{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T06:25:54Z","timestamp":1794551154324,"version":"4.9.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer New York","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781493973828","type":"print"},{"value":"9781493973835","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,15]],"date-time":"2017-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508025600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7383-5_15","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,14]],"date-time":"2017-10-14T01:06:56Z","timestamp":1507943216000},"page":"183-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Genetic Transformation and Complementation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"D. Scott","family":"Samuels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Drecktrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"15_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6045","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.19.6045-6049.1994","volume":"176","author":"DS Samuels","year":"1994","unstructured":"Samuels DS, Mach KE, Garon CF (1994) Genetic transformation of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi with coumarin-resistant gyrB. J Bacteriol 176:6045\u20136049","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuels DS (1995) Electrotransformation of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. In: Nickoloff JA (ed) Electroporation protocols for microorganisms, Methods in molecular biology, vol 47. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 253\u2013259.","DOI":"10.1385\/0-89603-310-4:253"},{"key":"15_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-011112-112140","volume":"46","author":"D Brisson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brisson D, Drecktrah D, Eggers CH, Samuels DS (2012) Genetics of Borrelia burgdorferi. Annu Rev Genet 46:515\u2013536","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"15_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800262-9.00002-0","volume":"86","author":"AM Groshong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Groshong AM, Blevins JS (2014) Insights into the biology of Borrelia burgdorferi gained through the application of molecular genetics. Adv Appl Microbiol 86:41\u2013143","journal-title":"Adv Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00063","volume":"4","author":"T Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin T, Troy EB, Hu LT, Gao L, Norris SJ (2014) Transposon mutagenesis as an approach to improved understanding of Borrelia pathogenesis and biology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4:63","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR6","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Borrelia: molecular biology, host interaction and pathogenesis","author":"PA Rosa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosa PA, Cabello F, Samuels DS (2010) Genetic manipulation of Borrelia burgdorferi. In: Samuels DS, Radolf JD (eds) Borrelia: molecular biology, host interaction and pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK, pp 189\u2013219"},{"key":"15_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1086","volume":"3","author":"PA Rosa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rosa PA, Tilly K, Stewart PE (2005) The burgeoning molecular genetics of the Lyme disease spirochaete. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:129\u2013143","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR8","series-title":"NATO science series: life and behavioural sciences","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Molecular biology of spirochetes","author":"DS Samuels","year":"2006","unstructured":"Samuels DS (2006) Antibiotic resistance in Borrelia burgdorferi: applications for genetic manipulation and implications for evolution. In: Cabello FC, Hulinska D, Godfrey HP (eds) Molecular biology of spirochetes, NATO science series: life and behavioural sciences, vol 373. IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp 56\u201370"},{"key":"15_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x","volume":"35","author":"S Casjens","year":"2000","unstructured":"Casjens S, Palmer N, van Vugt R, Huang WM, Stevenson B, Rosa P, Lathigra R, Sutton G, Peterson J, Dodson RJ, Haft D, Hickey E, Gwinn M, White O, Fraser CM (2000) A bacterial genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs in an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 35:490\u2013516","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/37551","volume":"390","author":"CM Fraser","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fraser CM, Casjens S, Huang WM, Sutton GG, Clayton R, Lathigra R, White O, Ketchum KA, Dodson R, Hickey EK, Gwinn M, Dougherty B, Tomb J-F, Fleischmann RD, Richardson D, Peterson J, Kerlavage AR, Quakenbush J, Salzberg S, Hanson M, van Vugt R, Palmer N, Adams MK, Gocayne J, Weidman J, Utterback T, Watthey L, McDonald L, Artiach P, Bowman C, Garland S, Fujii C, Cotton MD, Horst K, Roberts K, Hatch B, Smith HO, Venter JC (1997) Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Nature 390:580\u2013586","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"15_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.9.2445-2452.2000","volume":"182","author":"JL Bono","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bono JL, Elias AF, Kupko JJ III, Stevenson B, Tilly K, Rosa P (2000) Efficient targeted mutagenesis in Borrelia burgdorferi. J Bacteriol 182:2445\u20132452","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000073406","volume":"6","author":"AF Elias","year":"2003","unstructured":"Elias AF, Bono JL, Kupko JJ 3rd, Stewart PE, Krum JG, Rosa PA (2003) New antibiotic resistance cassettes suitable for genetic studies in Borrelia burgdorferi. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 6:29\u201340","journal-title":"J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"15_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6723","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.22.6723-6727.2003","volume":"185","author":"KL Frank","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frank KL, Bundle SF, Kresge ME, Eggers CH, Samuels DS (2003) aadA confers streptomycin-resistance in Borrelia burgdorferi. J Bacteriol 185:6723\u20136727","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02758.x","volume":"43","author":"CH Eggers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eggers CH, Caimano MJ, Clawson ML, Miller WG, Samuels DS, Radolf JD (2002) Identification of loci critical for replication and compatibility of a Borrelia burgdorferi cp32 plasmid and use of a cp32-based shuttle vector for expression of fluorescent reporters in the Lyme disease spirochaete. Mol Microbiol 43:281\u2013296","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.080068797","volume":"97","author":"M Sartakova","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sartakova M, Dobrikova E, Cabello FC (2000) Development of an extrachromosomal cloning vector system for use in Borrelia burgdorferi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:4850\u20134855","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"15_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02256.x","volume":"39","author":"P Stewart","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stewart P, Thalken R, Bono J, Rosa P (2001) Isolation of a circular plasmid region sufficient for autonomous replication and transformation of infectious Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 39:714\u2013721","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047532","volume":"7","author":"T Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin T, Gao L, Zhang C, Odeh E, Jacobs MB, Coutte L, Chaconas G, Philipp MT, Norris SJ (2012) Analysis of an ordered, comprehensive STM mutant library in infectious Borrelia burgdorferi: insights into the genes required for mouse infectivity. PLoS One 7:e47532","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"15_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2005.05.013","volume":"357","author":"OV Morozova","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morozova OV, Dubytska LP, Ivanova LB, Moreno CX, Bryksin AV, Sartakova ML, Dobrikova EY, Godfrey HP, Cabello FC (2005) Genetic and physiological characterization of 23S rRNA and ftsJ mutants of Borrelia burgdorferi isolated by mariner transposition. Gene 357:63\u201372","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"15_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5973","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.10.5973-5979.2004","volume":"70","author":"PE Stewart","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stewart PE, Hoff J, Fischer E, Krum JG, Rosa PA (2004) Genome-wide transposon mutagenesis of Borrelia burgdorferi for identification of phenotypic mutants. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:5973\u20135979","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02454-06","volume":"73","author":"JS Blevins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blevins JS, Revel AT, Smith AH, Bachlani GN, Norgard MV (2007) Adaptation of a luciferase gene reporter and lac expression system to Borrelia burgdorferi. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:1501\u20131513","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05593.x","volume":"63","author":"MA Gilbert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilbert MA, Morton EA, Bundle SF, Samuels DS (2007) Artificial regulation of ospC expression in Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 63:1259\u20131273","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6553","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02825-08","volume":"75","author":"CR Whetstine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whetstine CR, Slusser JG, Z\u00fcckert WR (2009) Development of a single-plasmid-based regulatable gene expression system for Borrelia burgdorferi. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:6553\u20136558","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26165-0","volume":"149","author":"JA Carroll","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carroll JA, Stewart PE, Rosa P, Elias AF, Garon CF (2003) An enhanced GFP reporter system to monitor gene expression in Borrelia burgdorferi. Microbiology 149:1819\u20131828","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"15_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7407","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01389-10","volume":"76","author":"BM Hayes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayes BM, Jewett MW, Rosa PA (2010) lacZ reporter system for use in Borrelia burgdorferi. