{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T13:35:32Z","timestamp":1769607332260,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030109240","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030109257","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10925-7_13","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T15:47:28Z","timestamp":1547740048000},"page":"209-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Discriminative Model for Identifying Readers and Assessing Text Comprehension from Eye Movements"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Makowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lena A.","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdelwahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Landwehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Scheffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.135.1.12","volume":"135","author":"R Kliegl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kliegl, R., Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R.: Tracking the mind during reading: the influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 135(1), 12\u201335 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"issue":"3","key":"13_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","volume":"124","author":"K Rayner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rayner, K.: Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychol. Bull. 124(3), 372\u2013422 (1998)","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"13_CR3","volume-title":"Psychologische Untersuchungen \u00fcber das Lesen auf experimenteller Grundlage","author":"B Erdmann","year":"1898","unstructured":"Erdmann, B., Dodge, R.: Psychologische Untersuchungen \u00fcber das Lesen auf experimenteller Grundlage. Niemeyer, Halle (1898)"},{"key":"13_CR4","volume-title":"The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading","author":"EB Huey","year":"1908","unstructured":"Huey, E.B.: The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading. The Macmillan Company, New York (1908)"},{"key":"13_CR5","volume-title":"Handbook of Individual Differences in Reading","year":"2015","unstructured":"Afflerbach, P. (ed.): Handbook of Individual Differences in Reading. Routledge, New York (2015)"},{"key":"13_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland, C., Komogortsev, O.V.: Biometric identification via eye movement scanpaths in reading. In: Proceedings of the 2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics, pp. 1\u20138 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB.2011.6117536"},{"key":"13_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landwehr, N., Arzt, S., Scheffer, T., Kliegl, R.: A model of individual differences in gaze control during reading. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1810\u20131815 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1192"},{"key":"13_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelwahab, A., Kliegl, R., Landwehr, N.: A semiparametric model for Bayesian reader identification. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1056"},{"issue":"4","key":"13_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329","volume":"87","author":"MA Just","year":"1980","unstructured":"Just, M.A., Carpenter, P.A.: A theory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension. Psychol. Rev. 87(4), 329\u2013354 (1980)","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"13_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(82)90008-1","volume":"14","author":"L Frazier","year":"1982","unstructured":"Frazier, L., Rayner, K.: Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension: eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences. Cogn. Psychol. 14(2), 178\u2013210 (1982)","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"13_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.33.6.1162","volume":"33","author":"A Staub","year":"2007","unstructured":"Staub, A., Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., Hy\u00f6n\u00e4, J., Majewski, H.: The time course of plausibility effects on eye movements in reading: evidence from noun-noun compounds. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 33(6), 1162\u20131169 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"13_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193604","volume":"35","author":"JK Kaakinen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaakinen, J.K., Hy\u00f6n\u00e4, J.: Perspective effects in repeated reading: an eye movement study. Mem. Cogn. 35, 1323\u20131336 (2007)","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"issue":"3","key":"13_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1003_3","volume":"10","author":"K Rayner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rayner, K., Chace, K.H., Slattery, T.J., Ashby, J.: Eye movements as reflections of comprehension processes in reading. Sci. Stud. Read. 10(3), 241\u2013255 (2006)","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"13_CR14","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Handbook of Psycholinguistics","author":"K Rayner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rayner, K., Sereno, S.C.: Eye movements in reading: psycholinguistic studies. In: Gernsbacher, M.A. (ed.) Handbook of Psycholinguistics, pp. 57\u201381. Academic Press, San Diego (1994)"},{"key":"13_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044980-7\/50017-3","volume-title":"Eye Movements: A Window on Mind and Brain","author":"C Clifton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clifton, C., Staub, A., Rayner, K.: Eye movements in reading words and sentences. In: Van Gompel, R.P., Fischer, M.H., Murray, W.S., Hill, R.L. (eds.) Eye Movements: A Window on Mind and Brain, pp. 341\u2013372. Elsevier, Oxford (2007)"},{"key":"13_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(79)90058-0","volume":"8","author":"JZ Jacobson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Jacobson, J.Z., Dodwell, P.C.: Saccadic eye movements during reading. Brain Lang. 8, 303\u2013314 (1979)","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"13_CR17","volume-title":"The Psychology of Reading","author":"K Rayner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A.: The Psychology of Reading. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1989)"},{"key":"13_CR18","first-page":"1290","volume":"30","author":"K Rayner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rayner, K., Warren, T., Juhasz, B.J., Liversedge, S.P.: The effect of plausibility on eye movements in reading. J. Exp. Psychol.: Learn. Mem. Cogn. 30, 1290\u20131301 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol.: Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"13_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.34.4.1001","volume":"34","author":"T Warren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Warren, T., McConnell, K., Rayner, K.: Effects of context on eye movements when reading about possible and impossible events. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 34, 1001\u20131007 (2008)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"13_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copeland, L., Gedeon, T.: Measuring reading comprehension using eye movements. In: Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunication, pp. 791\u2013796 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/CogInfoCom.2013.6719207"},{"issue":"3","key":"13_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5430\/air.v3n3p35","volume":"3","author":"L Copeland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Copeland, L., Gedeon, T., Mendis, S.: Predicting reading comprehension scores from eye movements using artificial neural networks and fuzzy output error. Artif. Intell. Res. 3(3), 35\u201348 (2014)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"13_CR22","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12637-1_73","volume-title":"Neural Information Processing","author":"L Copeland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Copeland, L., Gedeon, T., Mendis, S.: Fuzzy output error as the performance function for training artificial neural networks to predict reading comprehension from eye gaze. In: Loo, C.K., Yap, K.S., Wong, K.W., Teoh, A., Huang, K. (eds.) ICONIP 2014, Part I. LNCS, vol. 8834, pp. 586\u2013593. Springer, Cham (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-12637-1_73"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099003300105","volume":"33","author":"G Underwood","year":"1990","unstructured":"Underwood, G., Hubbard, A., Wilkinson, H.: Eye fixations predict reading comprehension: the relationships between reading skill, reading speed, and visual inspection. Lang. Speech 33(1), 69\u201381 (1990)","journal-title":"Lang. Speech"},{"key":"13_CR24","unstructured":"Dixon, W.R.: Studies in the psychology of reading. In: Morse, W.S., Ballantine, P.A., Dixon, W.R. (eds.) University of Michigan Monographs in Education No. 4. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor (1951)"},{"key":"13_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203155158","volume-title":"Psychology of Reading","author":"K Rayner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., Ashby, J., Clifton Jr., C.: Psychology of Reading. Psychology Press, New York (2012)"},{"key":"13_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komogortsev, O.V., Jayarathna, S., Aragon, C.R., Mahmoud, M.: Biometric identification via an oculomotor plant mathematical model. In: Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research and Applications, pp. 1\u20134 (2010)","DOI":"10.1145\/1743666.1743679"},{"key":"13_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigas, I., Economou, G., Fotopoulos, S.: Human eye movements as a trait for biometrical identification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 5th International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2012.6374580"},{"key":"13_CR28","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Juhola, M.: On biometric verification of a user by means of eye movement data mining. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Information Mining and Management, pp. 85\u201390 (2012)"},{"key":"13_CR29","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/11499145_79","volume-title":"Image Analysis","author":"R Bednarik","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bednarik, R., Kinnunen, T., Mihaila, A., Fr\u00e4nti, P.: Eye-movements as a biometric. In: Kalviainen, H., Parkkinen, J., Kaarna, A. (eds.) SCIA 2005. LNCS, vol. 3540, pp. 780\u2013789. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11499145_79"},{"issue":"6","key":"13_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2012.01.003","volume":"33","author":"I Rigas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rigas, I., Economou, G., Fotopoulos, S.: Biometric identification based on the eye movements and graph matching techniques. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 33(6), 786\u2013792 (2012)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"13_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2842614","volume":"13","author":"I Rigas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rigas, I., Komogortsev, O., Shadmehr, R.: Biometric recognition via eye movements: saccadic vigor and acceleration cues. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 13(2), 1\u201321 (2016)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"13_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206156","volume":"30","author":"RE Morrison","year":"1981","unstructured":"Morrison, R.E., Rayner, K.: Saccade size in reading depends upon character spaces and not visual angle. Percept. Psychophys. 30, 395\u2013396 (1981)","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"13_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-35447-5","volume-title":"Numerical Optimization","author":"J Nocedal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nocedal, J., Wright, S.J.: Numerical Optimization. Springer, New York (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-35447-5"},{"key":"13_CR34","unstructured":"Jaakkola, T., Haussler, D.: Exploiting generative models in discriminative classifiers. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 487\u2013493 (1999)"},{"key":"13_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(76)90143-7","volume":"16","author":"K Rayner","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rayner, K., McConkie, G.W.: What guides a reader\u2019s eye movements. Vis. Res. 16, 829\u2013837 (1976)","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"13_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208203","volume":"40","author":"K Rayner","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rayner, K., Duffy, S.A.: Parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading: Effects of word frequency. Percept. Psychophys. 40, 431\u2013440 (1986)","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"13_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440340000213","volume":"16","author":"R Kliegl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kliegl, R., Grabner, E., Rolfs, M., Engbert, R.: Length, frequency, and predictability effects of words on eye movements in reading. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 16(1\u20132), 262\u2013284 (2004)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"13_CR38","unstructured":"Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Science, University of Potsdam (2011). http:\/\/dlexdb.de"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-10925-7_13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T01:29:48Z","timestamp":1705454988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-10925-7_13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"ISBN":["9783030109240","9783030109257"],"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-10925-7_13","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 January 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ECML PKDD","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Dublin","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Ireland","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2018","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10 September 2018","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"14 September 2018","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"18","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ecml2018","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/www.ecmlpkdd2018.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"CMT","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"535","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"131","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"17","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"24% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"No","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}