{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T22:46:06Z","timestamp":1786833966897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781071645451","type":"print"},{"value":"9781071645468","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4546-8_15","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T06:06:44Z","timestamp":1748844404000},"page":"259-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Targeting Key Stages of the Viral Entry and Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Overview of the Mechanisms of Antiviral Actions"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Rupesh Anil","family":"Saindane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Pathania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"15_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.4.931","volume":"80","author":"JW Erickson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Erickson JW, Frankenberger EA, Rossmann MG et al (1983) Crystallization of a common cold virus, human rhinovirus 14: \u201cisomorphism\u201d with poliovirus crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:931\u2013934","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"15_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.18136","volume-title":"Pandemics throughout the history","author":"S Sampath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sampath S, Khedr A, Qamar S et al (2021) Pandemics throughout the history. Cureus"},{"key":"15_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02796-3","volume":"399","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang H, Paulson KR, Pease SA et al (2022) Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020\u201321. Lancet 399:1513\u20131536","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"15_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","volume":"19","author":"P V\u2019kovski","year":"2021","unstructured":"V\u2019kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S et al (2021) Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Microbiol 19:155\u2013170","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1835","volume":"25","author":"J Zmurko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zmurko J, Neyts J, Dallmeier K (2015) Flaviviral NS4b, chameleon and jack-in-the-box roles in viral replication and pathogenesis, and a molecular target for antiviral intervention. Rev Med Virol 25:205\u2013223","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"15_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03123-12","volume":"87","author":"MJ Amorim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amorim MJ, Kao RY, Digard P (2013) Nucleozin targets cytoplasmic trafficking of viral ribonucleoprotein-Rab11 complexes in influenza A virus infection. J Virol 87:4694\u20134703","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"15_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00763C","volume":"50","author":"S Slagman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Slagman S, Fessner W-D (2021) Biocatalytic routes to anti-viral agents and their synthetic intermediates. Chem Soc Rev 50:1968\u20132009","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"15_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79086-0_7","volume-title":"Antiviral strategies","author":"T Melby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Melby T, Westby M (2009) Inhibitors of viral entry. In: Antiviral strategies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin\/Heidelberg, pp 177\u2013202"},{"key":"15_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411492-0.00034-1","volume-title":"Synthesis of best-seller drugs","author":"R Vardanyan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vardanyan R, Hruby V (2016) Antiviral drugs. In: Synthesis of best-seller drugs. Elsevier, pp 687\u2013736"},{"key":"15_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a007161","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007161","volume":"2","author":"EJ Arts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arts EJ, Hazuda DJ (2012) HIV-1 antiretroviral drug therapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2:a007161\u2013a007161","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"15_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00102-15","volume":"29","author":"E De Clercq","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Clercq E, Li G (2016) Approved antiviral drugs over the past 50 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 29:695\u2013747","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"15_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050735","volume":"13","author":"T Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao T, Cai Y, Chen B (2021) HIV-1 entry and membrane fusion inhibitors. Viruses 13:735","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"15_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.enz.2021.06.006","volume":"50","author":"N Sluis-Cremer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sluis-Cremer N (2021) Retroviral reverse transcriptase: structure, function and inhibition. Enzymes 50:179\u2013194","journal-title":"Enzymes"},{"key":"15_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814515-9.00126-0","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of virology","author":"G Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li G, Jing X, Zhang P et al (2021) Antiviral classification. In: Encyclopedia of virology. Elsevier, pp 121\u2013130"},{"key":"15_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2174\/187152107781023656","volume":"6","author":"Laura Waters and Marta Boffito","year":"2007","unstructured":"Laura Waters and Marta Boffito (2007) Pharmacology of current and investigational human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nucleoside\/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in adults. Antiinfect Agents Med Chem 6:213\u2013221","journal-title":"Antiinfect Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"15_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202000695","volume":"16","author":"Y