{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:14:18Z","timestamp":1788308058689,"version":"build-2803163510"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781071654996","type":"print"},{"value":"9781071655009","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-5500-9_29","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:30:26Z","timestamp":1788305426000},"page":"355-359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leptospira and Leptospirosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Picardeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"29_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giraud-Gatineau A, Dagbo K, P\u011btro\u0161ov\u00e1 H, Werts C, Veyrier FJ, Picardeau M (2025) Shaping the future of Leptospira serotyping. J Med Microbiol 74:002059","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002059"},{"key":"29_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66526-4","volume":"10","author":"RL Hornsby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hornsby RL, Alt DP, Nally JE (2020) Isolation and propagation of leptospires at 37\u00b0C directly from the mammalian host. Sci Rep 10: 9620","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"29_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia LE, Lin Z, Culos S, Muenker CM, Johnson EE, Wang Z et al (2026) DMEM and EMEM as alternate growth media for pathogenic Leptospira. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 20:e0014136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014136"},{"key":"29_CR4","first-page":"35","volume":"7","author":"G Trueba","year":"2004","unstructured":"Trueba G, Zapata S, Madrid K, Cullen P, Haake D (2004) Cell aggregation: a mechanism of pathogenic Leptospira to survive in fresh water. Int Microbiol 7:35\u201340","journal-title":"Int Microbiol"},{"key":"29_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-015-0836-4","volume":"71","author":"G Andre-Fontaine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andre-Fontaine G, Aviat F, Thorin C (2015) Water borne leptospirosis: survival and preservation of the virulence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in fresh water. Curr Microbiol 71:136\u2013142","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"29_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picardeau M (2014) Family Leptospiraceae. In: Rosenberg E (ed) The Prokaryotes. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 711\u2013729","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38954-2_159"},{"key":"29_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.23.3.377","volume":"23","author":"R Inada","year":"1916","unstructured":"Inada R, Ido Y, Hoki R, Kakeno R, Ito H (1916) The etiology, mode of infection and specific therapy of Weil\u2019s disease (Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae). J Exp Med 23:377\u2013403","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"29_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2011.00347.x","volume":"55","author":"A Chakraborty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chakraborty A, Miyahara S, Villanueva SY, Saito M, Gloriani NG, Yoshida S (2011) A novel combination of selective agents for isolation of Leptospira species. Microbiol Immunol 55:494\u2013501","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"29_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002528","volume":"68","author":"R Puche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Puche R, Ferr\u00e9s I, Caraballo L, Rangel Y, Picardeau M, Takiff H et al. (2018) Leptospira venezuelensis sp. nov., a new member of the intermediate group isolated from rodents, cattle and humans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:513\u2013517","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"29_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent AT, Schiettekatte S, Goarant C, Neela VK, Bernet E, Thibeaux R et al (2019) Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0007270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007270"},{"key":"29_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003480","volume":"70","author":"A Casanovas-Massana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Casanovas-Massana A, Hamond C, Santos LA, deOliveira D, Hacker KP, Balassiano I et al. (2020) Leptospira yasudae sp. nov. and Leptospira stimsonii sp. nov., two new species of the pathogenic group isolated from environmental sources. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:1450\u20131456","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"29_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"005148","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005148","volume":"71","author":"AA Korba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korba AA, Lounici H, Kainiu M, Vincent AT, Mariet JF, Veyrier FJ et al. (2021) Leptospira ainlahdjerensis sp. nov., Leptospira ainazelensis sp. nov., Leptospira abararensis sp. nov. and Leptospira chreensis sp. nov., four new species isolated from water sources in Algeria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71:005148","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"29_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamond C, Tibbs-Cortes BW, Fernandes LGV, LeCount K, Putz EJ, Anderson T et al (2025) Leptospira gorisiae sp. nov, L. cinconiae sp. nov, L. mgodei sp. nov, L. milleri sp. nov and L. iowaensis sp. nov: five new species isolated from water sources in the Midwestern United States. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 75:006595","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.006595"},{"key":"29_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181034","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1181034","volume":"14","author":"H P\u011btro\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"P\u011btro\u0161ov\u00e1 H, Mikhael A, Culos S, Giraud-Gatineau A, Gomez AM, Sherman ME et al. (2023) Lipid A structural diversity among members of the genus Leptospira. Front Microbiol 14:1181034","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"29_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giraud-Gatineau A, Nieves C, Harrison LB, Benaroudj N, Veyrier FJ, Picardeau M (2024) Evolutionary insights into the emergence of virulent Leptospira spirochetes. PLoS Pathog 20:e1012161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012161"},{"key":"29_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"msae066","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae066","volume":"41","author":"A Giraud-Gatineau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giraud-Gatineau A, Ayachit G, Nieves C, Dagbo KC, Bourhy K, Pulido F et al. (2024) Pan-species transcriptomic analysis reveals a constitutive adaptation against oxidative stress for the highly virulent Leptospira species. Mol Biol Evol 41:msae066","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"29_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007270","volume":"13","author":"AT Vincent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vincent AT, Schiettekatte S, Goarant C, Neela VK, Bernet E, Thibeaux R et al. (2019) Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0007270","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"29_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS et al. (2015) Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0003898","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"29_CR19","first-page":"351","volume":"94","author":"C Goarant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goarant C, Dellagi K, Picardeau M (2021) Ending the neglect of treatable bacterial zoonoses responsible for non-malaria fevers. Yale J Biol Med 94:351\u201360.