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:7407\u20137412","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyde JA, Weening EH, Chang M, Trzeciakowski JP, H\u00f6\u00f6k M, Cirillo JD, Skare JT (2011) Bioluminescent imaging of Borrelia burgdorferi in vivo demonstrates that thefibronectin-bindingprotein BBK32 is required for optimal infectivity. Mol Microbiol 82:99\u2013113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07801.x"},{"key":"15_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02172-09","volume":"76","author":"D Drecktrah","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drecktrah D, Douglas JM, Samuels DS (2010) Use of rpsL as a counterselectable marker in Borrelia burgdorferi. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:985\u2013987","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR27","first-page":"521","volume":"57","author":"AG Barbour","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barbour AG (1984) Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes. Yale J Biol Med 57:521\u2013525","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"15_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","volume":"216","author":"W Burgdorfer","year":"1982","unstructured":"Burgdorfer W, Barbour AG, Hayes SF, Benach JL, Grunwaldt E, Davis JP (1982) Lyme disease\u2014a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216:1317\u20131319","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"15_CR29","volume-title":"Electroporation protocols for microorganisms, vol 47. Methods in molecular biology","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nickoloff JA (ed) (1995) Electroporation protocols for microorganisms, vol 47. Methods in molecular biology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ"},{"key":"15_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-2-519","volume":"143","author":"DS Samuels","year":"1997","unstructured":"Samuels DS, Garon CF (1997) Oligonucleotide-mediated genetic transformation of Borrelia burgdorferi. Microbiology 143:519\u2013522","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"15_CR31","first-page":"742","volume":"6","author":"K Shigekawa","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shigekawa K, Dower WJ (1988) Electroporation of eukaryotes and prokaryotes: a general approach to the introduction of macromolecules into cells. Biotechniques 6:742\u2013751","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"15_CR32","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Guide to electroporation and electrofusion","author":"JT Trevors","year":"1992","unstructured":"Trevors JT, Chassy BM, Dower WJ, Blaschek HP (1992) Electrotransformation of bacteria by plasmid DNA. In: Chang DC, Chassy BM, Saunders JA, Sowers AE (eds) Guide to electroporation and electrofusion. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 265\u2013290"},{"key":"15_CR33","first-page":"433","volume":"2","author":"K Tilly","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tilly K, Elias AF, Bono JL, Stewart P, Rosa P (2000) DNA exchange and insertional inactivation in spirochetes. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2:433\u2013442","journal-title":"J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"15_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7147-7154.2004","volume":"72","author":"H Kawabata","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kawabata H, Norris SJ, Watanabe H (2004) BBE02 disruption mutants of Borrelia burgdorferi B31 have a highly transformable, infectious phenotype. Infect Immun 72:7147\u20137754","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"15_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.446-455.2001","volume":"69","author":"M Labandeira-Rey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Labandeira-Rey M, Skare JT (2001) Decreased infectivity in Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31 is associated with loss of linear plasmid 25 or 28-1. Infect Immun 69:446\u2013455","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"15_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4798-4804.2002","volume":"70","author":"MB Lawrenz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lawrenz MB, Kawabata H, Purser JE, Norris SJ (2002) Decreased electroporation efficiency in Borrelia burgdorferi containing linear plasmids lp25 and lp56: impact on transformation of infectious B. burgdorferi. Infect Immun 70:4798\u20134804","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"15_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13865","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.25.13865","volume":"97","author":"JE Purser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Purser JE, Norris SJ (2000) Correlation between plasmid content and infectivity in Borrelia burgdorferi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:13865\u201313870","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"15_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2139-2150.2002","volume":"70","author":"AF Elias","year":"2002","unstructured":"Elias AF, Stewart PE, Grimm D, Caimano MJ, Eggers CH, Tilly K, Bono JL, Akins DR, Radolf JD, Schwan TG, Rosa P (2002) Clonal polymorphism of Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31 MI: implications for mutagenesis in an infectious strain background. Infect Immun 70:2139\u20132150","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"15_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6433-6445.2004","volume":"72","author":"MJ Caimano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Caimano MJ, Eggers CH, Hazlett KRO, Radolf JD (2004) RpoS is not central to the general stress response in Borrelia burgdorferi but does control expression of