{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:38:35Z","timestamp":1783647515817,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer New York","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781493966714","type":"print"},{"value":"9781493966738","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,3]],"date-time":"2016-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480723200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6673-8_19","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,2]],"date-time":"2016-12-02T07:12:02Z","timestamp":1480662722000},"page":"285-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Biofilm Formation by Pathogenic Streptococci"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Yashuan","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Bergenfelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders P.","family":"H\u00e5kansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"19_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","volume":"284","author":"JW Costerton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP (1999) Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284:1318\u20131322","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"19_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.1.4.667","volume":"1","author":"CA Fux","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fux CA, Stoodley P, Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton JW (2003) Bacterial biofilms: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 1:667\u2013683","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"19_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.22.2682","volume":"299","author":"RD Wolcott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wolcott RD, Ehrlich GD (2008) Biofilms and chronic infections. JAMA 299:2682\u20132684","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"19_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02853.x","volume":"15","author":"M Domenech","year":"2013","unstructured":"Domenech M, Garc\u00eda E, Prieto A, Moscoso M (2013) Insight into the composition of the intercellular matrix of Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilms. Environ Microbiol 15:502\u2013516","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.11.012","volume":"441","author":"E Hernandez-Jimenez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hernandez-Jimenez E, Del Campo R, Toledano V, Vallejo-Cremades MT, Munoz A, Largo C, Arnalich F, Garcia-Rio F, Cubillos-Zapata C, Lopez-Collazo E (2013) Biofilm vs. planktonic bacterial mode of growth: which do human macrophages prefer? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 441:947\u2013952","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"19_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00756-10","volume":"49","author":"L Nistico","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nistico L, Kreft R, Gieseke A, Coticchia JM, Burrows A, Khampang P, Liu Y, Kerschner JE, Post JC, Lonergan S, Sampath R, Hu FZ, Ehrlich GD, Stoodley P, Hall-Stoodley L (2011) An adenoid reservoir for pathogenic biofilm bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 49(4):1411\u20131420","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.47.59","volume":"47","author":"MH Napimoga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Napimoga MH, Hofling JF, Klein MI, Kamiya RU, Goncalves RB (2005) Transmission, diversity and virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans genotypes. J Oral Sci 47:59\u201364","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"19_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1086\/656046","volume":"202","author":"KE Weimer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weimer KE, Armbruster CE, Juneau RA, Hong W, Pang B, Swords WE (2010) Coinfection with Haemophilus influenzae promotes pneumococcal biofilm formation during experimental otitis media and impedes the progression of pneumococcal disease. J Infect Dis 202:1068\u20131075","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"19_CR9","first-page":"Doc04","volume":"10","author":"S Bloomfield","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bloomfield S, Exner M, Flemming HC, Goroncy-Bermes P, Hartemann P, Heeg P, Ilschner C, Kr\u00e4mer I, Merkens W, Oltmanns P, Rotter M, Rutala WA, Sonntag HG, Trautmann M (2015) Lesser-known or hidden reservoirs of infection and implications for adequate prevention strategies: where to look and what to look for. GMS Hyg Infect Control 10:Doc04","journal-title":"GMS Hyg Infect Control"},{"key":"19_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000172701.75278.60","volume":"18","author":"M Dettenkofer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dettenkofer M, Block C (2005) Hospital disinfection: efficacy and safety issues. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18:320\u2013325","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"19_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.2.253","volume":"41","author":"H Dabernat","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dabernat H, Geslin P, Megraud F, Begue P, Boulesteix J, Dubreuil C, de La Roque F, Trinh A, Scheimberg A (1998) Effects of cefixime or co-amoxiclav treatment on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children with acute otitis media. J Antimicrob Chemother 41:253\u2013258","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"19_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199810000-00006","volume":"17","author":"R Dagan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Greenberg D, Yagupsky P, Fliss DM, Leiberman A (1998) Dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization during the first days of antibiotic treatment in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17:880\u2013885","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"19_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00488-12","volume":"80","author":"LR Marks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marks LR, Parameswaran GI, Hakansson AP (2012) Pneumococcal interactions with epithelial cells are crucial for optimal biofilm formation and colonization in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun 80:2744\u20132760","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"19_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.13.1710","volume":"287","author":"GD Ehrlich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ehrlich GD, Veeh R, Wang X, Costerton JW, Hayes JD, Hu FZ, Daigle BJ, Ehrlich MD, Post JC (2002) Mucosal biofilm formation on middle-ear mucosa in the chinchilla model of otitis media. JAMA 287:1710\u20131715","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"19_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000221954.05467.54","volume":"116","author":"AR