{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T18:14:50Z","timestamp":1725992090443},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783030010119"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783030010126"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01012-6_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T16:41:06Z","timestamp":1537288866000},"page":"67-77","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Capsule-Based Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Networks for Question Target Classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyong","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","series-title":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0080-5_12","volume-title":"Social Media Processing","author":"T Hao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hao, T., Xie, W., Chen, C., Shen, Y.: Systematic comparison of question target classification taxonomies towards question answering. In: Zhang, X., Sun, M., Wang, Z., Huang, X. (eds.) CNCSMP 2015. CCIS, vol. 568, pp. 131\u2013143. Springer, Singapore (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-0080-5_12"},{"key":"6_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Roth, D.: Learning question classifiers. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, vol. 1, pp. 1\u20137 (2002)","DOI":"10.3115\/1072228.1072355"},{"key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ittycheriah, A., Franz, M., Roukos, S.: IBM\u2019s statistical question answering system-TREC-10. In: TREC (2001)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-250.qa-ibm-franz"},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hovy, E., Gerber, L., Hermjakob, U., Lin, C.Y., Ravichandran, D.: Toward semantics-based answer pinpointing. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Human Language Technology Research. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 1\u20137 (2001)","DOI":"10.3115\/1072133.1072221"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1145\/763693.763694","volume":"21","author":"D Moldovan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moldovan, D., Pa\u015fca, M., Harabagiu, S., Surdeanu, M.: Performance issues and error analysis in an open-domain question answering system. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. (TOIS) 21(2), 133\u2013154 (2003)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. (TOIS)"},{"key":"6_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K., et al.: Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.1078 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"6_CR7","unstructured":"Zhang, W.N., Chen, Z., Che, W., Hu, G., Liu, T.: The first evaluation of chinese human-computer dialogue technology. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.10217 (2017)"},{"key":"6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hull, D.A.: Xerox TREC-8 question answering track report. In: TREC (1999)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-246.qa-xerox"},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prager, J., Radev, D., Brown, E., Coden, A.: The use of predictive annotation for question answering in TREC8. In: Eighth Text REtrieval Conference. NIST Special Publication 500-246 (1999)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-246.ibm-chong"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324905003955","volume":"12","author":"X Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li, X., Roth, D.: Learning question classifiers: the role of semantic information. Nat. Lang. Eng. 12(3), 229\u2013249 (2006)","journal-title":"Nat. Lang. Eng."},{"key":"6_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Lee, W.S.: Question classification using support vector machines. In: Proceedings of International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. ACM, pp. 26\u201332 (2003)","DOI":"10.1145\/860435.860443"},{"key":"6_CR12","unstructured":"Moschitti, A., Quarteroni, S., Basili, R., Manandhar, S.: Exploiting syntactic and shallow semantic kernels for question answer classification. In: Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics, pp. 776\u2013783 (2007)"},{"key":"6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Tang, Y., Lin, L., Luo, Y.: Question classification with semantic tree kernel. In: Proceedings of the 31st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. ACM, pp. 837\u2013838 (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1390334.1390530"},{"key":"6_CR14","unstructured":"Tomas, D., Giuliano, C.: A semi-supervised approach to question classification. In: ESANN (2009)"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR15","first-page":"39","volume":"22","author":"AL Berger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Berger, A.L., Pietra, V.J.D., Pietra, S.A.D.: A maximum entropy approach to natural language processing. Comput. Linguist. 22(1), 39\u201371 (1996)","journal-title":"Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"6_CR16","unstructured":"Le Nguyen, M., Tri, N.T., Shimazu, A.: Subtree mining for question classification problem. In: Proceedings of IJCAI, pp. 1695\u20131700 (2007)"},{"key":"6_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.: Convolutional neural networks for sentence classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1408.5882 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1181"},{"key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, N., Hu, G., Yang, W.: PGM-WV: a context-aware hybrid model for heuristic and semantic question classification in question-answering system. In: 2017 International Conference on Progress in Informatics and Computing (PIC). IEEE, pp. 240\u2013244 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/PIC.2017.8359550"},{"key":"6_CR19","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Ye, J., Yang, M., Lei, Z., Zhang, S., Zhao, Z.: Investigating capsule networks with dynamic routing for text classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.00538 (2018)"},{"key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Sun, A., Han, J., Liu, Y., Zhu, X.: Sentiment analysis by capsules. In: Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 1165\u20131174 (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186015"},{"key":"6_CR21","unstructured":"Sabour, S., Frosst, N., Hinton, G.E.: Dynamic routing between capsules. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3859\u20133869 (2017)"},{"key":"6_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Thint, M., Qin, Z.: Question classification using head words and their hypernyms. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 927\u2013936 (2008)","DOI":"10.3115\/1613715.1613835"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-010-9188-4","volume":"35","author":"J Silva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Silva, J., Coheur, L., Mendes, A.C., Wichert, A.: From symbolic to sub-symbolic information in question classification. Artif. Intell. Rev. 35(2), 137\u2013154 (2011)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"6_CR24","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68699-8_20","volume-title":"Information Retrieval","author":"W Xie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xie, W., Gao, D., Hao, T.: A feature extraction and expansion-based approach for question target identification and classification. In: Wen, J., Nie, J., Ruan, T., Liu, Y., Qian, T. (eds.) CCIR 2017. LNCS, vol. 10390, pp. 249\u2013260. Springer, Cham (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-68699-8_20"},{"key":"6_CR25","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G.S., Dean, J.: Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3111\u20133119 (2013)"},{"key":"6_CR26","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is all you need. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 6000\u20136010 (2017)"},{"issue":"8","key":"6_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735\u20131780 (1997)","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"6_CR28","unstructured":"Goldberg, Y., Levy, O.: Word2vec explained: deriving Mikolov et al.\u2019s negative-sampling word-embedding method. arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.3722 (2014)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Information Retrieval"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-01012-6_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T13:19:26Z","timestamp":1720617566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-01012-6_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"ISBN":["9783030010119","9783030010126"],"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-01012-6_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"assertion":[{"value":"CCIR","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"China Conference on Information Retrieval","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Guilin","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"China","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2018","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"27 September 2018","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 September 2018","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"24","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ccir2018","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/www.ccir2018.gxnu.edu.cn\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information"}},{"value":"52","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information"}},{"value":"22","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information"}},{"value":"42% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information"}},{"value":"6","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information"}}]}}