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0003898. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002324","volume":"7","author":"JA Crump","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crump JA, Morrissey AB, Nicholson WL et al (2013) Etiology of severe nonmalaria febrile illness in northern Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2324. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002324","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70008-1","volume":"1","author":"M Mayxay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mayxay M, Castonguay-vanier J, Chansamouth V et al (2013) Causes of nonmalarial fever in Laos: a prospective study. Lancet Glob Health 1:46\u201354","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"25_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2764-3","volume":"17","author":"K M\u00f8rch","year":"2017","unstructured":"M\u00f8rch K, Manoharan A, Chandy S et al (2017) Acute undifferentiated fever in India: a multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy. BMC Infect Dis 17:665. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-017-2764-3","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095868","volume":"9","author":"TC Mueller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mueller TC, Siv S, Khim N et al (2014) Acute undifferentiated febrile illness in rural Cambodia: a 3-year prospective observational study. PLoS One 9:e95868. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0095868","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"25_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006477","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006477","volume":"12","author":"T Wangrangsimakul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wangrangsimakul T, Althaus T, Mukaka M et al (2018) Causes of acute undifferentiated fever and the utility of biomarkers in Chiangrai, northern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12:e0006477. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006477","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR7","volume-title":"Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance, and control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2003) Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance, and control. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"25_CR8","unstructured":"World health Organization (2011) Report of the second meeting of the leptospirosis burden epidemiology reference group. \nhttps:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/44588\/9789241501521_eng.pdf?sequence=1\n\n. Accessed 19 Feb 2019"},{"key":"25_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","volume":"14","author":"PN Levett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Levett PN (2001) Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:296\u2013326. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"25_CR10","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"S Faine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Faine S, Adler B, Bolin C et al (1999) Leptospira and Leptospirosis, 2nd edn. MediSci, Melbourne","edition":"2"},{"key":"25_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003879","volume":"9","author":"E Kitashoji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kitashoji E, Koizumi N, Lacuesta TLV et al (2015) Diagnostic accuracy of recombinant immunoglobulin-like protein A-based IgM ELISA for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis in the Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0003879. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003879","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02430-06","volume":"45","author":"V Wuthiekanun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Limmathurotsakul D et al (2007) Optimization of culture of Leptospira from humans with leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 45:1363\u20131365. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02430-06","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"25_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.001","volume":"54","author":"ME Griffith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Griffith ME, Horvath LL, Mika WV et al (2006) Viability of Leptospira in BacT\/ALERT MB media. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 54:263\u2013266. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.001","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.01.014","volume":"88","author":"D Girault","year":"2017","unstructured":"Girault D, Soup\u00e9-Gilbert ME, Geroult S et al (2017) Isolation of Leptospira from blood culture bottles. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 88:17\u201319. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.01.014","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.151","volume":"9","author":"T Toyokawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Toyokawa T, Ohnishi M, Koizumi N (2011) Diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 9:111\u2013121. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/eri.10.151","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"key":"25_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9597.1000133","volume":"3","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Grobusch MP, Klatser PR et al (2012) Molecular approaches in the detection and characterization of Leptospira. J Bacteriol Parasitol 3:133. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2155-9597.1000133","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Parasitol"},{"key":"25_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.012","volume":"78","author":"M Picardeau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Picardeau M, Bertherat E, Jancloes M et al (2014) Rapid tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis: current tools and emerging technologies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 78:1\u20138. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.012","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110504953","volume":"11","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed A, van der Linden H, Hartskeerl RA (2014) Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11:4953\u20134964. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110504953","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"25_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000295","volume":"29","author":"JJ Waggoner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waggoner JJ, Pinsky BA (2016) Molecular diagnostics for human leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29:440\u2013445. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000295","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016236","volume":"6","author":"J Thaipadunpanit","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thaipadunpanit J, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V et al (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of real-time PCR assays targeting 16S rRNA and lipl32 genes for human leptospirosis in Thailand: a case-control study. PLoS One 6:e16236. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016236","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"25_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis035","volume":"54","author":"S Agampodi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Agampodi S, Matthias M, Moreno A et al (2012) Utility of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in leptospirosis diagnosis: association of level of leptospiremia and clinical manifestations in Sri Lanka. Clin Infect Dis 54:1249\u20131255. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis035","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005940","volume":"11","author":"IN Riediger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riediger IN, Stoddard RA, Ribeiro GS et al (2017) Rapid, actionable diagnosis of urban epidemic leptospirosis using a pathogenic Leptospira lipL32-based real-time PCR assay. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11:e0005940. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005940","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8010017","volume":"8","author":"MG Mauk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mauk MG, Song J, Liu C et al (2018) Simple approaches to minimally-instrumented, microfluidic-based point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests. Biosensors (Basel) 8:17. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios8010017","journal-title":"Biosensors (Basel)"},{"key":"25_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0473","volume":"84","author":"P Sonthayanon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sonthayanon P, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V et al (2011) Accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for diagnosis of human leptospirosis in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84:614\u2013620. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0473","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"25_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012095","volume":"5","author":"S Villumsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Villumsen S, Pedersen R, Krogfelt KA et al (2010) Expanding the diagnostic use of PCR in leptospirosis: improved method for DNA extraction from blood cultures. PLoS One 5:e12095. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0012095","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"25_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0674","volume":"94","author":"S Dittrich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dittrich S, Rudgard WE, Woods KL et al (2016) The utility of blood culture fluid for the molecular diagnosis of Leptospira: a prospective evaluation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94:736\u2013740. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0674","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"25_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00503-14","volume":"52","author":"TX Nhan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nhan TX, Teissier A, Roche C et al (2014) Sensitivity of real-time PCR performed on dried sera spotted on filter paper for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 52:3075\u20133077. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00503-14","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"25_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000213","volume":"2","author":"MA Matthias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matthias MA, Ricaldi JN, Cespedes M et al (2008) Human leptospirosis caused by a new, antigenically unique Leptospira associated with a Rattus species reservoir in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2:e213. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000213","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64947-0","volume":"58","author":"AT Slack","year":"2008","unstructured":"Slack AT, Kalambaheti T, Symonds ML et al (2008) Leptospira wolffii sp. nov., isolated from a human with suspected leptospirosis in Thailand. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2305\u20132308. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.64947-0","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"25_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.140659","volume":"21","author":"J Chiriboga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiriboga J, Barragan VA, Arroyo G et al (2015) High prevalence of intermediate Leptospira spp. DNA in febrile humans from urban and rural Ecuador. Emerg Infect Dis 21:2141\u20132147. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2112.140659","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161262","volume":"23","author":"M Tsuboi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsuboi M, Koizumi N, Hayakawa K et al (2017) Imported Leptospira licerasiae infection in traveler returning to Japan from Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 23:548\u2013549. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2303.161262","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002528","volume":"68","author":"R Puche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Puche R, Ferr\u00e9s I, Caraballo L et al (2018) Leptospira venezuelensis sp. nov., a new member of the intermediate group isolated from rodents, cattle and humans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:513\u2013517. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.002528","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"25_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00816","volume":"9","author":"R Thibeaux","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thibeaux R, Girault D, Bierque E et al (2018) Biodiversity of environmental Leptospira: improving identification and revisiting the diagnosis. Front Microbiol 9:816. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00816","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"25_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000612","volume":"4","author":"CA Ganoza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ganoza CA, Matthias MA, Saito M et al (2010) Asymptomatic renal colonization of humans in the peruvian Amazon by Leptospira. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e612. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000612","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2012.06.009","volume":"91","author":"S Villumsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Villumsen S, Pedersen R, Borre MB et al (2012) Novel TaqMan\u00ae PCR for detection of Leptospira species in urine and blood: pit-falls of in silico validation. J Microbiol Methods 91:184\u2013190. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2012.06.009","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"25_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.10.017","volume":"24","author":"K Woods","year":"2018","unstructured":"Woods K, Nic-Fhogartaigh C, Arnold C et al (2018) A comparison of two molecular methods for diagnosing leptospirosis from three different sample types in patients presenting with fever in Laos. Clin Microbiol Infect 24:1017.e1\u20131017.e7. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.10.017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"25_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128913","volume":"10","author":"BT Backstedt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Backstedt BT, Buyuktanir O, Lindow J et al (2015) Efficient detection of pathogenic leptospires using 16S ribosomal RNA. PLoS One 10:e0128913. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0128913","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"25_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132988","volume":"10","author":"JJ Waggoner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waggoner JJ, Balassiano I, Mohamed-Hadley A et al (2015) Reverse-transcriptase PCR detection of Leptospira: absence of agreement with single-specimen microscopic agglutination testing. PLoS One 10:e0132988. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132988","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"25_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00341-14","volume":"52","author":"JJ Waggoner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Waggoner JJ, Abeynayake J, Balassiano I et al (2014) Multiplex nucleic acid amplification test for diagnosis of dengue fever, malaria, and leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 52:2011\u20132018. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00341-14","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"25_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1019-1","volume":"17","author":"C Giry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giry C, Roquebert B, Li-Pat-Yuen G et al (2017) Simultaneous detection of chikungunya virus, dengue virus and human pathogenic Leptospira genomes using a multiplex TaqMan\u00ae assay. BMC Microbiol 17:105. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-017-1019-1","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"25_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2012.08.013","volume":"386","author":"RM Blanco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blanco RM, Romero EC (2012) Efficacy of serum samples stored on filter paper for the detection of antibody to Leptospira spp. by microagglutination test (MAT). J Immunol Methods 386:31\u201333. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2012.08.013","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"25_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e05s32","volume":"32","author":"MG Goris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goris MG, Hartskeerl RA (2014) Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test. Curr Protoc Microbiol 32:Unit 12E.5. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e05s32","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"25_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c","volume":"18","author":"AJL McBride","year":"2005","unstructured":"McBride AJL, Athanazio DA, Reis MG et al (2005) Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18:376\u2013386","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0423","volume":"86","author":"V Desakorn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Desakorn V, Wuthiekanun V, Thanachartwet V et al (2012) Accuracy of a commercial IgM ELISA for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86:524\u2013527. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0423","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"25_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.06.002","volume":"106","author":"A Tanganuchitcharnchai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Smythe L, Dohnt M et al (2012) Evaluation of the standard diagnostics Leptospira IgM ELISA for diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in Lao PDR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 106:563\u2013566. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.06.002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"25_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.08.012","volume":"80","author":"CH Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang CH, Riazi M, Yunus MH et al (2014) Limited diagnostic value of two commercial rapid tests for acute leptospirosis detection in Malaysia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 80:278\u2013281. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.08.012","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0702","volume":"98","author":"S Dittrich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dittrich S, Boutthasavong L, Keokhamhoung D et al (2018) A prospective hospital study to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests for the early detection of leptospirosis in Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98:1056\u20131060. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0702","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"25_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001951","volume":"141","author":"ML Signorini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Signorini ML, Lottersberger J, Tarabla HD et al (2013) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to diagnose human leptospirosis: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Epidemiol Infect 141:22\u201332. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268812001951","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"25_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maze MJ, Sharples KJ, Allan KJ et al (2018) Diagnostic accuracy of leptospirosis whole-cell lateral flow assays: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.11.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.11.014"},{"key":"25_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002290","volume":"7","author":"MGA Goris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goris MGA, Leeflang MMG, Loden M et al (2013) Prospective evaluation of three rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2290. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002290","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"25_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.03.001","volume":"46","author":"D Musso","year":"2013","unstructured":"Musso D, La Scola B (2013) Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: a challenge. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 46(4):245\u2013252. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.03.001","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"25_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005678","volume":"11","author":"C Courdurie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Courdurie C, Le Govic Y, Bourhy P et al (2017) Evaluation of different serological assays for early diagnosis of leptospirosis in Martinique (French West Indies). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11:e0005678. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005678","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002289","volume":"7","author":"C Goarant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goarant C, Bourhy P, D\u2019Ortenzio E et al (2013) Sensitivity and specificity of a new vertical flow rapid diagnostic test for the serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2289. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002289","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001878","volume":"6","author":"SA Nabity","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nabity SA, Ribeiro GS, Lessa Aquino C et al (2012) Accuracy of a dual path platform (DPP) assay for the rapid point-of-care diagnosis of human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1878. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001878","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006285","volume":"12","author":"SA Nabity","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nabity SA, Hagan JE, Ara\u00fajo G et al (2018) Prospective evaluation of accuracy and clinical utility of the dual path platform (DPP) assay for the point-of-care diagnosis of leptospirosis in hospitalized patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12:e0006285. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006285","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00456-13","volume":"21","author":"M Kanagavel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kanagavel M, Shanmughapriya S, Anbarasu K et al (2014) B-cell-specific peptides of Leptospira interrogans LigA for diagnosis of patients with acute leptospirosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 21:354\u2013359. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00456-13","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"25_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0057","volume":"99","author":"HW Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen HW, Lukas H, Becker K et al (2018) An improved enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99:266\u2013274. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0057","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"25_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00509-15","volume":"23","author":"V Raja","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raja V, Shanmughapriya S, Kanagavel M et al (2016) In Vivo-expressed proteins of virulent Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis N2 elicit strong IgM responses of value in conclusive diagnosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 23:65\u201372. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00509-15","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"25_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002499","volume":"7","author":"C Lessa-Aquino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lessa-Aquino C, Borges Rodrigues C, Pablo J et al (2013) Identification of seroreactive proteins of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni using a high-density protein microarray approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2499. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002499","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005349","volume":"11","author":"C Lessa-Aquino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lessa-Aquino C, Lindow JC, Randall A et al (2017) Distinct antibody responses of patients with mild and severe leptospirosis determined by whole proteome microarray analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11:e0005349. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005349","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"25_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.480-489.2002","volume":"40","author":"P Saengjaruk","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saengjaruk P, Chaicumpa W, Watt G et al (2002) Diagnosis of human leptospirosis by monoclonal antibody-based antigen detection in urine. J Clin Microbiol 40:480\u2013489","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"25_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03658-0","volume":"7","author":"M Kanagavel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanagavel M, Shanmughapriya S, Aishwarya KVL et al (2017) Peptide specific monoclonal antibodies of Leptospiral LigA for acute diagnosis of leptospirosis. Sci Rep 7:3250. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-03658-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"25_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00756-12","volume":"20","author":"D Widiyanti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Widiyanti D, Koizumi N, Fukui T et al (2013) Development of immunochromatography-based methods for detection of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide antigen in urine. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20:683\u2013690. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00756-12","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"25_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3187-9","volume":"37","author":"R Chaurasia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chaurasia R, Thresiamma KC, Eapen CK et al (2018) Pathogen-specific leptospiral proteins in urine of patients with febrile illness aids in differential diagnosis of leptospirosis from dengue. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 37:423\u2013433. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-018-3187-9","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"25_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00616","volume":"4","author":"C Toma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Toma C, Koizumi N, Kakita T et al (2018) Leptospiral 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase as an early urinary biomarker of leptospirosis. Heliyon 4:e00616. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00616","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"25_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis403","volume":"55","author":"D Limmathurotsakul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Limmathurotsakul D, Turner EL, Wuthiekanun V et al (2012) Fool's gold: why imperfect reference tests are undermining the evaluation of novel diagnostics: a reevaluation of 5 diagnostic tests for leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 55:322\u2013331. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis403","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Methods in Molecular Biology","Leptospira spp."],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-0459-5_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T01:04:51Z","timestamp":1594083891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-0459-5_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9781071604588","9781071604595"],"references-count":66,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-0459-5_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-3745","1940-6029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-3745","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-6029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}