{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:52:35Z","timestamp":1777877555937,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781071650301","type":"print"},{"value":"9781071650318","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-5031-8_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:54:47Z","timestamp":1777589687000},"page":"15-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large Scale Cultivation of Microalgae in Open, Closed, and Hybrid Systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Jerney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Spilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.352","volume":"59","author":"L-L Zhuang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhuang L-L, Wu Y-H, Espinosa VMD et al (2016) Soluble algal products (SAPs) in large scale cultivation of microalgae for biomass\/bioenergy production: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 59:141\u2013148","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"3_CR2","first-page":"593","volume":"5","author":"D Chaumont","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chaumont D (1993) Biotechnology of algal biomass production: a review of systems for outdoor mass culture. J\u202fAppl\u202fPhycol 5:593\u2013604","journal-title":"J\u202fAppl\u202fPhycol"},{"key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruvost J, Cornet J-F, Pilon L (2016) Large-scale production of algal biomass: photobioreactors. In: Bux F, Chisti Y (eds) Algae biotechnology: products and processes. Springer, New York, pp 41\u201366","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12334-9_3"},{"key":"3_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chisti Y (2016) Large-scale production of algal biomass: raceway ponds. In: Bux F, Chisti Y (eds) Algae biotechnology: products and processes. Springer, New York, pp 21\u201340","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12334-9_2"},{"issue":"8","key":"3_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3390\/md21080445","volume":"21","author":"L Novovesk\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"Novovesk\u00e1 L, Nielsen SL, Eroldo\u011fan OT et al (2023) Overview and challenges of large-scale cultivation of photosynthetic microalgae and cyanobacteria. Mar Drugs 21(8):445","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"3_CR6","volume-title":"Microalgae: biotechnology and microbiology","author":"E Becker","year":"1994","unstructured":"Becker E (1994) Microalgae: biotechnology and microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"6","key":"3_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.05.015","volume":"29","author":"L Christenson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Christenson L, Sims R (2011) Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater treatment, biofuels, and bioproducts. Biotechnol Adv 29(6):686\u2013702","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"3_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530100702","volume":"57","author":"O Pulz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pulz O (2001) Photobioreactors: production systems for phototrophic microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57:287\u2013293","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.06.159","volume":"102","author":"C-Y Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen C-Y, Yeh K-L, Aisyah R et al (2011) Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review. Biores Technol 102(1):71\u201381","journal-title":"Biores Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.10.009","volume":"14","author":"L Brennan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae\u2014a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(2):557\u2013577","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"3_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2010.04.004","volume":"28","author":"A Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar A, Ergas S, Yuan X et al (2010) Enhanced CO2 fixation and biofuel production via microalgae: recent developments and future directions. Trends Biotechnol 28(7):371\u2013380","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"3_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-008-1518-y","volume":"79","author":"B Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang B, Li Y, Wu N, Lan CQ (2008) CO2 bio-mitigation using microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 79:707\u2013718","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.01.046","volume":"99","author":"C Ugwu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ugwu C, Aoyagi H, Uchiyama H (2008) Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae. Biores Technol 99(10):4021\u20134028","journal-title":"Biores Technol"},{"key":"3_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.02.008","volume":"60","author":"T-Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang T-Y, Hu H-Y, Wu Y-H et al (2016) Promising solutions to solve the bottlenecks in the large-scale cultivation of microalgae for biomass\/bioenergy production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 60:1602\u20131614","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"3_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.3390\/en16073105","volume":"16","author":"NK Sarker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarker NK, Kaparaju P (2023) A critical review on the status and progress of microalgae cultivation in outdoor photobioreactors conducted over 35 years (1986\u20132021). Energies 16(7):3105","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"6","key":"3_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12061104","volume":"12","author":"G Penloglou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Penloglou G, Pavlou A, Kiparissides C (2024) Recent advancements in photo-bioreactors for microalgae cultivation: a brief overview. Processes 12(6):1104","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"6","key":"3_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1002\/bp060065r","volume":"22","author":"AP Carvalho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carvalho AP, Meireles LA, Malcata FX (2006) Microalgal reactors: a review of enclosed system designs and performances. Biotechnol Prog 22(6):1490\u20131506","journal-title":"Biotechnol Prog"},{"key":"3_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2016.00029","volume":"4","author":"RR Narala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Narala RR, Garg S, Sharma KK et al (2016) Comparison of microalgae cultivation in photobioreactor, open raceway pond, and a two-stage hybrid system. Front Energy Res 4:29","journal-title":"Front Energy Res"},{"key":"3_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102353","volume":"57","author":"VC Liyanaarachchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liyanaarachchi VC, Premaratne M, Ariyadasa TU et al (2021) Two-stage cultivation of microalgae for production of high-value compounds and biofuels: a review. Algal Res 57:102353","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"key":"3_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bora A, Rajan AST, Kumar P et al (2024) Microalgae to bioenergy production: recent advances, influencing parameters, utilization of wastewater\u2013a critical review. Sci Total Environ 946:174230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174230"},{"key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.04.051","volume":"163","author":"VO Adesanya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adesanya VO, Cadena E, Scott SA, Smith AG (2014) Life cycle assessment on microalgal biodiesel production using a hybrid cultivation system. Biores Technol 163:343\u2013355","journal-title":"Biores Technol"},{"key":"3_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2020.105643","volume":"139","author":"P Swain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swain P, Tiwari A, Pandey A (2020) Enhanced lipid production in Tetraselmis sp. by two stage process optimization using simulated dairy wastewater as feedstock. Biomass Bioenergy 139:105643","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"3_CR23","first-page":"45","volume":"24","author":"M Stockenreiter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stockenreiter M, Graber A-K, Haupt F, Stibor H (2012) The effect of species diversity on lipid production by micro-algal communities. J\u202fAppl\u202fPhycol 24:45\u201354","journal-title":"J\u202fAppl\u202fPhycol"},{"key":"3_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2018.08.010","volume":"118","author":"S Di","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di S, Yang A (2018) Overyielding potential of microalgal polyculture with complementary light absorption spectra: a model-based analysis. Biomass Bioenergy 118:141\u2013148","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"3_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasseur DA, Messinger SM (2015) How does evolutionary history alter the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function? In: Belgrano A, Woodward G, Jacob U (eds). Aquatic functional biodiversity. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp\u00a053\u201373","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417015-5.00003-7"},{"key":"3_CR26","first-page":"2323","volume":"31","author":"PK Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas PK, Dunn GP, Coats ER et al (2019) Algal diversity and traits predict biomass yield and grazing resistance in wastewater cultivation. J\u202fAppl\u202fPhycol 31:2323\u20132334","journal-title":"J\u202fAppl\u202fPhycol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12092","volume":"49","author":"M Stockenreiter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stockenreiter M, Haupt F, Graber AK et al (2013) Functional group richness: implications of biodiversity for light use and lipid yield in microalgae. J Phycol 49(5):838\u2013847","journal-title":"J Phycol"},{"key":"3_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.02.013","volume":"15","author":"M Stockenreiter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stockenreiter M, Haupt F, Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 J et al (2016) Nutrient uptake and lipid yield in diverse microalgal communities grown in wastewater. Algal Res 15:77\u201382","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13058","volume":"18","author":"S Louca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Louca S, Doebeli M (2016) Transient dynamics of competitive exclusion in microbial communities. Environ Microbiol 18(6):1863\u20131874","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"3_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102734","volume":"65","author":"S Mandal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mandal S, Corcoran AA (2022) A novel approach to build algal consortia for sustainable biomass production. Algal Res 65:102734","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"key":"3_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2023.106279","volume":"193","author":"R Kholssi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kholssi R, Stefanova S, Gonz\u00e1lez-Orteg\u00f3n E et al (2024) Population and functional changes in a multispecies co-culture of marine microalgae and cyanobacteria under a combination of different salinity and temperature levels. Mar Environ Res 193:106279","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"key":"3_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607601","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.607601","volume":"12","author":"E S\u00f6renson","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00f6renson E, Capo E, Farnelid H et al (2021) Temperature stress induces shift from co-existence to competition for organic carbon in microalgae-bacterial photobioreactor community\u2013enabling continuous production of microalgal biomass. Front Microbiol 12:607601","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"3_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.3390\/w15173074","volume":"15","author":"P Deepa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deepa P, Sowndhararajan K, Kim S (2023) A review of the harvesting techniques of microalgae. Water 15(17):3074","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"3_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.04.010","volume":"217","author":"G Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh G, Patidar S (2018) Microalgae harvesting techniques: a review. J Environ Manag 217:499\u2013508","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"3_CR35","first-page":"959","volume":"23","author":"K Spilling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spilling K, Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 J, Tamminen T (2011) Inducing autoflocculation in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum through CO2 regulation. J\u202fAppl\u202fPhycol 23:959\u2013966","journal-title":"J\u202fAppl\u202fPhycol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9290.2011.00427.x","volume":"16","author":"BT Higgins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Higgins BT, Kendall A (2012) Life cycle environmental and cost impacts of using an algal turf scrubber to treat dairy wastewater. J Ind Ecol 16(3):436\u2013447","journal-title":"J Ind Ecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1996.0138","volume":"33","author":"RJ Craggs","year":"1996","unstructured":"Craggs RJ, Adey WH, Jenson KR et al (1996) Phosphorus removal from wastewater using an algal turf scrubber. Water Sci Technol 33(7):191\u2013198","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.3390\/md13052629","volume":"13","author":"V Vinayak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vinayak V, Manoylov KM, Gateau H et al (2015) Diatom milking: a review and new approaches. Mar Drugs 13(5):2629\u20132665","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"3_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2023.103156","volume":"73","author":"H Ennaceri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ennaceri H, Nwoba EG, Ogbonna CN et al (2023) Progress of non-destructive hydrocarbon extraction technology of Botryococcus braunii. Algal Res 73:103156","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"key":"3_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127547","volume":"277","author":"S Grira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grira S, Khalifeh HA, Alkhedher M, Ramadan M (2023) The conventional microalgal biofuel production process and the alternative milking pathway: a review. Energy 277:127547","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"3_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359755","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1359755","volume":"12","author":"B Guieysse","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guieysse B, Plouviez M (2024) Microalgae cultivation: closing the yield gap from laboratory to field scale. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 12:1359755","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"46","key":"3_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46017","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c05971","volume":"9","author":"T Tummawai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tummawai T, Rohitatisha Srinophakun T, Padungthon S, Sukpancharoen S (2024) Application of artificial intelligence and image processing for the cultivation of Chlorella sp. using tubular photobioreactors. ACS Omega 9(46):46017\u201346029","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"3","key":"3_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300725","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202300725","volume":"19","author":"JM Rozenberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rozenberg JM, Sorokin BA, Mukhambetova AN et al (2024) Recent advances and fundamentals of microalgae cultivation technology. Biotechnol J 19(3):2300725","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"3_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110155","volume":"133","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Banerjee S, Ghosh AK, Das D (2020) Maneuvering the genetic and metabolic pathway for improving biofuel production in algae: present status and future prospective. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 133:110155","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"}],"container-title":["Methods in Molecular Biology","Biofuels from Algae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5031-8_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:54:49Z","timestamp":1777589689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5031-8_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9781071650301","9781071650318"],"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5031-8_3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-3745","1940-6029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-3745","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-6029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}