one or more essential virulence determinants. Infect Immun 72:6433\u20136445","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"15_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12724","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231442498","volume":"98","author":"A H\u00fcbner","year":"2001","unstructured":"H\u00fcbner A, Yang X, Nolen DM, Popova TG, Cabello FC, Norgard MV (2001) Expression of Borrelia burgdorferi OspC and DbpA is controlled by a RpoN-RpoS regulatory pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:12724\u201312729","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"15_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031960","volume":"199","author":"XF Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang XF, Pal U, Alani SM, Fikrig E, Norgard MV (2004) Essential role for OspA\/B in the life cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete. J Exp Med 199:641\u2013648","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"15_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129532","volume":"10","author":"K Chan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chan K, Alter L, Barthold SW, Parveen N (2015) Disruption of bbe02 by insertion of a luciferase gene increases transformation efficiency of Borrelia burgdorferi and allows live imaging in Lyme disease susceptible C3H mice. PLoS One 10:e0129532","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"15_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.3016-3020.2006","volume":"74","author":"N Parveen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parveen N, Cornell KA, Bono JL, Chamberland C, Rosa P, Leong JM (2006) Bgp, a secreted glycosaminoglycan-binding protein of Borrelia burgdorferi strain N40, displays nucleosidase activity and is not essential for infection of immunodeficient mice. Infect Immun 74:3016\u20133020","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"15_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.11.003","volume":"297","author":"V Fingerle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fingerle V, Goettner G, Gern L, Wilske B, Schulte-Spechtel U (2007) Complementation of a Borrelia afzelii OspC mutant highlights the crucial role of OspC for dissemination of Borrelia afzelii in Ixodes ricinus. Int J Med Microbiol 297:97\u2013107","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05066.x","volume":"59","author":"CH Eggers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eggers CH, Caimano MJ, Radolf JD (2006) Sigma factor selectivity in Borrelia burgdorferi: RpoS recognition of the ospE\/ospF\/elp promoters is dependent on the sequence of the \u221210 region. Mol Microbiol 59:1859\u20131875","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-34-4-496","volume":"34","author":"RC Johnson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Johnson RC, Schmid GP, Hyde FW, Steigerwalt AG, Brenner DJ (1984) Borrelia burgdorferi sp. nov.: etiologic agent of Lyme disease. Int J Syst Bacteriol 34:496\u2013497","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-233","volume":"15","author":"L Di","year":"2014","unstructured":"Di L, Pagan PE, Packer D, Martin CL, Akther S, Ramrattan G, Mongodin EF, Fraser CM, Schutzer SE, Luft BJ, Casjens SR, Qiu W-G (2014) BorreliaBase: a phylogeny-centered browser of Borrelia genomes. BMC Bioinformatics 15:233","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"15_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033280","volume":"7","author":"SR Casjens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casjens SR, Mongodin EF, Qiu W-G, Luft BJ, Schutzer SE, Gilcrease EB, Huang WM, Vujadinovic M, Aron JK, Vargas LC, Freeman S, Radune D, Weidman JF, Dimitrov GI, Khouri HM, Sosa JE, Halpin RA, Dunn JJ, Fraser CM (2012) Genome stability of Lyme disease spirochetes: comparative genomics of Borrelia burgdorferi plasmids. PLoS One 7:e33280","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"15_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7885","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00324-08","volume":"190","author":"Q Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen Q, Fischer JR, Benoit VM, Dufour NP, Youderian P, Leong JM (2008) In vitro CpG methylation increases the transformation efficiency of Borrelia burgdorferi strains harboring the endogenous linear plasmid lp56. J Bacteriol 190:7885\u20137891","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01176-10","volume":"193","author":"ROM Rego","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rego ROM, Bestor A, Rosa PA (2011) Defining the plasmid-borne restriction-modification systems of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J Bacteriol 193:1161\u20131171","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03452.x","volume":"48","author":"JE Purser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Purser JE, Lawrenz MB, Caimano MJ, Howell JK, Radolf JD, Norris SJ (2003) A plasmid-encoded nicotinamidase (PncA) is essential for infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi in a mammalian host. Mol Microbiol 48:753\u2013764","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05746.x","volume":"64","author":"MW Jewett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jewett MW, Lawrence K, Bestor AC, Tilly K, Grimm D, Shaw P, VanRaden M, Gherardini F, Rosa PA (2007) The critical role of the linear plasmid lp36 in the infectious cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 