{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T18:35:08Z","timestamp":1769106908274,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":134,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030061630","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030061647","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-06164-7_4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T02:03:20Z","timestamp":1588903400000},"page":"119-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Representations of Uncertainty in AI: Beyond Probability and Possibility"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Thierry","family":"Den\u0153ux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Prade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoine V, Quost B, Masson MH, Denoeux T (2012) CECM: constrained evidential c-means algorithm. Comput Stat Data Anal 56(4):894\u2013914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2010.09.021"},{"key":"4_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoine V, Quost B, Masson MH, Denoeux T (2014) CEVCLUS: evidential clustering with instance-level constraints for relational data. Soft Comput 18(7):1321\u20131335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-013-1146-z"},{"key":"4_CR3","unstructured":"Appriou A (1991) Probabilit\u00e9s et incertitude en fusion de donn\u00e9es multi-senseurs. Revue Scientifique et Technique de la D\u00e9fense 11:27\u201340"},{"key":"4_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appriou A (1998) Uncertain data aggregation in classification and tracking processes. In: Bouchon-Meunier B (ed) Aggregation and fusion of imperfect information. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 231\u2013260","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7908-1889-5_13"},{"key":"4_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augustin T, Coolen F, de Cooman G, Troffaes M (eds) (2014) Introduction to imprecise probabilities. Wiley, New York","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118763117"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2006.02.009","volume":"51","author":"C Baudrit","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baudrit C, Dubois D (2006) Practical representations of incomplete probabilistic knowledge. Comput Stat Data Anal 51(1):86\u2013108","journal-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal"},{"key":"4_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(97)00013-3","volume":"17","author":"M Bauer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bauer M (1997) Approximation algorithms and decision making in the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence - an empirical study. Int J Approx Reason 17:217\u2013237","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger JO (1994) An overview of robust Bayesian analysis. Test 3:5\u2013124, with discussion","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562676"},{"key":"4_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0450-1","volume-title":"Pattern recognition with fuzzy objective function algorithm","author":"J Bezdek","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bezdek J (1981) Pattern recognition with fuzzy objective function algorithm. Plenum Press, New York"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2011.12.011","volume":"53","author":"Y Bi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bi Y (2012) The impact of diversity on the accuracy of evidential classifier ensembles. Int J Approx Reason 53(4):584\u2013607","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"15","key":"4_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.06.002","volume":"172","author":"Y Bi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bi Y, Guan J, Bell D (2008) The combination of multiple classifiers using an evidential reasoning approach. Artif Intell 172(15):1731\u20131751","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2010.10.006","volume":"52","author":"MEGV Cattaneo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cattaneo MEGV (2011) Belief functions combination without the assumption of independence of the information sources. Int J Approx Reason 52(3):299\u2013315","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couso I, Dubois D, Sanchez L (2014) Random sets and random fuzzy sets as ill-perceived random variables. Springer briefs in computational intelligence. Springer, Berlin. http:\/\/www.springerlink.com","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08611-8"},{"key":"4_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(00)00029-1","volume":"120","author":"FG Cozman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cozman FG (2000) Credal networks. Artif Intell 120:199\u2013233","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"4_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2016.10.008","volume":"83","author":"FG Cozman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cozman FG, Mau\u00e1 DD (2017) On the complexity of propositional and relational credal networks. Int J Approx Reason 83:298\u2013319","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR16","unstructured":"de Campos CP, Cozman FG (2005) The inferential complexity of Bayesian and credal networks. In: Kaelbling LP, Saffiotti A (eds) Proceedings of the 19th international joint conference on artificial intelligence (IJCAI\u201905). AAAI Press, pp 1313\u20131318"},{"key":"4_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488594000146","volume":"2","author":"LM de Campos","year":"1994","unstructured":"de Campos LM, Huete JF, Moral S (1994) Probability intervals: a tool for uncertain reasoning. Int J Uncertain Fuzziness Knowl-Based Syst 2:167\u2013196","journal-title":"Int J Uncertain