{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T23:48:16Z","timestamp":1775260096268,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781071648476","type":"print"},{"value":"9781071648483","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4848-3_28","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T10:14:18Z","timestamp":1762164858000},"page":"427-442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Animal Models for Studying Trypanosoma cruzi Congenital Transmission and Associated Pathogenesis: Special Emphasis on Guinea Pig Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ortega-Pacheco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nisha J.","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"28_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043711","volume":"14","author":"KM Bonney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonney KM, Luthringer DJ, Kim SA, Garg NJ, Engman DM (2020) Pathology and pathogenesis of Chagas heart disease. Ann Rev Pathol: Mech Disease 14:421\u2013447","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pathol: Mech Disease"},{"key":"28_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.165591","volume":"1866","author":"L Rios","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rios L, Campos EE, Menon R, Zago MP, Garg NJ (2020) Epidemiology and pathogenesis of maternal-fetal transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi and a case for vaccine development against congenital Chagas disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol basis Dis 1866:165591","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol basis Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"28_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760140405","volume":"110","author":"Y Carlier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carlier Y, Sosa-Estani S, Luquetti AO, Buekens P (2015) Congenital Chagas disease: an update. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 110(3):363\u2013368","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"28_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01250","volume":"10","author":"PL Bustos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bustos PL, Milduberger N, Volta BJ, Perrone AE, Laucella SA, Bua J (2019) Trypanosoma cruzi infection at the maternal-fetal interface: implications of parasite load in the congenital transmission and challenges in the diagnosis of infected newborns. Front Microbiol 10:1250","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"28_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piz018","volume":"8","author":"MS Edwards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edwards MS, Stimpert KK, Bialek SR, Montgomery SP (2019) Evaluation and management of congenital Chagas disease in the United States. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 8:461\u2013469","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"28_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2022-005857","volume":"44","author":"RJ Chancey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chancey RJ, Edwards MS, Montgomery SP (2023) Congenital Chagas disease. Pediatr Rev 44:213\u2013221","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"28_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000478","volume":"31","author":"LA Messenger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Messenger LA, Bern C (2018) Congenital Chagas disease: current diagnostics, limitations and future perspectives. Curr Opin Infect Dis 31(5):415\u2013421","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"28_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2018.11.003","volume":"79","author":"R Menon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menon R, Richardson LS, Lappas M (2019) Fetal membrane architecture, aging and inflammation in pregnancy and parturition. Placenta 79:40\u201345","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"28_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01854","volume":"10","author":"U Kemmerling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kemmerling U, Osuna A, Schijman AG, Truyens C (2019) Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: a review about the interactions between the parasite, the placenta, the maternal and the fetal\/neonatal immune responses. Front Microbiol 10:1854","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"28_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101172","volume":"11","author":"EE Avalos-Borges","year":"2022","unstructured":"Avalos-Borges EE, Rios LE, Jimenez-Coello M, Ortega-Pacheco A, Garg NJ (2022) Animal models of Trypanosoma cruzi congenital transmission. Pathogens 11:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11101172","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1663","key":"28_CR11","first-page":"20140072","volume":"370","author":"WE Gundling Jr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gundling WE Jr, Wildman DE (2015) A review of inter- and intraspecific variation in the eutherian placenta. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 370(1663):20140072","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"28_CR12","volume":"7","author":"S Cencig","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cencig S, Coltel N, Tuyens C, Carlier Y (2013) Fertility, gestation outcome and parasite transmisibility in mice infected with TcI, TcII, and TcVI genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS NTD 7(6):e2271","journal-title":"PLoS NTD"},{"issue":"3","key":"28_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2022.11.010","volume":"193","author":"L Rios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rios L, Lokugamage N, Garg NJ (2023) Effects of acute and chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection on pregnancy outcomes in mice: parasite transmission, mortality, delayed growth, and organ damage in pups. Am J Pathol 193(3):313\u2013331","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"28_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.03.043","volume":"179","author":"YE Castro-Sesquen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Castro-Sesquen YE, Gilman RH, Yauri V et al (2011) Cavia porcellus as a model for experimental infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Am J Pathol 179(1):281\u2013288","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"28_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2807","volume":"282","author":"MZ Levy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Levy MZ, Tustin A, Castillo-Neyra R et al (2015) Bottlenecks in domestic animal populations can facilitate the emergence of Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease. Proc Biol Sci 282:1810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2014.2807","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"28_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R129","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-20-0354","volume":"160","author":"AM Carter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carter AM (2020) Animal models of human pregnancy and placentation: alternatives to the mouse. Reproduction 160(6):R129\u2013RR43","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"1","key":"28_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006222","volume":"12","author":"J Torres-Vargas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torres-Vargas J, Jimenez-Coello M, Guzman-Marin E et al (2018) Quantitative and histological assessment of maternal-fetal transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Guinea pigs: an experimental model of congenital Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(1):e0006222","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"28_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04890-4","volume":"14","author":"T Grochow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grochow T, Beck B, Renteria-Solis Z et al (2021) Establishment and validation of a Guinea pig model for human congenital toxoplasmosis. Parasit Vectors 