64:1358\u20131374","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.1.46","volume":"37","author":"DS Samuels","year":"1993","unstructured":"Samuels DS, Garon CF (1993) Coumermycin A1 inhibits growth and induces relaxation of supercoiled plasmids in Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:46\u201350","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"15_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.10.3072-3075.1994","volume":"176","author":"DS Samuels","year":"1994","unstructured":"Samuels DS, Marconi RT, Huang WM, Garon CF (1994) gyrB mutations in coumermycin A1-resistant Borrelia burgdorferi. J Bacteriol 176:3072\u20133075","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight SW, Kimmel BJ, Eggers CH, Samuels DS (2000) Disruption of the Borrelia burgdorferi gac gene, encoding the naturally synthesized GyrA\u00a0C-terminaldomain. J Bacteriol 182:2048\u20132051","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.7.2048-2051.2000"},{"key":"15_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5946","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.20.5946-5953.1996","volume":"178","author":"P Rosa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosa P, Samuels DS, Hogan D, Stevenson B, Casjens S, Tilly K (1996) Directed insertion of a selectable marker into a circular plasmid of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Bacteriol 178:5946\u20135953","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6069","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.21.6069-6072.2002","volume":"184","author":"J Alverson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alverson J, Samuels DS (2002) groEL expression in gyrB mutants of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Bacteriol 184:6069\u20136072","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03537.x","volume":"48","author":"J Alverson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alverson J, Bundle SF, Sohaskey CD, Lybecker MC, Samuels DS (2003) Transcriptional regulation of the ospAB and ospC promoters from Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 48:1665\u20131677","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.3.655","volume":"43","author":"CD Sohaskey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sohaskey CD, Barbour AG (1999) Esterases in serum-containing growth media counteract chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:655\u2013660","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"15_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.445-452.2006","volume":"50","author":"D Criswell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Criswell D, Tobiason VL, Lodmell JS, Samuels DS (2006) Mutations conferring aminoglycoside and spectinomycin resistance in Borrelia burgdorferi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:445\u2013452","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"15_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005160","volume":"11","author":"D Drecktrah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drecktrah D, Lybecker M, Popitsch N, Rescheneder P, Hall LS, Samuels DS (2015) The Borrelia burgdorferi RelA\/SpoT homolog and stringent response regulate survival in the tick vector and global gene expression during starvation. PLoS Pathog 11:e1005160","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"15_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoon-Hanks LL, Morton EA, Lybecker MC, Battisti JM, Samuels DS, Drecktrah D (2012) Borrelia burgdorferi malQ mutants utilize disaccharides and traverse the enzootic cycle. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 66:157\u2013165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00996.x"},{"key":"15_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07374.x","volume":"78","author":"MC Lybecker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lybecker MC, Abel CA, Feig AL, Samuels DS (2010) Identification and function of the RNA chaperone Hfq in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 78:622\u2013635","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05716.x","volume":"64","author":"MC Lybecker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lybecker MC, Samuels DS (2007) Temperature-induced regulation of RpoS by a small RNA in Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 64:1075\u20131089","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07191.x","volume":"77","author":"SZ Sultan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sultan SZ, Pitzer JE, Miller MR, Motaleb MA (2010) Analysis of a Borrelia burgdorferi phosphodiesterase demonstrates a role for cyclic-di-guanosine monophosphate in motility and virulence. Mol Microbiol 77:128\u2013142","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.7.2289-2299.1997","volume":"179","author":"Y Ge","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ge Y, Old IG, Saint Girons I, Charon NW (1997) Molecular characterization of a large Borrelia burgdorferi motility operon which is initiated by a consensus \u03c370 promoter. J Bacteriol 179:2289\u20132299","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.17.5159-5163.1996","volume":"178","author":"P Babitzke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Babitzke P, Yealy J, Campanelli D (1996) Interaction of the trp RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP) of Bacillus subtilis with RNA: effects of the number of GAG repeats, the nucleotides separating adjacent repeats, and RNA secondary structure. J Bacteriol 