Yoshida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoshida Y, Honma M, Kimura Y et al (2021) Structure, synthesis and inhibition mechanism of nucleoside analogues as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). ChemMedChem 16:743\u2013766","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"15_CR17","unstructured":"ViiV Healthcare Full Prescribing Information for RETROVIR (zidovudine) [Revised: 06\/2020]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/019655Orig1s059,019910Orig1s046,019951Orig1s037lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3390\/v2040880","volume":"2","author":"G Maga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maga G, Radi M, Gerard M-A et al (2010) HIV-1 RT inhibitors with a novel mechanism of action: NNRTIs that compete with the nucleotide substrate. Viruses 2:880\u2013899","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"15_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9743","DOI":"10.1021\/ja4018418","volume":"135","author":"G Bec","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bec G, Meyer B, Gerard M-A et al (2013) Thermodynamics of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in action elucidates the mechanism of action of non-nucleoside inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 135:9743\u20139752","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"15_CR20","unstructured":"ViiV Healthcare Full Prescribing Information RESCRIPTOR\u00ae (delavirdine mesylate) [Revised: 08\/2012]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2012\/020705s018lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR21","unstructured":"Janssen Therapeutic Full Prescribing Information INTELENCE (etravirine) [Revised: 07\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/022187s025lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR22","unstructured":"Janssen-Cilag SpA Full Prescribing Information for EDURANT\u00ae (rilpivirine) [Revised: 10\/2022]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/202022s019lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR23","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp Full Prescribing Information for PIFELTRO\u2122 (doravirine) [Revised: 01\/2022]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/210806s007lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206776361156","volume":"12","author":"C-H Tsai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsai C-H, Lee P-Y, Stollar V et al (2006) Antiviral therapy targeting viral polymerase. Curr Pharm Des 12:1339\u20131355","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"15_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.05.001","volume":"51","author":"A Saha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saha A, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M et al (2020) Probable molecular mechanism of remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19: need to know more. Arch Med Res 51:585\u2013586","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"15_CR26","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences Inc Full Prescribing Information for HARVONI\u00ae (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir) [Revised: 03\/2020]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/205834s032,212477s003lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR27","unstructured":"AbbVie Inc Full Prescribing Information for VIEKIRA XR (dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir) [Revised: 12\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/208624s008lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR28","unstructured":"Bristol-Myers Squibb Full Prescribing Information for DAKLINZA (daclatasvir) [Revised: 10\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/206843s008lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR29","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp Full Prescribing Information for ZEPATIER\u00ae (elbasvir and grazoprevir) [Revised: 12\/2021]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/208261s007lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR30","unstructured":"Hoffmann-La Roche Full Prescribing Information for COPEGUS\u00ae (ribavirin) [Revised: 08\/2015]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2015\/021511s029lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR31","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp Full Prescribing Information for REBETOL\u00ae (ribavirin USP) [Revised: 03\/2022]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/020903s057,021546s013lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR32","unstructured":"Toyama Chemical Co Ltd Prescribing Information for AVIGAN Tablets 200mg (Favipiravir) [Revised: 2017]. \/https:\/\/www.cdc.gov.tw\/Uploads\/9401abe5-274f-4090-a67e-70d76d9d425c.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MD00318B","volume":"12","author":"R Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar R, Mishra S, Shreya et al (2021) Recent advances in the discovery of potent RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors targeting viruses. RSC Med Chem 12:306\u2013320","journal-title":"RSC Med Chem"},{"key":"15_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7370","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217370","volume":"27","author":"S Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng S, Wang H, Wang Z et al (2022) Progression of antiviral agents targeting viral polymerases. Molecules 27:7370","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"15_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/b135974_22","volume-title":"Viral genome replication","author":"G Andrei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andrei G, De Clercq E, Snoeck R (2009) Viral DNA polymerase inhibitors. In: Viral genome replication. Springer, Boston, pp 481\u2013526"},{"key":"15_CR36","unstructured":"Pfizer Inc Product Overview VIROPTIC\u00ae Ophthalmic Solution, 1% Sterile (trifluridine ophthalmic solution) [Revised: 