{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:28:35Z","timestamp":1784744915944,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"London","reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer London","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781852333188","type":"print"},{"value":"9781447105152","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0515-2_27","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,21]],"date-time":"2011-08-21T06:40:44Z","timestamp":1313908844000},"page":"405-424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":195,"title":["Are Passfaces More Usable Than Passwords? A Field Trial Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Sacha","family":"Brostoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Angela","family":"Sasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"27_CR1","volume-title":"Master\u2019s thesis","author":"A Adams","year":"1996","unstructured":"Adams, A. (1996), Reviewing Human Factors in Password Security Systems, Master\u2019s thesis, University College London, London."},{"issue":"12","key":"27_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1145\/322796.322806","volume":"42","author":"A Adams","year":"1999","unstructured":"Adams, A. & Sasse, M. A. (1999), \u201cUsers Are Not the Enemy: Why Users Compromise Security Mechanisms and How to Take Remedial Measures\u201d, Communications of the ACM\n                42(12), 40\u20136.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"27_CR3","first-page":"1","volume-title":"People and Computers XII (Proceedings of HCI\u201997)","author":"A Adams","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adams, A., Sasse, M. A. & Lunt, P. (1997), Making Passwords Secure and Usable, inH. Thimbleby, B. O\u2019Conaill & P. Thomas (eds.), People and Computers XII (Proceedings of HCI\u201997), Springer-Verlag, pp. 1\u201319."},{"issue":"11","key":"27_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/188280.188291","volume":"37","author":"RJ Anderson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Anderson, R. J. (1994), \u201cWhy Cryptosystems Fail\u201d, Communications of the ACM\n                37(11), 32\u201340.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"27_CR5","series-title":"The Independent","volume-title":"Your Eye. The Ultimate Id Card","author":"C Arthur","year":"1997","unstructured":"Arthur, C. (1997), \u201cYour Eye. The Ultimate Id Card\u201d, The Independent. Tuesday 2nd December."},{"key":"27_CR6","volume-title":"Human Memory: Theory and Practice","author":"A Baddeley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baddeley, A. (1997), Human Memory: Theory and Practice, revised edition, Psychology Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"27_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.104.1.54","volume":"104","author":"HP Bahrick","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, P. O. & Wittlinger, R. P. (1975), \u201cFifty Years of Memory for Names and Faces: A Cross-sectional Approach\u201d, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology\n                104(1), 54\u201375.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"27_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4048(97)00008-4","volume":"16","author":"J Bunnell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bunnell, J., Podd, J., Henderson, R., Napier, R. & Kennedy-Moffat, J. (1997), \u201cCognitive, Associative and Conventional Passwords: Recall and Guessing Rates\u201d, Computers and Security\n                16(7), 629\u201341.","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"27_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1997.tb02621.x","volume":"88","author":"D Clark-Carter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Clark-Carter, D. (1997), \u201cThe Account Taken of Statistical Power in Research Published in the British Journal of Psychology\u201d, British Journal of Psychology\n                88(1), 71\u201383.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"27_CR10","volume-title":"Memory in the Real World","author":"G Cohen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cohen, G. (1996), Memory in the Real World, second edition, Psychology Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"27_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(72)80001-X","volume":"11","author":"FIM Craik","year":"1972","unstructured":"Craik, F. I. M. & Lockhart, R. S. (1972), \u201cLevels of Processing: A Framework for Memory Research\u201d, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior\n                11(6), 671\u201384.","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"27_CR12","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the National Computer Security Conference \u201883, the 16th NIST\/NSA Conference, USA Government","author":"C Davis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Davis, C. & Ganesan, R. (1993), BApassword: A New Proactive Password Checker, inL. Reiner & D. Gilbert (eds.), Proceedings of the National Computer Security Conference \u201883, the 16th NIST\/NSA Conference, USA Government, pp. 1\u201315."},{"issue":"3","key":"27_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(95)00005-S","volume":"14","author":"F Deane","year":"1995","unstructured":"Deane, F., Barrelle, K., Henderson, R. & Mahar, D. (1995), \u201cPerceived Acceptability of Biometric Security Systems\u201d, Computers and Security\n                14(3), 225\u201331.","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"key":"27_CR14","volume-title":"Practical Unix and Internet Security","author":"S Garfinkel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Garfinkel, S. & Spafford, G. (1996), Practical Unix and Internet Security, second edition, O\u2019Reilly."},{"issue":"3","key":"27_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(95)97054-E","volume":"14","author":"H-J Kim","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kim, H.-J. (1995), \u201cBiometrics, Is It a Viable Proposition for Identity Authentication and Access Control?