{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:31:57Z","timestamp":1770823917206,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Boston, MA","reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781461380160","type":"print"},{"value":"9781461303619","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0361-9_39","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T17:06:35Z","timestamp":1315847195000},"page":"481-498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Detection And Identification of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxins"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Hatheway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"39_CR1","first-page":"201","volume":"154","author":"P Aureli","year":"1986","unstructured":"Aureli, P., Fenicia, L., Pasolini, B., Gianfranceschi, M., McCroskey, L.M., and Hatheway, C.L., 1986, Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy, J. Infect. Dis. 154: 201 \u2013 206.","journal-title":"E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy, J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"39_CR2","volume-title":"Biosensors with Fiberoptics,\u201d Wise","author":"BI Bluestone","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bluestone, B.I., Craig, M., Slovacek, R., Stundtner, L., Urciuoli, C, Walczak, I., and Luderer, A., Evanescent wave immunosensors for clinical diagnosis, in: \u201cBiosensors with Fiberoptics,\u201d Wise, D.L., and Wingard, L.B., Jr., eds., Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey (1991)."},{"key":"39_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.92.5.1580-1581.1966","volume":"92","author":"DA Boroff","year":"1966","unstructured":"Boroff, D.A., and Fleck, U., 1966, Statistical analysis of a rapid in vitro method for the titration of the toxin of Clostridium botulinum, J. Bacteriol. 92: 1580 \u2013 1581.","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"39_CR4","first-page":"545","volume":"25","author":"DA Boroff","year":"1973","unstructured":"Boroff, D.A., and Shu-Chen, G., 1973, Radio-immunoassay for type A toxin of Clostridium botulinum, Appl. Microbiol 25: 545 \u2013 549.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR5","first-page":"701","volume":"29","author":"EJ Bowmer","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bowmer, E.J., 1963, Preparation and assay of the International Standards for Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, D and E antitoxins, Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 29: 701 \u2013 709.","journal-title":"Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org"},{"key":"39_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.9.2255-2262.1993","volume":"31","author":"KD Campbell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Campbell, K.D., Collins, M.D., and East, A.K., 1993, Gene probes for identification of the botulinal neurotoxin gene and specific identification of neurotoxin types B, E, and F, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2255 \u2013 2262.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR7","volume-title":"Botulism: Proceedings of a Symposium,\u201d Lewis, K.H., and Cassel, K., Jr., eds., U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service (PHS Pubi. No 999 FP-1), Cincinnati, Ohio","author":"MA Cardella","year":"1964","unstructured":"Cardella, M.A., Botulinum Toxoids, in: \u201cBotulism: Proceedings of a Symposium,\u201d Lewis, K.H., and Cassel, K., Jr., eds., U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service (PHS Pubi. No 999 FP-1), Cincinnati, Ohio (1964)."},{"key":"39_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.20.3.379-383.1984","volume":"20","author":"M Dezfulian","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dezfulian, M., Hatheway, C.L., Yolken, R.H., and Bartlett, J.G., 1984, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum type A and type B toxins in stool samples from infants with botulism, J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 379 \u2013 383.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR9","first-page":"105","volume":"32","author":"GJ Doellgast","year":"1994","unstructured":"Doellgast, G.J., Beard, G.A., Bottoms, J.D., Cheng, T., Roh, B.H., Roman, M.G., Hall, P.A., and Triscott, M.X., 1994, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme-linked coagulation assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A, B, and E and solution-phase complexes with dual-label antibodies, J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 105 \u2013 111.","journal-title":"E and solution-phase complexes with dual-label antibodies, J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR10","first-page":"2402","volume":"31","author":"GJ Doellgast","year":"1993","unstructured":"Doellgast, G.J., Triscott, M.X., Beard, G.A., Bottoms, J.B., Cheng, T., Roh, B.H., Roman, M.G., Hall, P.A., and Brown, J.E., 1993, Sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of CLostridium botulinum neurotoxins A, B, and E using signal amplification via enzyme-linked coagulation assay, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2402 \u2013 2409.","journal-title":"E using signal amplification via enzyme-linked