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"29_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010302","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.010302","volume":"9","author":"C Goarant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goarant C, Picardeau M, Morand S, McIntyre KM (2019) Leptospirosis under the bibliometrics radar: evidence for a vicious circle of neglect. J Glob Health 9:010302","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"29_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Zanzi C, Dreyfus A, Limothai U, Foley W, Srisawat N, Picardeau M et al (2025) Leptospirosis-improving healthcare outcomes for a neglected tropical disease. Open Forum Infect Dis 12:ofaf035","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf035"},{"key":"29_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.5","volume":"15","author":"M Picardeau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Picardeau M (2017) Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita?. Nat Rev Microbiol 15:297\u2013307","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"29_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00094-16","volume":"84","author":"EAJ Wunder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wunder EAJ, Figueira CP, Santos GR, Lourdault K, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM et al. (2016) Real-time PCR reveals rapid dissemination of Leptospira interrogans after intraperitoneal and conjunctival inoculation of hamsters. Infect Immun 84:2105\u20132115","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"29_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061273","volume":"12","author":"SG Huete","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huete SG, Benaroudj N (2023) The arsenal of Leptospira  species against oxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 12:1273","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"29_CR25","first-page":"139","volume":"387","author":"GL Murray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murray GL (2015) The molecular basis of leptospiral pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387:139\u2013185","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"29_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08184","volume":"460","author":"J Malmstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malmstr\u00f6m J, Beck M, Schmidt A, Lange V, Deutsch EW, Aebersold R (2009) Proteome-wide cellular protein concentrations of the human pathogen Leptospira interrogans. Nature. 460:762\u2013765","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"29_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.9.6022","volume":"175","author":"MA Nahori","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nahori MA, Fourni\u00e9-Amazouz E, Que-Gewirth NS, Balloy V, Chignard M, Raetz CR et al. (2005) Differential TLR recognition of leptospiral lipid A and lipopolysaccharide in murine and human cells. J Immunol 175:6022\u20136031","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"29_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/86354","volume":"2","author":"C Werts","year":"2001","unstructured":"Werts C, Tapping RI, Mathison JC, Chuang T-H, Kravchenko V, Saint GI et al. (2001) Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nature Immunology 2(4):346\u2013352. PubMed PMID: 200100412614","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"key":"29_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01597","volume":"422","author":"S Ren","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ren S, Fu G, Jiang X, Zeng R, Xiong H, Lu G et al. (2003) Unique and physiological and pathogenic features of Leptospira interrogans revealed by whole genome sequencing. Nature. 422:888\u2013893","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"29_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1321-y","volume":"16","author":"W Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu W, Wang J, Zhu Y, Tang B, Zhang Y, He P et al. (2015) Identification of three extra-chromosomal replicons in Leptospira pathogenic strain and development of new shuttle vectors. BMC Genomics 16: 90","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"29_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003103","volume":"8","author":"WN Zhu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhu WN, Huang LL, Zeng LB, Zhuang XR, Chen CY, Wang YZ et al. (2014) Isolation and characterization of two novel plasmids from pathogenic Leptospira interrogans Serogroup Canicola Serovar Canicola Strain Gui44. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e3103","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"29_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29983-6","volume":"8","author":"O Schiettekatte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schiettekatte O, Vincent AT, Malosse C, Lechat P, Chamot-Rooke J, Veyrier FJ et al. (2018) Characterization of LE3 and LE4, the only lytic phages known to infect the spirochete Leptospira. Sci Rep 8: 11781","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"29_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00882","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00882-15","volume":"3","author":"K Satou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Satou K, Shimoji M, Tamotsu H, Juan A, Ashimine N, Shinzato M et al. (2015) Complete genome sequences of low-passage virulent and high-passage avirulent variants of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans Serovar Manilae Strain UP-MMC-NIID, originally isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis, determined using PacBio single-molecule real-time technology. Genome Announc 3:e00882\u201315","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"29_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20020","volume":"6","author":"Y Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Chang YF, Zhang Y, Jiang X et al. (2016) Whole genome sequencing revealed host adaptation-focused genomic plasticity of pathogenic Leptospira. Sci Rep 6: 20020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"29_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibeaux R, Iraola G, Ferr\u00e9s I, Bierque E, Girault D, Soup\u00e9-Gilbert ME et al (2018) Deciphering the unexplored Leptospira diversity from soils uncovers genomic evolution to virulence. Microb Genom 4:e000144","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000144"},{"key":"29_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004122","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004122","volume":"9","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torgerson PR, Hagan JE, Costa F, Calcagno J, Kane M, Martinez-Silveira MS et al. (2015) Global burden of leptospirosis: estimated in terms of disability adjusted life years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0004122","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["Methods in Molecular Biology","Leptospira spp."],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5500-9_29","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:30:28Z","timestamp":1788305428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5500-9_29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9781071654996","9781071655009"],"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-5500-9_29","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-3745","1940-6029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-3745","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-6029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}