14(1):389","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"28_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.680342","volume":"12","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li M, Brokaw A, Furuta AM et al (2021) Non-human primate models to investigate mechanisms of infection-associated fetal and pediatric injury, teratogenesis and stillbirth. Front Genet 12:680342","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"28_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1318-5","volume":"15","author":"CL Hodo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hodo CL, Wilkerson GK, Birkner EC, Gray SB, Hamer SA (2018) Trypanosoma cruzi transmission among captive nonhuman primates, wildlife, and vectors. EcoHealth 15(2):426\u2013436","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"28_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105754","volume":"213","author":"MJ Rovirosa-Hernandez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rovirosa-Hernandez MJ, Lopez-Monteon A, Garcia-Orduna F et al (2021) Natural infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in three species of non-human primates in southeastern Mexico: a contribution to reservoir knowledge. Acta Trop 213:105754","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"28_CR22","first-page":"10.3390\/ani1103","volume":"11","author":"G Siena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siena G, Milani C (2021) Usefulness of maternal and fetal parameters for the prediction of parturition date in dogs. Animals (Basel) 11(3):10.3390\/ani11030878","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"28_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2022.0086","volume":"23","author":"EE Avalos-Borges","year":"2023","unstructured":"Avalos-Borges EE, Jimenez-Coello M, Chan-Perez JI et al (2023) Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in naturally infected dogs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 23(9):465\u2013474","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"28_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0231","volume":"11","author":"O Rodriguez-Morales","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Morales O, Ballinas-Verdugo MA, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Reyes PA, Arce-Fonseca M (2011) Trypanosoma cruzi connatal transmission in dogs with Chagas disease: experimental case report. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11(10):1365\u20131370","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"28_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.08.009","volume":"109","author":"N Anez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anez N, Crisante G, Soriano PJ (2009) Trypanosoma cruzi congenital transmission in wild bats. Acta Trop 109(1):78\u201380","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"12","key":"28_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010974","volume":"16","author":"CW Torhorst","year":"2022","unstructured":"Torhorst CW, White ZS, Bhosale CR, Beatty NL, Wisely SM (2022) Identification of the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, in multiple tissues of epidemiological significance in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana): implications for environmental and vertical transmission routes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(12):e0010974","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"28_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00782-z","volume":"8","author":"LE Rios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rios LE, Lokugamage N, Choudhuri S, Chowdhury IH, Garg NJ (2023) Subunit nanovaccine elicited T cell functional activation controls Trypanosoma cruzi mediated maternal and placental tissue damage and improves pregnancy outcomes in mice. NPJ Vaccines 8(1):188","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"28_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e931","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000931","volume":"5","author":"AG Schijman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schijman AG, Bisio M, Orellana L et al (2011) International study to evaluate PCR methods for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood samples from Chagas disease patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(1):e931","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"28_CR29","first-page":"241","volume":"44","author":"EA Moreno","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moreno EA, Rivera IM, Moreno SC, Alarcon ME, Lugo-Yarbuh A (2003) Vertical transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Wistar rats during the acute phase of infection. Investig Clin 44(3):241\u2013254","journal-title":"Investig Clin"},{"key":"28_CR30","first-page":"114","volume":"30","author":"M Alarcon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alarcon M, Ruiz G, Yarbuh AL et al (2010) Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in pups of Wistar rats with acute Chagas infection. Soc Ven Microbiol 30:114\u2013120","journal-title":"Soc Ven Microbiol"},{"key":"28_CR31","first-page":"149","volume":"46","author":"E Moreno","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moreno E, Quintero AC, Alarcon M et al (2006) Investigaciones sobre la transmisi\u00f3n vertical de Trypanosoma cruzi en ratas Wistar cr\u00f3nicamente infectadas. Bolet\u00edn de Malariolog\u00eda y Salud Ambiental 46:149\u2013160","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn de Malariolog\u00eda y Salud Ambiental"},{"key":"28_CR32","first-page":"137","volume":"46","author":"M Alarcon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alarcon M, Moreno E, Colasante C, Yarbuh AL, Caceres K, Araujo S (2006) Presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in tissues of experimentally infected Wistar rats and their fetuses. Bol Mal Salud Amb 46:137\u2013148","journal-title":"Bol Mal Salud Amb"},{"key":"28_CR33","first-page":"127","volume":"48","author":"MC Perez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perez MC, Alarcon M, Goncalves L et al (2008) Morphological and structural abnormalities in fetuses of mice with experimental acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Bol Mal Salud Amb 48:127\u2013134","journal-title":"Bol Mal Salud Amb"},{"issue":"3","key":"28_CR34","first-page":"335","volume":"50","author":"M Alarcon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alarcon M, Perez MC, Villarreal J et al (2009) Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in the placenta and fetuses of mice with chagasic acute infection. Investig Clin 50(3):335\u2013345","journal-title":"Investig Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"28_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64223-X","volume":"161","author":"A Mjihdi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mjihdi A, Lambot MA, Stewart IJ et al (2002) Acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mouse induces infertility or placental parasite invasion and ischemic necrosis associated with massive fetal loss. Am J Pathol 161(2):673\u2013680","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"28_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1179\/00034980X3234","volume":"98","author":"RL Cardoni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cardoni RL, Antunez MI (2004) Outcome of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in pregnant BALB\/c mice. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98(8):883\u2013887","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Methods in Molecular Biology","T. cruzi Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-4848-3_28","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:30:19Z","timestamp":1775255419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-4848-3_28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"ISBN":["9781071648476","9781071648483"],"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-4848-3_28","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-3745","1940-6029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-3745","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-6029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 November 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}