{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T20:27:09Z","timestamp":1794256029409,"version":"4.9.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781071653272","type":"print"},{"value":"9781071653289","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-5328-9_16","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:01:44Z","timestamp":1778148104000},"page":"221-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clostridioides difficile Infection in Animals"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"16_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00224-07","volume":"45","author":"K Keel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keel K, Brazier JS, Post KW et al (2007) Prevalence of PCR ribotypes among Clostridium difficile isolates from pigs, calves, and other species. J Clin Microbiol 45:1963\u20131964","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.06.002","volume":"53","author":"FA Uzal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uzal FA, Navarro MA, Li J et al (2018) Comparative pathogenesis of enteric clostridial infections in humans and animals. Anaerobe 53:11\u201320","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"16_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.01.015","volume":"99","author":"E Ofori","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ofori E, Ramai D, Dhawan M et al (2018) Community-acquired Clostridium difficile: epidemiology, ribotype, risk factors, hospital and intensive care unit outcomes, and current and emerging therapies. J Hosp Infect 99:436\u2013442","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"16_CR4","unstructured":"Uzal FA, Navarro MA, Asin J, et al (Submitted for publication) Clostridioides difficile infection in animals: a one health approach and literature review"},{"key":"16_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00738","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00738-18","volume":"84","author":"M Dharmasena","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dharmasena M, Jiang X (2018) Isolation of toxigenic Clostridium difficile from animal manure and composts being used as biological soil amendments. Appl Environ Microbiol 84:e00738\u2013e00718","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719899081","volume":"32","author":"JS Weese","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weese JS (2020) Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile in animals. J Vet Diagn Invest 32:213\u2013221","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"16_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1402-7","volume":"14","author":"S Andr\u00e9s-Lasheras","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s-Lasheras S, Mart\u00edn-Burriel I, Mainar-Jaime RC et al (2018) Preliminary studies on isolates of Clostridium difficile from dogs and exotic pets. BMC Vet Res 14:77","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"16_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020429","volume":"13","author":"S Alexiou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alexiou S, Diakou A, Kachrimanidou M (2025) The role of Clostridioides difficile within the one health framework: a review. Microorganisms 13:429","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"16_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20954","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.45.20954","volume":"19","author":"CW Knetsch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Knetsch CW, Connor TR, Mutreja A et al (2014) Whole genome sequencing reveals potential spread of Clostridium difficile between humans and farm animals in The Netherlands, 2002 to 2011. Euro Surveill 19:20954","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"16_CR10","volume":"7","author":"DR Knight","year":"2016","unstructured":"Knight DR, Squire MM, Collins DA et al (2016) Genome analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 lineage in Australian pigs and humans reveals a diverse genetic repertoire and signatures of long-range interspecies transmission. Front Microbiol 7:2138","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00164","volume":"7","author":"DR Knight","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knight DR, Riley TV (2019) Genomic delineation of zoonotic origins of Clostridium difficile. Front Public Health 7:164","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"16_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813489039","volume":"50","author":"SS Diab","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diab SS, Rodriguez-Bertos A, Uzal FA (2013) Pathology and diagnostic criteria of Clostridium difficile enteric infection in horses. Vet Pathol 50:1028\u20131036","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"16_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020318","volume":"10","author":"FA Uzal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uzal FA, Navarro MA, Asin J et al (2022) Clostridial diseases of horses: a review. Vaccine 10:318","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"16_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.032","volume":"167","author":"SS Diab","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diab SS, Songer G, Uzal FA (2013) Clostridium difficile infection in horses: a review. Vet Microbiol 167:42\u201349","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776249534","volume":"33","author":"JS Weese","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weese JS, Staempfli HR, Prescott JF (2001) A prospective study of the roles of Clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea. Equine Vet J 33:403\u2013409","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"16_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40157-x","volume":"13","author":"E Uchida-Fujii","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uchida-Fujii E, Niwa H, Senoh M et al (2023) Clostridioides difficile infection in thoroughbred horses in Japan from 2010 to 2021. Sci Rep 