Sanderson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sanderson AR, Leid JG, Hunsaker D (2006) Bacterial biofilms on the sinus mucosa of human subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 116:1121\u20131126","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"19_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.2.202","volume":"296","author":"L Hall-Stoodley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hall-Stoodley L, Hu FZ, Gieseke A, Nistico L, Nguyen D, Hayes J, Forbes M, Greenberg DP, Dice B, Burrows A, Wackym PA, Stoodley P, Post JC, Ehrlich GD, Kerschner JE (2006) Direct detection of bacterial biofilms on the middle-ear mucosa of children with chronic otitis media. JAMA 296:202\u2013211","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"19_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1086\/597042","volume":"199","author":"SD Reid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reid SD, Hong W, Dew KE, Winn DR, Pang B, Watt J, Glover DT, Hollingshead SK, Swords WE (2009) Streptococcus pneumoniae forms surface-attached communities in the middle ear of experimentally infected chinchillas. J Infect Dis 199:786\u2013794","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"19_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e328352103b","volume":"18","author":"BM Charalambous","year":"2012","unstructured":"Charalambous BM, Leung MH (2012) Pneumococcal sepsis and nasopharyngeal carriage. Curr Opin Pulm Med 18:222\u2013227","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"19_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.11.005","volume":"21","author":"JR Shak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shak JR, Vidal JE, Klugman KP (2013) Influence of bacterial interactions on pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx. Trends Microbiol 21:129\u2013135","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00163","volume":"4","author":"RP Gilley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilley RP, Orihuela CJ (2014) Pneumococci in biofilms are non-invasive: implications on nasopharyngeal colonization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4:163","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00194","volume":"4","author":"Y Chao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chao Y, Marks LR, Pettigrew MM, Hakansson AP (2015) Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm formation and dispersion during colonization and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4:194 (1\u201316)","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.7.2325-2335.2006","volume":"188","author":"M Allegrucci","year":"2006","unstructured":"Allegrucci M, Hu FZ, Shen K, Hayes J, Ehrlich GD, Post JC, Sauer K (2006) Phenotypic characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm development. J Bacteriol 188:2325\u20132335","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"19_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7785","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00673-06","volume":"188","author":"M Moscoso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moscoso M, Garcia E, Lopez R (2006) Biofilm formation by Streptococcus pneumoniae: role of choline, extracellular DNA, and capsular polysaccharide in microbial accretion. J Bacteriol 188:7785\u20137795","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"19_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00425-08","volume":"76","author":"EJ Munoz-Elias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Munoz-Elias EJ, Marcano J, Camilli A (2008) Isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm mutants and their characterization during nasopharyngeal colonization. Infect Immun 76:5049\u20135061","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"19_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001044","volume":"6","author":"CJ Sanchez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sanchez CJ, Shivshankar P, Stol K, Trakhtenbroit S, Sullam PM, Sauer K, Hermans PW, Orihuela CJ (2010) The pneumococcal serine-rich repeat protein is an intra-species bacterial adhesin that promotes bacterial aggregation in vivo and in biofilms. PLoS Pathog 6:e1001044","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"19_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00483.x","volume":"56","author":"MK Yadav","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yadav MK, Kwon SK, Cho CG, Park SW, Chae SW, Song JJ (2012) Gene expression profile of early in vitro biofilms of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Immunol 56:621\u2013629","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"19_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028738","volume":"6","author":"CJ Sanchez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sanchez CJ, Kumar N, Lizcano A, Shivshankar P, Dunning Hotopp JC, Jorgensen JH, Tettelin H, Orihuela CJ (2011) Streptococcus pneumoniae in biofilms are unable to cause invasive disease due to altered virulence determinant production. PLoS One 6:e28738","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"19_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00745","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00745-13","volume":"4","author":"K Blanchette-Cain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blanchette-Cain K, Hinojosa CA, Akula Suresh Babu R, Lizcano A, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Munoz-Almagro C, Sanchez CJ, Bergman MA, Orihuela CJ (2013) Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm formation is strain dependent, multifactorial, and associated with reduced invasiveness and immunoreactivity during colonization. MBio 4:e00745\u201313","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"19_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200004000-00021","volume":"110","author":"T Keck","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keck T, Leiacker R, Riechelmann H, Rettinger G (2000) Temperature profile in the nasal cavity. Laryngoscope 110:651\u2013654","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"19_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.11.010","volume":"13","author":"CA Fux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fux CA, Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Stoodley P (2005) Survival strategies of infectious biofilms. Trends Microbiol 13:34\u201340","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2010.01.002","volume":"48","author":"A Lizcano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lizcano A, Chin T, Sauer K, Tuomanen EI, Orihuela CJ (2010) Early biofilm formation on microtiter plates is not correlated with the invasive disease potential of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 