03\/2018]. https:\/\/labeling.pfizer.com\/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=700"},{"key":"15_CR37","unstructured":"Bristol-Myers Squibb Full Prescribing Information for BARACLUDE (entecavir) [Revised: 11\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/021797s023,021798s024lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR38","unstructured":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Full Prescribing Information for TYZEKA\u00ae (telbivudine) [Revised: 12\/2018]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/022011s022,022154s019lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR39","unstructured":"Clinigen Healthcare Prescribing Information for FOSCAVIR\u00ae (foscarnet sodium) [Revised: 10\/2020]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/020068Orig1s025lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR40","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline Full Prescribing Information for ZOVIRAX\u00ae (acyclovir) [Revised: 08\/2008]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2005\/018828s030,020089s019,019909s020lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR41","unstructured":"Bausch and Lomb Full Prescribing Information for ZIRGAN (ganciclovir ophthalmic gel) [Revised: 09\/2009]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2009\/022211lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR42","unstructured":"Genentech USA Inc Full Prescribing Information for VALCYTE (valganciclovir) [Revised: 12\/2021]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/021304.s17_22257s12lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106343","volume":"57","author":"N Mbhele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mbhele N, Chimukangara B, Gordon M (2021) HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors: a review of current drugs, recent advances and drug resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 57:106343","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"15_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1740","volume":"22","author":"KB Ingale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ingale KB, Bhatia MS (2011) HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: a review of their chemical development. Antivir Chem Chemother 22:95\u2013105","journal-title":"Antivir Chem Chemother"},{"key":"15_CR45","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp Full Prescribing Information for ISENTRESS\u00ae (raltegravir) [Revised: 05\/2021]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/022145s044,203045s017,205786s009lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR46","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences Inc Full Prescribing Information for VITEKTA\u00ae (elvitegravir) [Revised: 09\/2024]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2014\/203093s000lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR47","unstructured":"ViiV Healthcare Full Prescribing Information for TIVICAY (dolutegravir) [Revised: 10\/2022]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/204790s030,213983s003lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.614","volume":"11","author":"AK Patick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Patick AK, Potts KE (1998) Protease inhibitors as antiviral agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:614\u2013627","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"15_CR49","first-page":"95","volume":"7","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y, Lv Z, Chu Y (2015) HIV protease inhibitors: a review of molecular selectivity and toxicity. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 7:95","journal-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)"},{"key":"15_CR50","unstructured":"Genentech USA Inc. Full Prescribing Information for INVIRASE\u00ae (saquinavir mesylate) [Revised: 03\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/020628s047,021785s023lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR51","unstructured":"Roche Products Pty Limited AUSTRALIAN PRODUCT INFORMATION Invirase\u00ae (Saquinavir mesilate) [Revised 11\/2018]. https:\/\/rss.medsinfo.com.au\/ro\/pi.cfm?product=ropinvir10814"},{"key":"15_CR52","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline Prescribing Information for AGENERASE\u00ae (amprenavir) [Revised: 05\/2005]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2005\/021007s017lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR53","unstructured":"ViiV Healthcare Full Prescribing Information for LEXIVA (fosamprenavir calcium) [Revised: 03\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/021548s041,022116s025lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR54","unstructured":"Janssen Products Full Prescribing Information for PREZISTA\u00ae (darunavir) [Revised: 03\/2023]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2023\/021976s06s068,202895s036lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR55","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Prescribing Information CRIXIVAN\u00ae (INDINAVIR SULFATE) [Revised 09\/2016]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2016\/020685s078lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR56","unstructured":"AbbVie Inc Full Prescribing Information for KALETRA (lopinavir and ritonavir) [Revised: 10\/2020]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/021251s059,021906s054lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR57","unstructured":"ViiV Healthcare Full Prescribing Information for VIRACEPT\u00ae (nelfinavir mesylate) [Revised: 03\/2021]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/020778s042,020779s063,021503s025lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR58","first-page":"325","volume":"33","author":"VB Pai","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pai VB, Nahata MC (1999) Nelfinavir mesylate: a protease. Inhibitor 33:325\u2013339","journal-title":"Inhibitor"},{"key":"15_CR59","unstructured":"AbbVie Inc Full Prescribing Information for NORVIR (ritonavir) [Revised: 