13:13099","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"16_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105605","volume":"187","author":"M Nomura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nomura M, Kuroda T, Tamura N et al (2020) Mortality, clinical findings, predisposing factors and treatment of Clostridioides difficile colitis in Japanese thoroughbred racehorses. Vet Rec 187:e14","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"16_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211041091","volume":"34","author":"FS Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a FS, Navarro MA, Uzal FA (2022) The comparative pathology of enterocolitis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C, Clostridioides difficile, Paeniclostridium sordellii, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 34:412\u2013420","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"16_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.11.023","volume":"156","author":"FA Uzal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uzal FA, Diab SS, Blanchard P et al (2012) Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridium difficile co-infection in foals. Vet Microbiol 156:395\u2013402","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.04.010","volume":"22","author":"PHE Arruda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arruda PHE, Madson DM, Ramirez A et al (2013) Effect of age, dose and antibiotic therapy on the development of Clostridium difficile infection in neonatal piglets. Anaerobe 22:104\u2013110","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"16_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.013","volume":"149","author":"NEM Hopman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hopman NEM, Keessen EC, Harmanus C et al (2011) Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by piglets. Vet Microbiol 149:186\u2013192","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.04.019","volume":"124","author":"JG Songer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Songer JG, Jones R, Anderson MA et al (2007) Prevention of porcine Clostridium difficile-associated disease by competitive exclusion with nontoxigenic organisms. Vet Microbiol 124:358\u2013361","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109691","volume":"280","author":"FA Uzal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uzal FA, Navarro MA, Asin J et al (2023) Clostridial diarrheas in piglets: a review. Vet Microbiol 280:109691","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900108","volume":"19","author":"MJ Yaeger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yaeger MJ, Kinyon JM, Glenn Songer J (2007) A prospective, case control study evaluating the association between Clostridium difficile toxins in the colon of neonatal swine and gross and microscopic lesions. J Vet Diagn Invest 19:52\u201359","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"16_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879801000122","volume":"10","author":"EH Waters","year":"1998","unstructured":"Waters EH, Orr JP, Clark EG et al (1998) Typhlocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile in suckling piglets. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:104\u2013108","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"16_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McElroy MC, Hill M, Moloney G, et al (2015) Typhlocolitis associated with Clostridium difficile ribotypes 078 and 110 in neonatal piglets from a commercial Irish pig herd. Ir Vet J 69:10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-016-0070-9"},{"key":"16_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-3-225","volume":"43","author":"MK Keel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keel MK, Songer JG (2006) The comparative pathology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Vet Pathol 43:225\u2013240","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"16_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118924051.ch06","volume-title":"Pathology of laboratory rodents and rabbits","author":"SW Barthold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barthold SW, Griffey SM, Percy DH (2016) Rabbit. In: Pathology of laboratory rodents and rabbits. Wiley, Chichester, pp 253\u2013324"},{"key":"16_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115957","volume":"90","author":"R Eglow","year":"1992","unstructured":"Eglow R, Pothoulakis C, Itzkowitz S et al (1992) Diminished Clostridium difficile toxin a sensitivity in newborn rabbit ileum is associated with decreased toxin a receptor. J Clin Invest 90:822\u2013829","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"16_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1981.179.11.1296","volume":"179","author":"JE Rehg","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rehg JE, Lu YS (1981) Clostridium difficile colitis in a rabbit following antibiotic therapy for pasteurellosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:1296\u20131297","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"16_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.181.11.1422","volume":"181","author":"JE Rehg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rehg JE, Lu YS (1982) Clostridium difficile typhlitis in hamsters not associated with antibiotic therapy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:1422\u20131423","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"16_CR32","first-page":"379","volume":"45","author":"SE Perkins","year":"1995","unstructured":"Perkins SE, Fox JG, Taylor NS et al (1995) Detection of Clostridium difficile toxins from the small intestine and cecum of rabbits with naturally acquired enterotoxemia. Lab Anim Sci 45:379\u2013384","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"16_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"MM Taha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taha MM, El-Helw HA, El-Sergany EF et al (2019) Identification of locally isolated Clostridium difficile from rabbits. WVJ 9:1\u20137","journal-title":"WVJ"},{"key":"16_CR34","first-page":"443","volume":"34","author":"RJ Carman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Carman RJ, Evans RH (1984) Experimental and spontaneous clostridial enteropathies of laboratory and free living lagomorphs. Lab Anim Sci 34:443\u2013452","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"16_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118728291.ch15","volume-title":"Clostridial diseases of animals","author":"SS Diab","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diab SS, Uzal FA, Songer JG (2016) Diseases produced by Clostridium difficile. In: Clostridial diseases of animals. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 177\u2013196"},{"key":"16_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-13","volume":"12","author":"CA Warren","year":"2012","unstructured":"Warren CA, Calabrese GM, Li Y et al (2012) Effects of adenosine A\u2082A receptor activation and alanyl-glutamine in Clostridium difficile toxin-induced ileitis in rabbits and cecitis in mice. BMC Infect Dis 12:13","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"16_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.3.582-588.1988","volume":"56","author":"AA Lima","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lima AA, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD et al (1988) Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in rabbit small and large intestine in vivo and on cultured cells in vitro. Infect Immun 56:582\u2013588","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"16_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19526","volume":"3","author":"EL Best","year":"2012","unstructured":"Best EL, Freeman J, Wilcox MH (2012) Models for the study of Clostridium difficile infection. Gut Microbes 3:145\u2013167","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"16_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600310","volume":"6","author":"AL Struble","year":"1994","unstructured":"Struble AL, Tang YJ, Kass PH et al (1994) Fecal shedding of Clostridium difficile in dogs: a period prevalence survey in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. J Vet Diagn Invest 6:342\u2013347","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"16_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finsterwalder SK, Loncaric I, Cabal A, et al (2022) Dogs as carriers of virulent and resistant genotypes of Clostridioides difficile. Zoonoses Public Health 69:673\u2013681","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12956"},{"key":"16_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2008","volume":"89","author":"P Lefebvre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lefebvre P, Cariou B, Lien F et al (2009) Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation. Physiol Rev 89:147\u2013191","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"16_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01145.x","volume":"55","author":"SL Lefebvre","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lefebvre SL, Reid-Smith R, Boerlin P et al (2008) Evaluation of the risks of shedding Salmonellae and other potential pathogens by therapy dogs fed raw diets in Ontario and Alberta. Zoonoses Public Health 55:470\u2013480","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"16_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245949","volume":"16","author":"C Albuquerque","year":"2021","unstructured":"Albuquerque C, Pagnossin D, Landsgaard K et al (2021) The duration of antibiotic treatment is associated with carriage of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Clostridioides difficile in dogs. PLoS One 16:e0245949","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"16_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02421.x","volume":"17","author":"JK Clooten","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clooten JK, Kruth SA, Weese JS (2003) Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 17:123; author reply 123","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"16_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.09.006","volume":"36","author":"I Hussain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hussain I, Sharma RK, Borah P et al (2015) Isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile from pet dogs in Assam, India. Anaerobe 36:9\u201313","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"16_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991312","volume":"138","author":"JS Weese","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weese JS, Finley R, Reid-Smith RR et al (2010) Evaluation of Clostridium difficile in dogs and the household environment. Epidemiol Infect 138:1100\u20131104","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"16_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.178","volume":"37","author":"VG Loo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loo VG, Brassard P, Miller MA (2016) Household transmission of Clostridium difficile to family members and domestic pets. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 37:1342\u20131348","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"16_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.11.013","volume":"129","author":"J Clooten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clooten J, Kruth S, Arroyo L et al (2008) Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Vet Microbiol 129:209\u2013214","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2012.08.002","volume":"18","author":"A Schneeberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneeberg A, Rupnik M, Neubauer H et al (2012) Prevalence and distribution of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in cats and dogs from animal shelters in Thuringia, Germany. Anaerobe 18:484\u2013488","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"16_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.06.023","volume":"48","author":"S \u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez S, Blanco JL, Harmanus C et al (2017) Prevalence and characteristics of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile in dogs and cats attended in diverse veterinary clinics from the Madrid region. Anaerobe 48:47\u201355","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"16_CR51","first-page":"88","volume":"8","author":"A Samir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samir A, Abdel-Moein KA, Zaher HM (2021) Molecular detection of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile among diarrheic dogs and cats: a mounting public health concern. Vet Sci 8:88","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"16_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2020.102164","volume":"62","author":"ROS Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva ROS, Ribeiro MG, de Paula CL et al (2020) Isolation of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile in diarrheic and nondiarrheic cats. Anaerobe 62:102164","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"16_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193411","volume":"13","author":"D Rabold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rabold D, Espelage W, Abu Sin M et al (2018) The zoonotic potential of Clostridium difficile from small companion animals and their owners. PLoS One 13:e0193411","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"16_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150294","volume":"110","author":"ROS Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silva ROS, Rupnik M, Diniz AN et al (2015) Clostridium difficile ribotypes in humans and animals in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 110:1062\u20131065","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"16_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e940923","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.940923","volume":"24","author":"MA Garza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garza MA, Thomas B, Saleh A et al (2023) Look what the cat dragged in! Recurrent Clostridioides difficile from a household cat. Am J Case Rep 24:e940923","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"16_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.03.016","volume":"124","author":"A Rodriguez-Palacios","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Palacios A, St\u00e4mpfli HR, Stalker M et al (2007) Natural and experimental infection of neonatal calves with Clostridium difficile. Vet Microbiol 124:166\u2013172","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01540.x","volume":"59","author":"V Romano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Romano V, Albanese F, Dumontet S et al (2012) Prevalence and genotypic characterization of Clostridium difficile from ruminants in Switzerland. Zoonoses Public Health 59:545\u2013548","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"16_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5689","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01888-13","volume":"79","author":"DR Knight","year":"2013","unstructured":"Knight DR, Riley TV (2013) Prevalence of gastrointestinal Clostridium difficile carriage in Australian sheep and lambs. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:5689\u20135692","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"16_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.06.009","volume":"28","author":"J Avber\u0161ek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Avber\u0161ek J, Pir\u0161 T, Pate M et al (2014) Clostridium difficile in goats and sheep in Slovenia: characterisation of strains and evidence of age-related shedding. Anaerobe 28:163\u2013167","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"16_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-119","volume":"14","author":"E Rahimi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahimi E, Jalali M, Weese JS (2014) Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in raw beef, cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo meat in Iran. BMC Public Health 14:119","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"16_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.02.007","volume":"20","author":"ROS Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silva ROS, D\u2019elia ML, de Magalh\u00e3es Soares DF et al (2013) Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). Anaerobe 20:82\u201384","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"16_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.08.1547","volume":"44","author":"JL Orchard","year":"1983","unstructured":"Orchard JL, Fekety R, Smith JR (1983) Antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile in a Kodiak bear. Am J Vet Res 44:1547\u20131548","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"16_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0048R2.1","volume":"46","author":"CE Anderson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anderson CE, Haulena M, Zabek E et al (2015) Clinical and epidemiologic considerations of Clostridium difficile in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at a marine mammal rehabilitation center. J Zoo Wildl Med 46:191\u2013197","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"}],"container-title":["Methods in Molecular Biology","Clostridioides difficile"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5328-9_16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:04:06Z","timestamp":1778195046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5328-9_16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9781071653272","9781071653289"],"references-count":63,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5328-9_16","relation":{"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5328-9","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1064-3745","1940-6029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-3745","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-6029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}