48:124\u2013130","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"19_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00200","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00200-12","volume":"3","author":"LR Marks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marks LR, Reddinger RM, Hakansson AP (2012) High levels of genetic recombination during nasopharyngeal carriage and biofilm formation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. MBio 3:e00200\u201312","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"19_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00830-12","volume":"194","author":"L Mashburn-Warren","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mashburn-Warren L, Morrison DA, Federle MJ (2012) The cryptic competence pathway in Streptococcus pyogenes is controlled by a peptide Pheromone. J Bacteriol 194:4589\u20134600","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"19_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.77.5.698","volume":"77","author":"T Chonmaitree","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chonmaitree T, Howie VM, Truant AL (1986) Presence of respiratory viruses in middle ear fluids and nasal wash specimens from children with acute otitis media. Pediatrics 77:698\u2013702","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"19_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-146779","volume":"24","author":"DA Diavatopoulos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diavatopoulos DA, Short KR, Price JT, Wilksch JJ, Brown LE, Briles DE, Strugnell RA, Wijburg OL (2010) Influenza A virus facilitates Streptococcus pneumoniae transmission and disease. FASEB J 24(6):1789\u20131798","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"19_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01186-11","volume":"49","author":"MM Pettigrew","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pettigrew MM, Gent JF, Pyles RB, Miller AL, Nokso-Koivisto J, Chonmaitree T (2011) Viral-bacterial interactions and risk of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract infection. J Clin Microbiol 49:3750\u20133755","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00438","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00438-13","volume":"4","author":"LR Marks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marks LR, Davidson BA, Knight PR, Hakansson AP (2013) Interkingdom signaling induces Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm dispersion and transition from asymptomatic colonization to disease. MBio 4:e00438\u201313","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"19_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02225-14","volume":"82","author":"MM Pettigrew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pettigrew MM, Marks LR, Kong Y, Gent JF, Roche-Hakansson H, Hakansson AP (2014) Dynamic changes in the Streptococcus pneumoniae transcriptome during transition from biofilm formation to invasive disease upon influenza A virus infection. Infect Immun 82:4607\u20134619","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"19_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1871","volume":"6","author":"A Kadioglu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC, Andrew PW (2008) The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:288\u2013301","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134306","volume":"64","author":"K Lewis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lewis K (2010) Persister cells. Annu Rev Microbiol 64:357\u2013372","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05310.x","volume":"61","author":"MR Oggioni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oggioni MR, Trappetti C, Kadioglu A, Cassone M, Iannelli F, Ricci S, Andrew PW, Pozzi G (2006) Switch from planktonic to sessile life: a major event in pneumococcal pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol 61:1196\u20131210","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"19_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01096-12","volume":"81","author":"JE Vidal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vidal JE, Howery KE, Ludewick HP, Nava P, Klugman KP (2013) Quorum-sensing systems LuxS\/autoinducer 2 and Com regulate Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilms in a bioreactor with living cultures of human respiratory cells. Infect Immun 81:1341\u20131353","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"19_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.27.2.444-448.1980","volume":"27","author":"I Rijn van de","year":"1980","unstructured":"van de Rijn I, Kessler RE (1980) Growth characteristics of group A streptococci in a new chemically defined medium. Infect Immun 27:444\u2013448","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"19_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.4653-4667.2005","volume":"73","author":"S Hammerschmidt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hammerschmidt S, Wolff S, Hocke A, Rosseau S, Muller E, Rohde M (2005) Illustration of pneumococcal polysaccharide capsule during adherence and invasion of epithelial cells. Infect Immun 73:4653\u20134667","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"19_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-004-0319-1","volume":"10","author":"JC Carmen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carmen JC, Nelson JL, Beckstead BL, Runyan CM, Robison RA, Schaalje GB, Pitt WG (2004) Ultrasonic-enhanced gentamicin transport through colony biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. J Infect Chemother 10:193\u2013199","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"19_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.10.007","volume":"27","author":"A Abdi-Ali","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abdi-Ali A, Mohammadi-Mehr M, Agha Alaei Y (2006) Bactericidal activity of various antibiotics against biofilm-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Antimicrob Agents 27:196\u2013200","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"}],"container-title":["Methods in Molecular Biology","Bacterial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-6673-8_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T01:01:14Z","timestamp":1657933274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-6673-8_19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,3]]},"ISBN":["9781493966714","9781493966738"],"references-count":46,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-6673-8_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-3745","1940-6029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-3745","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-6029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 December 2016","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}