coagulation assay, J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR11","first-page":"851","volume":"32","author":"GJ Doellgast","year":"1994","unstructured":"Doellgast, G.J., Triscott, M.X., Beard, G.A., and Bottoms, J.D., 1994, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay \u2014 enzyme-linked coagulation assay for detection of antibodies to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A, B, and E and solution-phase complexes, J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 851 \u2013 853.","journal-title":"E and solution-phase complexes, J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1973.tb02071.x","volume":"38","author":"GM Evancho","year":"1973","unstructured":"Evancho, G.M., Ashton, D.H., and Briskey, E.J., 1973, A standardized reversed passive hemagglutination technique for the determination of botulinum toxin, J. Food Sci. 38: 764 \u2013 767.","journal-title":"J. Food Sci"},{"key":"39_CR13","first-page":"389","volume":"61","author":"P Fach","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fach, P., Gibert, M., Griffais, R., Guillou, J.P., and Popoff, M.R., 1995, PCR and gene probe identification of botulinum neurotoxin A- B- E- F- and G-producing Clostridium spp. and evaluation in food samples, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 389 \u2013 392.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-56.1.18","volume":"56","author":"JL Ferreira","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.L., Baumstark, B.R., Hamdy, M.K., and McCay, S.G., 1993, Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Clostridium botulinum type A in foods, J. Food Protect. 56: 18 \u2013 20.","journal-title":"J. Food Protect"},{"key":"39_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4581.1995.tb00094.x","volume":"3","author":"JL Ferreira","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.L., and Hamdy, M.K., 1995, Detection of botulinal toxin genes: types A and E or B and F using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction, J Rapid Meth. Automat. Microbiol. 3: 177 \u2013 183.","journal-title":"E or B and F using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction, J Rapid Meth. Automat. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-8508(87)90015-6","volume":"1","author":"JL Ferreira","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.L., Hamdy, M.K., Herd, A.L., McCay, S.G., and Zapatka, F.A., 1987, Monoclonal antibody for the detection of Clostridium botulinum type A toxin, Mol. Cell. Probes 1: 337 \u2013 345.","journal-title":"Probes"},{"key":"39_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4581.1992.tb00068.x","volume":"1","author":"JL Ferreira","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.L., Hamdy, M.K., McCay, S.G., and Baumstark, B.R., 1992, An improved assay for identification of type A Clostridium botulinum using the polymerase chain reaction, J Rapid Meth. Automat. Microbiol. 1: 29 \u2013 39.","journal-title":"J Rapid Meth. Automat. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1994.1053","volume":"8","author":"JL Ferreira","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.L., Hamdy, M.K., McCay, S.G., Hemphill, M., Kirma, N., and Baumstark, B.R., 1994, Detection of Clostridium botulinum type F using the polymerase chain reaction, Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 365 \u2013 373.","journal-title":"Probes"},{"key":"39_CR19","first-page":"808","volume":"56","author":"JL Ferreira","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.L., Hamdy, M.K., McCay, S.G., and Zapatka, F.A., 1990, Monoclonal antibody to type F Clostridium botulinum toxin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 808 \u2013 811.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR20","first-page":"1057","volume":"42","author":"JL Ferreira","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.L., Hamdy, M.K., Zapatka, F.A., and Hebert, W.O., 1981, Immunodiffusion method for detection of Clostridium botulinum type A, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42: 1057 \u2013 1061.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4565.1983.tb00459.x","volume":"5","author":"JL Ferreira","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.L., Hamdy, M.K., Zapatka, F.A., and Hebert, W.O., 1983, Immunodiffusion method for detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E and F, J. Food Safe. 5: 87 \u2013 94.","journal-title":"J. Food Safe"},{"key":"39_CR22","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.L., Hatheway, C.L., Johnson, E.A., and Collins, M.D., Unpublished collaborative studies on neurotoxin genes of Clostridium botulinum."},{"key":"39_CR23","first-page":"1911","volume":"32","author":"G Franciosa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Franciosa, G., Ferreira, J.L., and Hatheway, C.L., 1994, Detection of type A, B, and E botulism neurotoxin genes in Clostridium botulinum and other Clostridium species by PCR: evidence of unexpressed type B toxin genes in type A toxigenic organisms, J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 1911 \u2013 1917.","journal-title":"E botulism neurotoxin genes in Clostridium botulinum and other Clostridium species by PCR: evidence of unexpressed type B toxin genes in type A toxigenic organisms, J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1988.tb01873.x","volume":"64","author":"AM Gibson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gibson, A.M., Modi, N.K., Roberts, T.A., Hambleton, P., and Meiling, J., 1988, Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for detecting type B Clostridium botulinum toxin produced in pure culture and an inoculated model cured meat system, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 64: 285 \u2013 291.