12\/2022]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/022417Orig1s025,020659Orig1s073,209512Orig1s008lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199835040-00002","volume":"35","author":"A Hsu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hsu A, Granneman GR, Bertz RJ (1998) Ritonavir. Clin Pharmacokinet 35:275\u2013291","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"15_CR61","unstructured":"Pfizer Labs Full Prescribing Information for PAXLOVID\u2122 (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets). https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2023\/217188s000lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR62","unstructured":"Boehringer Ingelheim Full Prescribing Information for APTIVUS\u00ae (tipranavir) [Revised: 06\/2020]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/021814s021,022292s014lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR63","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration Full Prescribing Information for REYATAZ (atazanavir) [Revised: 09\/2020]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/021567s044,206352s008lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR64","unstructured":"Bristol-Myers Squibb Australia Pty Ltd SUNVEPRA (Asunaprevir) PRODUCT INFORMATION. https:\/\/www.tga.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/auspar-asunaprevir-151214-pi.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR65","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp Full Prescribing Information for VICTRELIS\u00ae (boceprevir) [Revised: 01\/2017]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/202258s016lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR66","unstructured":"AbbVie Inc Full Prescribing Information for MAVYRET\u00ae (glecaprevir and pibrentasvir) [Revised: 10\/2023]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2023\/209394s016,215110s003lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR67","unstructured":"AbbVie Inc Full Prescribing Information for TECHNIVIE (ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir) [Revised: 12\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/207931s013lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR68","unstructured":"Janssen Therapeutics Full Prescribing Information for OLYSIO (simeprevir) [Revised: 11\/2017]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/205123s014lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR69","unstructured":"Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Full Prescribing Information for INCIVEK\u00ae (telaprevir) [Revised: 10\/2013]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2013\/201917s012lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)11433-8","volume":"355","author":"LV Gubareva","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gubareva LV, Kaiser L, Hayden FG (2000) Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors. Lancet 355:827\u2013835","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"15_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050740","volume":"353","author":"A Moscona","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moscona A (2005) Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza. N Engl J Med 353:1363\u20131373","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"15_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0310-239","volume":"28","author":"J-Y Min","year":"2010","unstructured":"Min J-Y, Subbarao K (2010) Cellular targets for influenza drugs. Nat Biotechnol 28:239\u2013240","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"15_CR73","unstructured":"Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc Prescribing Information for SYMMETREL (Amantadine Hydrochloride, USP). https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2009\/016023s041,018101s016lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR74","unstructured":"FOREST PHARMACEUTICALS INC. Prescribing Information for Flumadine\u00ae (rimantadine hydrochloride). https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2007\/019649s010,019650s007lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR75","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline Full Prescribing Information for RELENZA (zanamivir inhalation powder) [Revised: 10\/2023]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2023\/021036s034lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR76","unstructured":"Genentech USA Inc Full Prescribing Information for TAMIFLU\u00ae (oseltamivir phosphate r) [Revised: 08\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/021087s071,021246s054lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01786-13","volume":"58","author":"P Jittamala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jittamala P, Pukrittayakamee S, Tarning J et al (2014) Pharmacokinetics of orally administered oseltamivir in healthy obese and nonobese Thai subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:1615\u20131621","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"15_CR78","unstructured":"BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Inc Full Prescribing Information for RAPIVAB\u00ae (peramivir) injection [Revised: 01\/2021]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/206426s007lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020501600302","volume":"16","author":"E Littler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Littler E, Oberg B (2005) Achievements and challenges in antiviral drug discovery. Antivir Chem Chemother 16:155\u2013168","journal-title":"Antivir Chem Chemother"},{"key":"15_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7159.660","volume":"317","author":"D Pillay","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pillay D, Zambon M (1998) Antiviral drug resistance. BMJ 317:660\u2013662","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"15_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199410040-00002","volume":"10","author":"DJ Morris","year":"1994","unstructured":"Morris DJ (1994) Adverse effects and drug interactions of clinical