Fuzziness Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"4_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/int.4550050302","volume":"5","author":"LM de Campos","year":"1990","unstructured":"de Campos LM, Lamata MT, Moral S (1990) The concept of conditional fuzzy measure. Int J Intell Syst 5:237\u2013246","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst"},{"key":"4_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.03.001","volume":"172","author":"G de Cooman","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Cooman G, Hermans F (2008) Imprecise probability trees: bridging two theories of imprecise probability. Artif Intell 172:1400\u20131427","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"4_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Cooman G, Troffaes M (2014) Lower previsions. Wiley, New York","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118762622"},{"key":"4_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177698950","volume":"28","author":"AP Dempster","year":"1967","unstructured":"Dempster AP (1967) Upper and lower probabilities induced by a multivalued mapping. Ann Stat 28:325\u2013339","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177698328","volume":"39","author":"AP Dempster","year":"1968","unstructured":"Dempster AP (1968) Upper and lower probabilities generated by a random closed interval. Ann Math Stat 39(3):957\u2013966","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"key":"4_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (1995) A $${k}$$-nearest neighbor classification rule based on Dempster-Shafer theory. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 25(05):804\u2013813","DOI":"10.1109\/21.376493"},{"issue":"7","key":"4_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(96)00137-9","volume":"30","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"1997","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (1997) Analysis of evidence-theoretic decision rules for pattern classification. Pattern Recognit 30(7):1095\u20131107","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"4_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(00)88944-6","volume":"20","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"1999","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (1999) Reasoning with imprecise belief structures. Int J Approx Reason 20:79\u2013111","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (2000a) Modeling vague beliefs using fuzzy-valued belief structures. Fuzzy Sets Syst 116(2):167\u2013199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(98)00405-9"},{"key":"4_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (2000b) A neural network classifier based on Dempster-Shafer theory. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A 30(2):131\u2013150","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.833094"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488501000880","volume":"9","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2001","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (2001) Inner and outer approximation of belief structures using a hierarchical clustering approach. Int J Uncertain Fuzziness Knowl-Based Syst 9(4):437\u2013460","journal-title":"Int J Uncertain Fuzziness Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"4_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2007.05.008","volume":"172","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2008","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (2008) Conjunctive and disjunctive combination of belief functions induced by non distinct bodies of evidence. Artif Intell 172:234\u2013264","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"4_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.01.009","volume":"179","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2009","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (2009) Extending stochastic ordering to belief functions on the real line. Inf Sci 179:1362\u20131376","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"4_CR31","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (2016) EVCLUST: evidential clustering. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=evclust , R package version 1.0.3"},{"key":"4_CR32","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T (2017) EVCLASS: evidential distance-based classification. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=evclass , R package version 1.1.1"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00073-7","volume":"31","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2002","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T, Ben Yaghlane A (2002) Approximating the combination of belief functions using the fast M\u0153bius transform in a coarsened frame. Int J Approx Reason 31(1\u20132):77\u2013101","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR34","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T, Kanjanatarakul O (2016) Beyond fuzzy, possibilistic and rough: an investigation of belief functions in clustering. In: Soft methods for data science (Proceedings of SMPS 2016). Advances in intelligent and soft computing, vol AISC 456. Springer, Berlin, pp 157\u2013164"},{"key":"4_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T, Kanjanatarakul O, Sriboonchitta S (2015) E$$K$$-NNclus: a clustering procedure based on the evidential $$k$$-nearest neighbor rule. Knowl-Based Syst 88:57\u201369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2015.08.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2002.806496","volume":"34","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T, Masson MH (2004) EVCLUS: evidential clustering of proximity data. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 34(1):95\u2013109","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-011-0887-2","volume":"195","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T, Masson MH (2012) Evidential reasoning in large partially ordered sets. Application to multi-label classification, ensemble clustering and preference aggregation. Ann Oper Res 195(1):135\u2013161","journal-title":"Ann Oper Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2006.877795","volume":"36","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2006","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T, Smets P (2006) Classification using belief functions: the relationship between the case-based and model-based approaches. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 36(6):1395\u20131406","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B"},{"key":"4_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2016.05.043","volume":"106","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2016","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T, Sriboonchitta S, Kanjanatarakul O (2016) Evidential clustering of large dissimilarity data. Knowl-Based Syst 106:179\u2013195","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"4_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2010.02.002","volume":"174","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T, Younes Z, Abdallah F (2010) Representing uncertainty on set-valued variables using belief functions. Artif Intell 174(7\u20138):479\u2013499","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(00)00086-5","volume":"122","author":"T Den\u0153ux","year":"2001","unstructured":"Den\u0153ux T, Zouhal LM (2001) Handling possibilistic labels in pattern classification using evidential reasoning. Fuzzy Sets Syst 122(3):47\u201362","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2012.2212703","volume":"43","author":"S Destercke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Destercke S, Burger T (2013) Toward an axiomatic definition of conflict between belief functions. IEEE Trans Cybern 43(2):585\u2013596","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"issue":"18","key":"4_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2011.05.007","volume":"181","author":"S Destercke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Destercke S, Dubois D (2011) Idempotent conjunctive combination of belief functions: extending the minimum rule of possibility theory. Inf Sci 181(18):3925\u20133945","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"4_CR44","unstructured":"Dubois D, Prade H (1982) On several representations of an uncertain body of evidence. In: Gupta MM, Sanchez E (eds) Fuzzy information and decision processes. North-Holland, pp 167\u2013181"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/03081078508934893","volume":"10","author":"D Dubois","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dubois D, Prade H (1985) A note on measures of specificity for fuzzy sets. Int J Gen Syst 10(4):279\u2013283","journal-title":"Int J Gen Syst"},{"key":"4_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/03081078608934937","volume":"12","author":"D Dubois","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dubois D, Prade H (1986) A set-theoretic view of belief functions: logical operations and approximations by fuzzy sets. Int J Gen Syst 12:193\u2013226","journal-title":"Int J Gen Syst"},{"key":"4_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(87)90088-1","volume":"24","author":"D Dubois","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dubois D, Prade H (1987) Properties of information measures in evidence and possibility theories. Fuzzy Sets Syst 24:161\u2013182","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst"},{"key":"4_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois D, Prade H (1988) Representation and combination of uncertainty with belief functions and possibility measures. Comput Intell (Canada) 4(4):244\u2013264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00279.x"},{"key":"4_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois D, Prade H (1997a) Bayesian conditioning in possibility theory. Fuzzy Sets Syst 92:223\u2013240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(97)00172-3"},{"key":"4_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois D, Prade H (1997b) Focusing vs. belief revision: a fundamental distinction when dealing with generic knowledge. In: Gabbay DM, Kruse R, Nonnengart A, Ohlbach HJ (eds) Qualitative and quantitative practical reasoning (Proceedings of ECSQARU-FAPR\u201997). LNCS, vol 1244. Springer, Berlin, pp 96\u2013107","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035615"},{"key":"4_CR51","unstructured":"Dubois D, Prade H, Smets P (2001) \u201cNot impossible\u201d vs. \u201cguaranteed possible\u201d in fusion and revision. In: Benferhat S, Besnard P (eds) Symbolic and quantitative approaches to reasoning with uncertainty (Proceedings of ECSQARU\u201901). LNCS, vol 2143. Springer, Berlin, pp 522\u2013531"},{"key":"4_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2007.01.005","volume":"48","author":"D Dubois","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubois D, Prade H, Smets P (2008) A definition of subjective possibility. Int J Approx Reason 48:352\u2013364","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488593000048","volume":"1","author":"D Dubois","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dubois D, Ramer A (1993) Extremal properties of belief measures in the theory of evidence. Int J Uncertain Fuzziness Knowl-Based Syst 1(1):57\u201368","journal-title":"Int J Uncertain Fuzziness Knowl-Based Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(00)00018-X","volume":"2","author":"S Fabre","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fabre S, Appriou A, Briottet X (2001) Presentation and description of two classification methods using data fusion based on sensor management. Inf Fusion 2(1):49\u201371","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"key":"4_CR55","unstructured":"Fagin R, Halpern J (1991) A new approach to updating beliefs. In: Bonissone PP, Henrion M, Kanal LN, Lemmer JF (eds) Uncertainty in artificial intelligence, vol 6. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 347\u2013374"},{"key":"4_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4068(89)90018-9","volume":"18","author":"I Gilboa","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gilboa I, Schmeidler D (1989) Maxmin expected utility with a non-unique prior. J Math Econ 18:141\u2013153","journal-title":"J Math Econ"},{"key":"4_CR57","unstructured":"Gilboa I, Schmeidler D (1992) Updating ambiguous beliefs. In: Moses Y (ed) Proceedings of the 4th conference on theoretical aspects of reasoning about knowledge (TARK\u201992). Morgan Kaufmann, pp 143\u2013162"},{"key":"4_CR58","unstructured":"Giles R (1982) Foundations for a theory of possibility. In: Gupta MM, Sanchez E (ed) Fuzzy information and decision processes. North-Holland, pp 183\u2013195"},{"key":"4_CR59","unstructured":"Good IJ (1962) Subjective probability as the measure of a non-measurable set. In: Nagel E, Suppes P, Tarski A (eds) Handbook of the history of logic. Stanford University Press, pp 319\u2013329"},{"key":"4_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/int.20321","volume":"24","author":"M Grabisch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grabisch M (2009) Belief functions on lattices. Int J Intell Syst 24:76\u201395","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst"},{"key":"4_CR61","unstructured":"Harmanec D (1999) Faithful approximations of belief functions. In: Laskey KB, Prade H (eds) Uncertainty in artificial intelligence (Proceedings of UAI99), Stockholm"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/03081079408935225","volume":"22","author":"D Harmanec","year":"1994","unstructured":"Harmanec D, Klir GJ (1994) Measuring total uncertainty in Dempster-Shafer theory: a novel approach. Int J Gen Syst 22(4):405\u2013419","journal-title":"Int J Gen Syst"},{"key":"4_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725250","volume-title":"Robust statistics","author":"P Huber","year":"1981","unstructured":"Huber P (1981) Robust statistics. Wiley, New York"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6377(89)90010-2","volume":"8","author":"JY Jaffray","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jaffray JY (1989) Linear utility theory for belief functions. Oper Res Lett 8(2):107\u2013112","journal-title":"Oper Res Lett"},{"key":"4_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1109\/21.179852","volume":"22","author":"JY Jaffray","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jaffray JY (1992) Bayesian updating and belief functions. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 22:1144\u20131152","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"key":"4_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jirou\u0161ek R, Shenoy PP (2016) Entropy of belief functions in the Dempster-Shafer theory: a new perspective. In: Vejnarov\u00e1 J, Kratochv\u00edl V (eds) Belief functions: theory and applications (Proceedings of BELIEF 2016). Springer, Berlin, pp 3\u201313","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45559-4_1"},{"key":"4_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1109\/21.148425","volume":"22","author":"R Kennes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kennes R (1992) Computational aspects of the M\u00f6bius transformation of graphs. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 22:201\u2013223","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"key":"4_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7908-1869-7","volume-title":"Uncertainty-based information. Elements of generalized information theory","author":"GJ Klir","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klir GJ, Wierman MJ (1999) Uncertainty-based information. Elements of generalized information theory. Springer, New York"},{"key":"4_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lef\u00e8vre E, Colot O, Vannoorenberghe P (2002) Belief function combination and conflict management. Inf Fusion 3(2):149\u2013162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00053-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"4_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2014.06.014","volume":"18","author":"B Lelandais","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lelandais B, Ruan S, Den\u0153ux T, Vera P, Gardin I (2014) Fusion of multi-tracer PET images for dose painting. Med Image Anal 18(7):1247\u20131259","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"4_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.11.023","volume":"142","author":"F Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li F, Li S, Den\u0153ux T (2018) k-CEVCLUS: constrained evidential clustering of large dissimilarity data. Knowl-Based Syst 142:29\u201344","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"4_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.01.019","volume":"48","author":"C Lian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lian C, Ruan S, Den\u0153ux T (2015) An evidential classifier based on feature selection and two-step classification strategy. Pattern Recognit 48:2318\u20132327","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2016.2540068","volume":"24","author":"C Lian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lian C, Ruan S, Den\u0153ux T (2016) Dissimilarity metric learning in the belief function framework. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 24(6):1555\u20131564","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"key":"4_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lingras P, Peters G (2012) Applying rough set concepts to clustering. In: Peters G, Lingras P, \u015alezak D, Yao Y (eds) Rough sets: selected methods and applications in management and engineering. Springer, London, UK, pp 23\u201337","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2760-4_2"},{"key":"4_CR75","unstructured":"Lowrance JD, Garvey TD, Strat TM (1986) A framework for evidential-reasoning systems. In: Proceedings of the national AI conference (AAAI\u201986), vol 2. AAAI Press, pp 896\u2013903"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/03081079308945088","volume":"21","author":"Y Maeda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maeda Y, Ichihashi H (1993) An uncertainty measure with monotonicity under the random set inclusion. Int J Gen Syst 21(4):379\u2013392","journal-title":"Int J Gen Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR77","first-page":"67","volume":"3","author":"A Martin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin A, Osswald C, Dezert J, Smarandache F (2008) General combination rules for qualitative and quantitative beliefs. J Adv Inf Fusion 3(2):67\u201382","journal-title":"J Adv Inf Fusion"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.08.014","volume":"41","author":"MH Masson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Masson MH, Den\u0153ux T (2008) ECM: an evidential version of the fuzzy c-means algorithm. Pattern Recognit 41(4):1384\u20131397","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"4_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.04.008","volume":"30","author":"MH Masson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Masson MH, Den\u0153ux T (2009) RECM: relational evidential c-means algorithm. Pattern Recognit Lett 30:1015\u20131026","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2006.08.001","volume":"9","author":"D Mercier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mercier D, Quost B, Den\u0153ux T (2008) Refined modeling of sensor reliability in the belief function framework using contextual discounting. Inf Fusion 9(2):246\u2013258","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.06.058","volume":"36","author":"D Mercier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mercier D, Cron G, Den\u0153ux T, Masson MH (2009) Decision fusion for postal address recognition using belief functions. Expert Syst Appl 36(3):5643\u20135653","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2011.06.005","volume":"53","author":"D Mercier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mercier D, Lef\u00e8vre E, Delmotte F (2012) Belief functions contextual discounting and canonical decompositions. Int J Approx Reason 53(2):146\u2013158","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercier D, Pichon F, Lef\u00e8vre E (2016) Corrigendum to \u201cBelief functions contextual discounting and canonical decompositions\u201d [Int J Approx Reason 53:146\u2013158 (2012)]. Int J Approx Reason 70:137\u2013139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2015.12.003"},{"key":"4_CR84","unstructured":"Moral S, Wilson N (1994) Markov-chain Monte-Carlo algorithms for the calculation of Dempster-Shafer belief. In: Proceedings of the twelfth national conference on artificial intelligence (AAAI-94), vol 1, pp 269\u2013274"},{"key":"4_CR85","unstructured":"Moral S, Wilson N (1996) Importance sampling Monte-Carlo algorithms for the calculation of Dempster-Shafer belief. In: Proceedings of international conference on information processing and management of uncertainty (Proceedings of IPMU\u201996), Granada, Spain, vol III, pp 1337\u20131344"},{"key":"4_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420010619","volume-title":"An introduction to random sets","author":"H Nguyen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nguyen H (2006) An introduction to random sets. Chapman and Hall\/CRC, Boca Raton"},{"key":"4_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-247X(78)90161-0","volume":"65","author":"HT Nguyen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nguyen HT (1978) On random sets and belief functions. J Math Anal Appl 65:531\u2013542","journal-title":"J Math Anal Appl"},{"key":"4_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paris J (1994) The uncertain reasoner\u2019 companion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526596"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(90)90013-R","volume":"4","author":"J Pearl","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pearl J (1990) Reasoning with belief functions: an analysis of compatibility. Int J Approx Reason 4(5):363\u2013389","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(03)00056-2","volume":"35","author":"S Petit-Renaud","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petit-Renaud S, Den\u0153ux T (2004) Nonparametric regression analysis of uncertain and imprecise data using belief functions. Int J Approx Reason 35(1):1\u201328","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10817-009-9152-7","volume":"45","author":"F Pichon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pichon F, Den\u0153ux T (2010) The unnormalized Dempster\u2019s rule of combination: a new justification from the least commitment principle and some extensions. J Autom Reason 45(1):61\u201387","journal-title":"J Autom Reason"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2011.02.006","volume":"53","author":"F Pichon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pichon F, Den\u0153ux T, Dubois D (2012) Relevance and truthfulness in information correction and fusion. Int J Approx Reason 53(2):159\u2013175","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2015.12.012","volume":"72","author":"F