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol"},{"key":"39_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1987.tb04939.x","volume":"63","author":"AM Gibson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gibson, A.M., Modi, N.K., Roberts, T.A., and Shone, C.C., 1987, Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for detecting type A Clostridium botulinum toxin produced in pure culture and an inoculated model cured meat system, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 63: 217 \u2013 226.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol"},{"key":"39_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.18.6.1378-1383.1983","volume":"18","author":"C Glasby","year":"1983","unstructured":"Glasby, C, and Hatheway, C.L., 1983, Fluorescent-antibody reagents for the identification of Clostridium botulinum, J. Clin. Microbiol. 18: 1378 \u2013 1383.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.20.6.1209-1212.1984","volume":"20","author":"C Glasby","year":"1984","unstructured":"Glasby, C, and Hatheway, C.L., 1984, Evaluation of fluorescent-antibody tests as a means of confirming infant botulism, J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 1209 \u2013 1212.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR28","first-page":"2339","volume":"59","author":"MC Goodnough","year":"1993","unstructured":"Goodnough, M.C., Hammer, B., Sugiyama, H., and Johnson, E.A., 1993, Colony immunoblot assay of botulinal toxin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 2339 \u2013 2342.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02121011","volume":"161","author":"E Habermann","year":"1975","unstructured":"Habermann, E., and Bernath, S., 1975, Preparation, measurement and possible use of human antitoxin against Cl. botulinum A, B, and E toxins, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 161: 203 \u2013 210.","journal-title":"E toxins, Med. Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"39_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.21.4.654-655.1985","volume":"21","author":"JD Hall","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hall, J.D., McCroskey, L.M., Pincomb, B.J., and Hatheway, C.L., 1985, Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium barati which produces type F botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism, J. Clin. Microbiol. 21: 654 \u2013 655.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR31","volume-title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases","author":"CL Hatheway","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hatheway, C.L., Botulism, in: \u201cLaboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Principles and Practice,\u201d Balows, A., Hausler, W.H., Jr., Ohashi, M., and Turano, A., eds., Springer-Verlag, New York (1988)."},{"key":"39_CR32","first-page":"67","volume":"3","author":"CL Hatheway","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hatheway, C.L., 1990, Toxigenic clostridia, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3: 67 \u2013 98.","journal-title":"Rev"},{"key":"39_CR33","volume-title":"Therapy with botulinum toxin","author":"CL Hatheway","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hatheway, C.L., and Dang, C, Immunogenicity of the neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum, in: \u201cTherapy with botulinum toxin,\u201d Jankovic, J., and Hallett, M., eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1994)."},{"key":"39_CR34","volume-title":"Evaluation of various factors in the mouse toxicity test for identification of botulinal toxin. Abstr., Ann. Mtg., Am. Soc","author":"CL Hatheway","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hatheway, C.L., Ferreira, M.C., and McCroskey, L.M., Evaluation of various factors in the mouse toxicity test for identification of botulinal toxin. Abstr., Ann. Mtg., Am. Soc. Microbiol., Las Vegas, 1985."},{"key":"39_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.46.487","volume":"46","author":"Y Horiguchi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Horiguchi, Y, Kozaki, S., and Sakaguchi, G., 1984, Determination of Clostridium botulinum toxin by reversed passive latex agglutination, Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 46: 487 \u2013 491.","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"39_CR36","first-page":"119","volume":"12","author":"CN Huhtanen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Huhtanen, C.N., Whiting, R.C., Miller, A.J., and Call, J.E., 1992, Qualitative correlation of the mouse neurotoxin and enzyme-linked immunoassay for determining Clostridium botulinum types A and B toxins, J. Food Protect. 