\u201d, Computers and Security\n                14(3), 205\u201314.","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"issue":"2","key":"27_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90325-2","volume":"7","author":"B Menkus","year":"1988","unstructured":"Menkus, B. (1988), \u201cUnderstanding the Use of Passwords\u201d, Computers and Security\n                7(2), 132\u20136.","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"issue":"3","key":"27_CR17","first-page":"26","volume":"10","author":"E Murrer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murrer, E. (1999), \u201cFingerprint Authentication\u201d, Secure Computing\n                10(3), 26\u201330.","journal-title":"Secure Computing"},{"issue":"5","key":"27_CR18","first-page":"523","volume":"2","author":"DL Nelson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Nelson, D. L., Reed, U. S. & Walling, J. R. (1977), \u201cPicture Superiority Effect\u201d, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition\n                2(5), 523\u20138.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"27_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.558812","volume":"27","author":"M Obaidat","year":"1997","unstructured":"Obaidat, M. & Sadoun, B. (1997), \u201cVerification of Computer Users Using Keystroke Dynamics\u201d, IEEE Transactions in Systems, Man and Cybernetics\n                27(2), 261\u20139.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions in Systems, Man and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"27_CR20","first-page":"291","volume":"1","author":"AJ Parkin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Parkin, A. J. (1981), \u201cDeterminants of Cued Recall\u201d, Psychological Research\n                1(4), 291\u2013300.","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"27_CR21","series-title":"Blackwell","volume-title":"Memory: Phenomena, Experiment and Theory","author":"AJ Parkin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parkin, A. J. (1993), Memory: Phenomena, Experiment and Theory, Blackwell."},{"key":"27_CR22","volume-title":"Human Error","author":"J Reason","year":"1993","unstructured":"Reason, J. (1990), Human Error, Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"9","key":"27_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1109\/5.628710","volume":"85","author":"AR Roddy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Roddy, A. R. & Stosz, J. D. (1997), \u201cFingerprint Features\u2013Statistical Analysis and System Performance Estimates\u201d, Proceedings of the IEEE\n                85(9), 1390\u2013421.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"27_CR24","volume-title":"The Essentials of Behavioural Research","author":"R Rosenthal","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rosenthal, R. & Rosnow, R. (1991), The Essentials of Behavioural Research, second edition, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"27_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0625-8_11","volume-title":"The Digital University: Reinventing the Academy","author":"MA Sasse","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sasse, M. A., Harris, C., Ismail, I. & Monthienvichienchai, P. (1998), Support for Authoring and Managing Web-based Coursework: The TACO Project, inR. Hazemi, S. Hailes & S. Wilbur (eds.), The Digital University: Reinventing the Academy, Springer-Verlag, pp. 155\u201375."},{"issue":"2","key":"27_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(94)90064-7","volume":"13","author":"Y Spector","year":"1994","unstructured":"Spector, Y. & Ginzberg, J. (1994), \u201cPass Sentence \u2014 A New Approach to Computer Code\u201d, Computers and Security\n                13(2), 145\u201360.","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"issue":"2","key":"27_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(94)90056-6","volume":"13","author":"J Svigals","year":"1994","unstructured":"Svigals, J. (1994), \u201cSmartcards \u2014 A Security Assessment\u201d, Computers and Security\n                13(2), 107\u201314.","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"27_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"87","author":"E Tulving","year":"1971","unstructured":"Tulving, E. & Psotka, A. (1971), \u201cRetroactive Inhibition in Free Recall: Inaccessibility of Information in the Memory Store\u201d, Journal of Educational Psychology\n                87(1), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"27_CR29","volume-title":"Technical Report","author":"T Valentine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Valentine, T. (1998), An Evaluation of the PassfaceTM Personal Authentication System, Technical Report, Goldmsiths College, University of London."},{"key":"27_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/345052","volume-title":"Technical Report","author":"T Valentine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Valentine, T. (1999), Memory for PassfacesTM After a Long Delay, Technical Report, Goldsmiths College, University of London."},{"key":"27_CR31","volume-title":"Engineering Psychology and Human Performance","author":"CD Wickens","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wickens, C. D. (1992), Engineering Psychology and Human Performance, Harper Collins."},{"issue":"8","key":"27_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(90)90115-A","volume":"9","author":"M Zviran","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zviran, M. & Haga, W. J. (1990), \u201cCognitive Passwords: The Key to Easy Access Control\u201d, Computers and Security\n                9(8), 723\u201336.","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"issue":"3","key":"27_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/36.3.227","volume":"36","author":"M Zviran","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zviran, M. & Haga, W. J. (1993), \u201cA Comparison of Password Techniques for Multilevel Authentication Mechanisms\u201d, The Computer Journal\n                36(3), 227\u201337.","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"}],"container-title":["People and Computers XIV \u2014 Usability or Else!"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-4471-0515-2_27.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:23:46Z","timestamp":1619828626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4471-0515-2_27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"ISBN":["9781852333188","9781447105152"],"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4471-0515-2_27","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}}}