Pichon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pichon F, Mercier D, Delmotte F (2016) Proposition and learning of some belief function contextual correction mechanisms. Int J Approx Reason 72:4\u201342","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2006.11.002","volume":"28","author":"B Quost","year":"2007","unstructured":"Quost B, Den\u0153ux T, Masson MH (2007) Pairwise classifier combination using belief functions. Pattern Recognit Lett 28(5):644\u2013653","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2010.11.008","volume":"52","author":"B Quost","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quost B, Masson MH, Den\u0153ux T (2011) Classifier fusion in the Dempster-Shafer framework using optimized t-norm based combination rules. Int J Approx Reason 52(3):353\u2013374","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(87)90089-3","volume":"24","author":"A Ramer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ramer A (1987) Uniqueness of information measure in the theory of evidence. Fuzzy Sets Syst 24:183\u2013196","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst"},{"key":"4_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0255(93)90083-X","volume":"67","author":"A Ramer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ramer A, Klir GJ (1993) Measures of discord in the Dempster-Shafer theory. Inf Sci 67:35\u201350","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"4_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176349254","volume":"21","author":"T Seidenfeld","year":"1993","unstructured":"Seidenfeld T, Wasserman L (1993) Dilation for sets of probabilities. Ann Stat 21:1139\u20131154","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"key":"4_CR99","unstructured":"Shafer G (1973) Allocations of probability: a theory of partial belief. PhD thesis, Princeton University"},{"key":"4_CR100","unstructured":"Shafer G (1976) A mathematical theory of evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1214\/aop\/1176994941","volume":"7","author":"G Shafer","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shafer G (1979) Allocations of probability. Ann Probab 7(5):827\u2013839","journal-title":"Ann Probab"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01064627","volume":"48","author":"G Shafer","year":"1981","unstructured":"Shafer G (1981) Constructive probability. Synthese 48(1):1\u201360","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177013426","volume":"2","author":"G Shafer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Shafer G (1987) Probability judgment in artificial intelligence and expert systems. Stat Sci 2(1):3\u201344","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"4_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(90)90012-Q","volume":"4","author":"G Shafer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Shafer G (1990) Perspectives in the theory and practice of belief functions. Int J Approx Reason 4:323\u2013362","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafer G (2016a) Dempster\u2019s rule of combination. Int J Approx Reason 79:26\u201340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2015.12.009"},{"key":"4_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafer G (2016b) A mathematical theory of evidence turns 40. Int J Approx Reason 79:7\u201325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2016.07.009"},{"key":"4_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafer G (2016c) The problem of dependent evidence. Int J Approx Reason 79:41\u201344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2016.05.003"},{"key":"4_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249696","volume-title":"Probability and finance: it\u2019s only a game!","author":"G Shafer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shafer G, Vovk V (2001) Probability and finance: it\u2019s only a game!. Wiley, New York"},{"key":"4_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapley LS (1953) A value for n-person games. In: Kuhn HW, Tucker AW (eds) Contributions to the theory of games, volume II. Annals of mathematical studies series, vol 28. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 307\u2013317","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400881970-018"},{"key":"4_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(89)90009-1","volume":"3","author":"PP Shenoy","year":"1989","unstructured":"Shenoy PP (1989) A valuation-based language for expert systems. Int J Approx Reason 3:383\u2013411","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0255(81)90008-6","volume":"25","author":"P Smets","year":"1981","unstructured":"Smets P (1981) The degree of belief in a fuzzy event. Inf Sci 25:1\u201319","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"4_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80040-6","volume":"19","author":"P Smets","year":"1983","unstructured":"Smets P (1983) Information content of an evidence. Int J Man-Mach Stud 19:33\u201343","journal-title":"Int J Man-Mach Stud"},{"key":"4_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smets P (1990a) The combination of evidence in the transferable belief model. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 12(5):447\u2013458","DOI":"10.1109\/34.55104"},{"key":"4_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smets P (1990b) Constructing the pignistic probability function in a context of uncertainty. In: Henrion M, Shachter RD, Kanal LN, Lemmer J (eds) Uncertainty in artificial intelligence, vol 5. Elsevier Science Publication, Amsterdam, pp 29\u201339","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88738-2.50010-5"},{"key":"4_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(93)90005-X","volume":"9","author":"P Smets","year":"1993","unstructured":"Smets P (1993) Belief functions: the disjunctive rule of combination and the generalized Bayesian theorem. Int J Approx Reason 9:1\u201335","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR116","unstructured":"Smets P (1995) The canonical decomposition of a weighted belief. In: Proceedings of the international joint conference on artificial intelligence, Morgan Kaufman, San Mateo, CA, pp 1896\u20131901"},{"key":"4_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2005.04.001","volume":"40","author":"P Smets","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smets P (2005) Belief functions on real numbers. Int J Approx Reason 40:181\u2013223","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2006.04.003","volume":"8","author":"P Smets","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smets P (2007) Analyzing the combination of conflicting belief functions. Inf Fusion 8(4):387\u2013412","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"key":"4_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90026-4","volume":"66","author":"P Smets","year":"1994","unstructured":"Smets P, Kennes R (1994) The transferable belief model. Artif Intell 66:191\u2013234","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"4_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1961.tb00388.x","volume":"23","author":"CAB Smith","year":"1961","unstructured":"Smith CAB (1961) Consistency in statistical inference and decision. J R Stat Soc B 23:1\u201337","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B"},{"key":"4_CR121","unstructured":"Strat TM (1984) Continuous belief functions for evidential reasoning. In: Brachman RJ (ed) Proceedings of the national conference on artificial intelligence (AAAI\u201984), Austin, Aug 6\u201310, pp 308\u2013313"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"4_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(90)90014-S","volume":"4","author":"TM Strat","year":"1990","unstructured":"Strat TM (1990) Decision analysis using belief functions. Int J Approx Reason 4(5\u20136):391\u2013417","journal-title":"Int J Approx Reason"},{"key":"4_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(93)90072-J","volume":"61","author":"B Tessem","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tessem B (1993) Approximations for efficient computation in the theory of evidence. Artif Intell 61:315\u2013329","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"4_CR124","unstructured":"von Neumann J, Morgenstern O (1944) Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"key":"4_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walley P (1991) Statistical reasoning with imprecise probabilities. Chapman and Hall, Boca Raton","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3472-7"},{"key":"4_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(95)00009-7","volume":"83","author":"P Walley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Walley P (1996) Measures of uncertainty in expert systems. Artif Intell 83:1\u201358","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"4_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176345868","volume":"10","author":"P Walley","year":"1982","unstructured":"Walley P, Fine T (1982) Towards a frequentist theory of upper and lower probability. Ann Stat 10:741\u2013761","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1109\/21.155943","volume":"22","author":"L Xu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Xu L, Krzyzak A, Suen CY (1992) Methods of combining multiple classifiers and their applications to handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 22(3):418\u2013435","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"key":"4_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/int.4550010403","volume":"1","author":"RR Yager","year":"1986","unstructured":"Yager RR (1986) The entailment principle for Dempster-Shafer granules. Int J Intell Syst 1:247\u2013262","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/03081079208945033","volume":"20","author":"RR Yager","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yager RR (1992) Decision making under Dempster-Shafer uncertainties. Int J Gen Syst 20(3):233\u2013245","journal-title":"Int J Gen Syst"},{"key":"4_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yager RR, Liu LP (eds) (2008) Classic works of the Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions. Springer, Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-44792-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1109\/21.57269","volume":"20","author":"J Yen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yen J (1990) Generalizing the Dempster-Shafer theory to fuzzy sets. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 20(3):559\u2013569","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"key":"4_CR133","unstructured":"Zadeh LA (1979) Fuzzy sets and information granularity. In: Gupta MM, Ragade RK, Yager RR (eds) Advances in fuzzy sets theory and applications. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 3\u201318"},{"key":"4_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zouhal LM, Den\u0153ux T (1998) An evidence-theoretic $$k$$-NN rule with parameter optimization. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern C 28(2):263\u2013271","DOI":"10.1109\/5326.669565"}],"container-title":["A Guided Tour of Artificial Intelligence Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-06164-7_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:59:25Z","timestamp":1722866365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-06164-7_4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9783030061630","9783030061647"],"references-count":134,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-06164-7_4","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}