importance with antiviral drugs. Drug Saf 10:281\u2013291","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"15_CR82","unstructured":"Genentech USA Inc Full Prescribing Information for FUZEON\u00ae (enfuvirtide) for Injection [Revised: 08\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/021481s033lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR83","unstructured":"MedImmune LLC Full Prescribing Information for SYNAGIS\u00ae (palivizumab) [Revised: 05\/2017]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/103770s5200lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR84","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Inc. Product Monograph ABREVA\u00ae (Docosanol) Cream, 10% [Revised: 11\/2013]. https:\/\/pdf.hres.ca\/dpd_pm\/00023035.PDF"},{"key":"15_CR85","unstructured":"ViiV Healthcare Full Prescribing Information for SELZENTRY (maraviroc) [Revised: 10\/2020]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/022128Orig1s019,208984Orig1s002lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR86","unstructured":"Bristol-Myers Squibb Full Prescribing Information for VIDEX\u00ae (didanosine) [Revised: 11\/2006]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2006\/020154s50,20155s39,20156s40,21183s16lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR87","unstructured":"Roche Laboratories Inc Package Insert HIVID\u00ae (zalcitabine) [Revised: 09\/2011]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2002\/20199s16lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR88","unstructured":"Bristol-Myers Squibb Full Prescribing Information for ZERIT (stavudine) [Revised: 12\/2018]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/020412s041,020413s033lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR89","unstructured":"ViiV Healthcare Full Prescribing Information for EPIVIR (lamivudine) [Revised: 05\/2019]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/020564s039,020596s038lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR90","unstructured":"ViiV Healthcare Full Prescribing Information for ZIAGEN (abacavir) [Revised: 11\/2020]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/020977s035,020978s038lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR91","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences Inc Full Prescribing Information for Emtriva\u2122 (emtricitabine) [Revised: 12\/2018]. \/https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/021500s029lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR92","unstructured":"Boehringer Ingelheim Full Prescribing Information for VIRAMUNE\u00ae (nevirapine) [Revised: 06\/2022]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/020636s052,020933s043lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR93","unstructured":"Bristol-Myers Squibb Full Prescribing Information SUSTIVA (efavirenz) [Revised: 10\/2017]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/020972s057,021360s045lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.11.082","volume":"32","author":"DA Chiappetta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiappetta DA, Hocht C, Taira C et al (2011) Oral pharmacokinetics of the anti-HIV efavirenz encapsulated within polymeric micelles. Biomaterials 32:2379\u20132387","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"15_CR95","unstructured":"International Partnership for Microbicides Belgium (IPM Belgium) Summary of Product Characteristics Dapivirine Vaginal Ring 25. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/outside-eu-product-information\/dapivirine-vaginal-ring-25-mg-product-information_en.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR96","unstructured":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Full Prescribing Information for FAMVIR (famciclovir) [Revised: 12\/2018]. Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"15_CR97","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline Full Prescribing Information for VALTREX (valacyclovir) [Revised: 06\/2021]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/020487s022lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR98","unstructured":"Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Full Prescribing Information for DENAVIR\u00ae (penciclovir) [Revised: 11\/2018]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/020629s019lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR99","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences Inc Full Prescribing Information for VISTIDE (Cidofovir) [Revised: 11\/2013]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/1999\/020638s003lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR100","unstructured":"Penn Pharmaceutical Services Ltd. Full Prescribing Information for TEMBEXA (brincidofovir) [Revised: 11\/2013]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/214460s001,214461s001lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR101","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences Inc Full Prescribing Information for VEMLIDY\u00ae (tenofovir alafenamide) [Revised: 10\/2022]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/208464s014lbl.pdf"},{"key":"15_CR102","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences Inc Full Prescribing Information for HEPSERA\u00ae (adefovir dipivoxil) [Revised: 12\/2018]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/021449s024lbl.pdf"}],"container-title":["Methods in Molecular Biology","Computational Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-4546-8_15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T06:06:56Z","timestamp":1748844416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-4546-8_15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"ISBN":["9781071645451","9781071645468"],"references-count":102,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-4546-8_15","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-3745","1940-6029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-3745","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-6029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}