12: 119 \u2013 127.","journal-title":"J. Food Protect"},{"key":"39_CR37","first-page":"39","volume":"16","author":"Y Inukai","year":"1968","unstructured":"Inukai, Y, and Riemann, H., 1968, Detection of intracellular botulinum E toxin by fluorescent antibody technique, Jap. J. Vet. Res. 16: 39 \u2013 43.","journal-title":"Jap. J. Vet. Res"},{"key":"39_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.91.3.967-974.1966","volume":"91","author":"HM Johnson","year":"1966","unstructured":"Johnson, H.M., Brenner, K., Angelotti, R., and Hall, H.E., 1966, Serological studies of types A, B, and E botulinal toxins by passive hemagglutination and bentonite flocculation, J. Bacteriol. 91: 967 \u2013 973.","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"39_CR39","volume-title":"Bacteriological Analytical Manual,\u201d U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C","author":"DA Kautter","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kautter, D.A., Lynt, R.K., and Solomon, H.M., Clostridium botulinum, in: \u201cBacteriological Analytical Manual,\u201d U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. (1984)."},{"key":"39_CR40","first-page":"541","volume":"60","author":"DA Kautter","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kautter, D.A., and Solomon, H.M., 1977, Collaborative study of a method for the detection of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in foods, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 60: 541 \u2013 545.","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem"},{"key":"39_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02220572","volume":"26","author":"W Kempner","year":"1897","unstructured":"Kempner, W., 1897, Weiterer Beitrag zur Lehre von der Fleischvergiftung. Das Antitoxin des Botulismus, Ztschr. Hyg. Infektionskh. 26: 481 \u2013 500.","journal-title":"Infektionskh"},{"key":"39_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.32.199","volume":"32","author":"S Kozaki","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kozaki, S., Dufrenne, J., Hagenaars, A.M., and Notermans, S., 1979, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Clostridium botulinum type B toxin, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 32: 199 \u2013 205.","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol"},{"key":"39_CR43","first-page":"55","volume":"65","author":"J Leuchs","year":"1910","unstructured":"Leuchs, J., 1910, Beitraege zur Kenntnis des Toxins und Antitoxins des Bacillus botulinus, Ztschr. Hyg. Infektskh. 65: 55 \u2013 84.","journal-title":"Infektskh"},{"key":"39_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.42.6.1018-1022.1981","volume":"42","author":"G.E.J. Lewis","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lewis, G.E.J., Kulinski, S.S., Reichard, D.W., and Metzger, J.F., 1981, detection of Clostridium botulinum type G toxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:1018\u20131022.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"39_CR45","first-page":"107","volume":"85","author":"W L\u00fcthgen","year":"1972","unstructured":"L\u00fcthgen, W., 1972, Eine modifikation des M\u00e4usetestes zum Nachweis der Botulismus C Intoxikation des Gefl\u00fcgels, Berl. M\u00fcnch. Tierarzt. Wochenschr. 85: 107 \u2013 110.","journal-title":"Berl. M\u00fcnch. Tierarzt. Wochenschr"},{"key":"39_CR46","first-page":"1017","volume":"27","author":"LW Mestrandrea","year":"1974","unstructured":"Mestrandrea, L.W., 1974, Rapid detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin by capillary tube diffusion, Appl. Microbiol. 27: 1017 \u2013 1023.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(86)90193-6","volume":"93","author":"M Michalik","year":"1986","unstructured":"Michalik, M., Grzybowski, J., Ligieza, J., and Reiss, J., 1986, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and differentiation of Clostridium botulinum toxins type A and B, J. Immunol. Meth. 93: 225 \u2013 230.","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth"},{"key":"39_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.37.6.1173-1175.1979","volume":"37","author":"S Notermans","year":"1979","unstructured":"Notermans, S., Dufrenne, J., and Kozaki, S., 1979, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum type E toxin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37: 1173 \u2013 1175.","journal-title":"E toxin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.35.203","volume":"35","author":"S Notermans","year":"1982","unstructured":"Notermans, S., Dufrenne. J., and Kozaki, S., 1982, The relation between toxicity and toxin-related-antigen contents of Clostridium botulinum types C and D cultures as determined by mouse bioassay and ELISA, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 35: 203 \u2013 211.","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"39_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.31.81","volume":"31","author":"S Notermans","year":"1978","unstructured":"Notermans, S., DuFrenne, J., and Van Schothorst. M., 1978, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin type A, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 31: 81 \u2013 85.","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol"},{"key":"39_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(82)84020-2","volume":"84","author":"S Notermans","year":"1982","unstructured":"Notermans, S.. Hagenaars, A.M.. and Kozaki, S., 1982, The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and determination of Clostridium botulinum toxins A, B, and E, Methods Enzymol. 