178:5159\u20135163","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"15_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068799","volume":"8","author":"D Drecktrah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Drecktrah D, Hall LS, Hoon-Hanks LL, Samuels DS (2013) An inverted repeat in the ospC operator is required for induction in Borrelia burgdorferi. PLoS One 8:e68799","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"15_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07103.x","volume":"76","author":"CG Earnhart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Earnhart CG, LeBlanc DV, Alix KE, Desrosiers DC, Radolf JD, Marconi RT (2010) Identification of residues within ligand-binding domain 1 (LBD1) of the Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein required for function in the mammalian environment. Mol Microbiol 76:393\u2013408","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1834315100","volume":"100","author":"XF Yang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yang XF, Alani SM, Norgard MV (2003) The response regulator Rrp2 is essential for the expression of major membrane lipoproteins in Borrelia burgdorferi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:11001\u201311006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"15_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04688.x","volume":"57","author":"C Beaurepaire","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beaurepaire C, Chaconas G (2005) Mapping of essential replication functions of the linear plasmid lp17 of B. burgdorferi by targeted deletion walking. Mol Microbiol 57:132\u2013142","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5938-5946.2004","volume":"72","author":"D Grimm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grimm D, Eggers CH, Caimano MJ, Tilly K, Stewart PE, Elias AF, Radolf JD, Rosa PA (2004) Experimental assessment of the roles of linear plasmids lp25 and lp28-1 of Borrelia burgdorferi throughout the infectious cycle. Infect Immun 72:5938\u20135946","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"15_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.9.2733-2741.1989","volume":"57","author":"VG Bundoc","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bundoc VG, Barbour AG (1989) Clonal polymorphisms of outer membrane protein OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 57:2733\u20132741","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"15_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.11.2054-2058.1987","volume":"25","author":"TJ Kurtti","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG, Johnson RC, Ahlstrand GG (1987) Colony formation and morphology in Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Microbiol 25:2054\u20132058","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"15_CR75","first-page":"95","volume-title":"First international conference on tick-borne pathogens at the host-vector Interface: an agenda for research","author":"PA Rosa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rosa PA, Hogan DM (1992) Colony formation by Borrelia burgdorferi in solid medium: clonal analysis of osp locus variants. In: Munderloh UG, Kurtti TJ (eds) First international conference on tick-borne pathogens at the host-vector Interface: an agenda for research. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, pp 95\u2013103"},{"key":"15_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.05.004","volume":"86","author":"I Bunikis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bunikis I, Kutschan-Bunikis S, Bonde M, Bergstr\u00f6m S (2011) Multiplex PCR as a tool for validating plasmid content of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Microbiol Methods 86:243\u2013247","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"15_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01950-05","volume":"74","author":"K Tilly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tilly K, Krum JG, Bestor A, Jewett MW, Grimm D, Bueschel D, Byram R, Dorward D, Vanraden MJ, Stewart P, Rosa P (2006) Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein required exclusively in a crucial early stage of mammalian infection. Infect Immun 74:3554\u20133564","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"15_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.4.926-932.1993","volume":"175","author":"RT Marconi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Marconi RT, Samuels DS, Garon CF (1993) Transcriptional analyses and mapping of the ospC gene in Lyme disease spirochetes. J Bacteriol 175:926\u2013932","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"}],"container-title":["Methods in Molecular Biology","Borrelia burgdorferi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-7383-5_15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T18:07:55Z","timestamp":1603130875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-7383-5_15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,15]]},"ISBN":["9781493973828","9781493973835"],"references-count":78,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-7383-5_15","relation":{"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-7383-5","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1064-3745","1940-6029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-3745","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-6029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2017","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}