84: 223 \u2013 238.","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"39_CR52","volume-title":"Botulinum Neurotoxin and Tetanus Toxin","author":"S Notermans","year":"1989","unstructured":"Notermans, S., and Nagel, J., Assays for botulinum and tetanus toxins, in: \u201cBotulinum Neurotoxin and Tetanus Toxin,\u201d Simpson, L.L., ed., Academic Press, Inc., San Diego (1989)."},{"key":"39_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(92)90440-I","volume":"205","author":"RA Ogert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ogert, R.A., Brown. J.E., Singh, B.R., Shriver-Lake, L.C., and Ligler, F.S., 1992, Detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin A using a fiber optic-based biosensor, Anal. Biochem. 205: 306 \u2013 312.","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"39_CR54","first-page":"69","volume":"128","author":"LB Pearce","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pearce, L.B., Borodic, G.E., First, E.R., and MacCallum, R.D., 1994, Measurement of botulinum toxin activity: evaluation of the lethality assay, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 128: 69 \u2013 77.","journal-title":"Pharmacol"},{"key":"39_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-56.10.856","volume":"56","author":"MD Potter","year":"1993","unstructured":"Potter, M.D., Meng, J., and Kimsey, P., 1993, An ELISA for detection of botulinal toxin types A. B, and E in inoculated food samples, J. Food Protect. 56: 856 \u2013 861.","journal-title":"J. Food Protect"},{"key":"39_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1099\/0096266X-3-2-3-120","volume":"3","author":"AR Prevot","year":"1953","unstructured":"Prevot, A.R., 1953, Rapport d\u2019introduction du President du Sous-Comite Clostridium pour l\u2019unification de la nomenclature des types toxigeniques de C botulinum, Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomenclature 3: 120 \u2013 123.","journal-title":"Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomenclature"},{"key":"39_CR57","first-page":"1","volume":"38","author":"G Ramon","year":"1924","unstructured":"Ramon, G., 1924, Sur la toxine et sur l\u2019anatoxine diphtheriques; pourvoir floculant et propri\u00e9t\u00e9s immunisantes, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 38: 1 \u2013 10.","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"39_CR58","volume-title":"Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins,\u201d DasGupta","author":"GM Ransom","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ransom, G.M., Lee, W.H., Elliot, E.L., and Lattuada, C.P., Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect botulinum toxins using high titer rabbit antisera, in: \u201cBotulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins,\u201d DasGupta, B.R., ed., Plenum Press, New York (1993)."},{"key":"39_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.16.4.770-771.1982","volume":"16","author":"LG Rubin","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rubin, L.G., Dezfulian, M., and Yolkin, R.H., 1982, Serum antibody response to Clostridium botulinum toxin in infant botulism, J. Clin. Microbiol. 16: 770 \u2013 771.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR60","first-page":"165","volume":"19","author":"G Sakaguchi","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, G., 1983, Clostridium botulinum toxins, Pharmacol. Ther. 19: 165 \u2013 194.","journal-title":"Ther"},{"key":"39_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.21.369","volume":"21","author":"G Sakaguchi","year":"1968","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, G., and Sakaguchi, S., 1968, Rapid bioassay for Clostridium botulinum type E toxins by intravenous injection into mice, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 21: 369 \u2013 378.","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol"},{"key":"39_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.27.161","volume":"27","author":"G Sakaguchi","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, G., Sakaguchi, S., Kozaki, S.. Sugii, S.. and Ohishi. I., 1974, Cross reaction in reversed passive hemagglutination between Clostridium botulinum type A and B toxins and its avoidance by the use of antitoxic component immunoglobulin isolated by affinity chromatography, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 27: 161 \u2013 172.","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol"},{"key":"39_CR63","first-page":"96","volume":"61","author":"EJ Schantz","year":"1978","unstructured":"Schantz, E.J., and Kautter, D.A., 1978, Standardized assay for Clostridium botulinum toxins, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 61: 96 \u2013 99.","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem"},{"key":"39_CR64","first-page":"63","volume":"50","author":"C Shone","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shone, C, Wilton-Smith, P., Appleton, N., Hambleton, P., Modi, N., Gatley, S., and Meiling, J., 1985, Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for type A Clostridium botulinum toxin is comparable to the mouse bioassay, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50: 63 \u2013 67.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.11.2351-2356.1988","volume":"26","author":"LS Siegel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Siegel, L.S., 1988, Human response to botulinum pentavalent (ABCDE) toxoid determined by a neutralization test and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, J. Clin. Microbiol. 26: 2351 \u2013 2356.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4581.1992.tb00078.x","volume":"1","author":"C Smith","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smith, C, and Hamdy, M.K.. 1992, Immunoenzyme for rapid screening of Clostridium botulinum type A cells, J Rapid Meth. Automat. Microbiol. 1: 149 \u2013 163.","journal-title":"J Rapid Meth. Automat. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-38-4-375","volume":"38","author":"JC Suen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Suen, J.C, Hatheway, C.L., Steigerwalt, A.G., and Brenner, D.J., 1988, Clostridium argentinense, sp. nov: a genetically homogenous group composed of all strains of Clostridium botulinum toxin type G and some nontoxigenic strains previously identified as Clostridium subterminale or Clostridium hastiforme. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38: 375 \u2013 381.","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol"},{"key":"39_CR68","first-page":"420","volume":"30","author":"H Sugiyama","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sugiyama, H., Brenner, S.L., and DasGupta, B.R., 1975, Detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin by local paralysis elicited with intramuscular challenge, Appl. Microbiol. 30: 420 \u2013 423.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR69","first-page":"418","volume":"58","author":"EA Szabo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Szabo, E.A., Pemberton, J.M., and Desmarchelier, P.M., 1992, Specific detection of Clostridium botulinum type B by using the polymerase chain reaction, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 418 \u2013 420.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.59.9.3011-3020.1993","volume":"59","author":"EA Szabo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Szabo, E.A., Pemberton, J.M., and DesMarchelier, P.M., 1993, Detection of the genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin types A to E by the polymerase chain reaction, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 3011 \u2013 3020.","journal-title":"E by the polymerase chain reaction, Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1994.tb01650.x","volume":"76","author":"EA Szabo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Szabo, E.A., Pemberton, J.M., Gibson, A.M., Eyles, M.J., and Desmarchelier, P.M.. 1994, Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E in food, soil and infant feces, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 76: 539 \u2013 545.","journal-title":"E in food, soil and infant feces, J. Appl. Bacteriol"},{"key":"39_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.8.1986-1991.1994","volume":"32","author":"EA Szabo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Szabo, E.A., Pemberton, J.M., Gibson, A.M., Thomas, R.J., Pascoe, R.R., and Desmarchelier, P.M., 1994, Application of PCR to a clinical and environmental investigation of a case of equine botulism, J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 1986 \u2013 1991.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02220526","volume":"26","author":"E Ermengem Van","year":"1897","unstructured":"Van Ermengem, E., 1897, Ueber einen neuen anaeroben Bacillus and seine Beziehungen zum Botulismus, Ztschr. Hyg. Infektionskh. 26: 1 \u2013 56.","journal-title":"Infektionskh"},{"key":"39_CR74","first-page":"21","volume":"16","author":"B Vermilyea","year":"1968","unstructured":"Vermilyea, B., Walker, H.W, and Ayers, J.C, 1968, Detection of botulinal toxins by immunodiffusion, Appl. Microbiol. 16: 21 \u2013 24.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"39_CR75","volume-title":"Gene probes for bacteria","author":"K Wernars","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wernars, K., and Notermans, S., Gene probes for detection of food-borne pathogens, in: \u201cGene probes for bacteria\u201d, Macario, A.J.L., and de Macario, E.C., eds., Academic Press, Inc., San Diego (1990)."}],"container-title":["Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","Natural Toxins 2"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-4613-0361-9_39.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T05:37:05Z","timestamp":1605677825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4613-0361-9_39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"ISBN":["9781461380160","9781461303619"],"references-count":75,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4613-0361-9_39","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2598","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996]]}}}