{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:41:18Z","timestamp":1773787278581,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030141172","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030141189","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,17]],"date-time":"2019-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14118-9_59","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]],"date-time":"2019-03-16T11:02:59Z","timestamp":1552734179000},"page":"586-595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Ans2vec: A Scoring System for Short Answers"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Wael Hassan","family":"Gomaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aly Aly","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"59_CR1","unstructured":"Gomaa, W.H., Fahmy, A.A.: Tapping into the power of automatic scoring. In: The Eleventh International Conference on Language Engineering, Egyptian Society of Language Engineering (ESOLEC) (2011)"},{"issue":"2","key":"59_CR2","first-page":"35","volume":"86","author":"WH Gomaa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gomaa, W.H., Fahmy, A.A.: Arabic short answer scoring with effective feedback for students. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 86(2), 35\u201341 (2014)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"59_CR3","unstructured":"Magooda, A.E., Zahran, M.A., Rashwan, M., Raafat, H.M., Fayek, M.B.: Vector based techniques for short answer grading. In: FLAIRS Conference, pp. 238\u2013243, March 2016"},{"key":"59_CR4","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., Dean, J.: Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space (2013). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1301.3781"},{"key":"59_CR5","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G.S., Dean, J.: Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3111\u20133119 (2013)"},{"key":"59_CR6","unstructured":"Jiao, X., Wang, F., Feng, D.: Convolutional neural network for universal sentence embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 2470\u20132481 (2018)"},{"key":"59_CR7","unstructured":"Socher, R., Huval, B., Manning, C.D., Ng, A.Y.: Semantic compositionality through recursive matrix-vector spaces. In: Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, pp. 1201\u20131211. Association for Computational Linguistics, July 2012"},{"key":"59_CR8","unstructured":"Socher, R., Perelygin, A., Wu, J., Chuang, J., Manning, C.D., Ng, A., Potts, C.: Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank. In: Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1631\u20131642 (2013)"},{"key":"59_CR9","unstructured":"Kalchbrenner, N., Grefenstette, E., Blunsom, P.: A convolutional neural network for modelling sentences (2014). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1404.2188"},{"key":"59_CR10","unstructured":"dos Santos, C., Gatti, M.: Deep convolutional neural networks for sentiment analysis of short texts. In: Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, pp. 69\u201378 (2014)"},{"key":"59_CR11","unstructured":"Kim, Y.: Convolutional neural networks for sentence classification (2014). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1408.5882"},{"key":"59_CR12","unstructured":"Chung, J., Gulcehre, C., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling (2014). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1412.3555"},{"key":"59_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, W., Sch\u00fctze, H.: Convolutional neural network for paraphrase identification. In: Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 901\u2013911 (2015)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/N15-1091"},{"key":"59_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, M., Dos Santos, C., Xiang, B., Zhou, B.: Improved representation learning for question answer matching. In: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Long Papers, vol. 1, pp. 464\u2013473 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1044"},{"key":"59_CR15","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Feng, M., Santos, C.N.D., Yu, M., Xiang, B., Zhou, B., Bengio, Y.: A structured self-attentive sentence embedding (2017). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1703.03130"},{"key":"59_CR16","unstructured":"Socher, R., Huang, E.H., Pennin, J., Manning, C.D., Ng, A.Y.: Dynamic pooling and unfolding recursive autoencoders for paraphrase detection. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 801\u2013809 (2011)"},{"key":"59_CR17","unstructured":"Le, Q., Mikolov, T.: Distributed representations of sentences and documents. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1188\u20131196, January 2014"},{"key":"59_CR18","unstructured":"Kiros, R., Zhu, Y., Salakhutdinov, R.R., Zemel, R., Urtasun, R., Torralba, A., Fidler, S.: Skip-thought vectors. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3294\u20133302 (2015)"},{"key":"59_CR19","unstructured":"Kenter, T., Borisov, A., de Rijke, M.: Siamese cbow: Optimizing word embeddings for sentence representations (2016). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1606.04640"},{"key":"59_CR20","unstructured":"Hill, F., Cho, K., Korhonen, A.: Learning distributed representations of sentences from unlabelled data (2016). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1602.03483"},{"key":"59_CR21","unstructured":"Pagliardini, M., Gupta, P., Jaggi, M.: Unsupervised learning of sentence embeddings using compositional n-gram features (2017). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1703.02507"},{"key":"59_CR22","unstructured":"Wieting, J., Gimpel, K.: Revisiting recurrent networks for paraphrastic sentence embeddings (2017). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1705.00364"},{"key":"59_CR23","unstructured":"Ziai, R., Ott, N., Meurers, D.: Short answer assessment: establishing links between research strands. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP, pp. 190\u2013200. Association for Computational Linguistics, June 2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"59_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-014-0026-8","volume":"25","author":"S Burrows","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burrows, S., Gurevych, I., Stein, B.: The eras and trends of automatic short answer grading. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 25(1), 60\u2013117 (2015)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"issue":"4","key":"59_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025779619903","volume":"37","author":"C Leacock","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leacock, C., Chodorow, M.: C-rater: automated scoring of short-answer questions. Comput. Humanit. 37(4), 389\u2013405 (2003)","journal-title":"Comput. Humanit."},{"key":"59_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ros\u00e9, C.P., Roque, A., Bhembe, D., VanLehn, K.: A hybrid approach to content analysis for automatic essay grading. In: Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: Companion Volume of the Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003\u2013Short papers, vol. 2, pp. 88\u201390. Association for Computational Linguistics, May 2003","DOI":"10.3115\/1073483.1073513"},{"key":"59_CR27","unstructured":"Mitchell, T., Russell, T., Broomhead, P., Aldridge, N.: Towards robust computerised marking of free-text responses. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Computer Assisted Assessment Conference. Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (2002)"},{"key":"59_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulman, S.G., Sukkarieh, J.Z.: Automatic short answer marking. In: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP, pp. 9\u201316. Association for Computational Linguistics, June 2005","DOI":"10.3115\/1609829.1609831"},{"key":"59_CR29","unstructured":"Mohler, M., Bunescu, R., Mihalcea, R.: Learning to grade short answer questions using semantic similarity measures and dependency graph alignments. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, vol. 1, pp. 752\u2013762. Association for Computational Linguistics, June 2011"},{"key":"59_CR30","unstructured":"Hewlett Foundation: Automated student assessment prize: phase two \u2013 short answer scoring. Kaggle Competition (2012)"},{"key":"59_CR31","unstructured":"Dzikovska, M.O., Nielsen, R.D., Brew, C., Leacock, C., Giampiccolo, D., Bentivogli, L., Clark, P., Dagan, I., Dang, H.T.: SemEval-2013 task 7: the joint student response analysis and eighth recognizing textual entailment challenge. In: Diab, M., Baldwin, T., Baroni, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics, Atlanta, pp. 1\u201312 (2013)"},{"key":"59_CR32","unstructured":"Burstein, J., Kaplan, R., Wolff, S., Lu, C.: Using lexical semantic techniques to classify free responses. In: Viegas, E. (ed.) Proceedings of the ACL SIGLEX Workshop on Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons, Santa Cruz, pp. 20\u201329. Association for Computational Linguistics (1996)"},{"key":"59_CR33","unstructured":"Callear, D., Jerrams-Smith, J., Soh, V.: CAA of short non-MCQ answers. In: Danson, M., Eabry, C. (eds.) Proceedings of the 5th Computer Assisted Assessment Conference, pp. 1\u201314. Loughborough University, Loughborough (2001)"},{"issue":"4","key":"59_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.01.006","volume":"51","author":"H-C Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, H.-C., Chang, C.-Y., Li, T.-Y.: Assessing creative problem-solving with automated text grading. Comput. Educ. 51(4), 1450\u20131466 (2008)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"59_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachman, L.F., Carr, N., Kamei, G., Kim, M., Pan, M.J., Salvador, C., Sawaki, Y.: A reliable approach to automatic assessment of short answer free responses. In: Tseng, S.C., Chen, T.E., Liu, Y.F. (eds.) Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING 2002, Taipei, vol. 2, pp. 1\u20134. Association for Computational Linguistics (2002)","DOI":"10.3115\/1071884.1071907"},{"key":"59_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sima, D., Schmuck, B., Sz\u00f6ll, S., Mikl\u00f3s, A.: Intelligent short text assessment in eMax. In: Rudas, I.J., Fodor, J., Kacprzyk, J. (eds.) Towards Intelligent Engineering and Information Technology. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 243, pp. 435\u2013445. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03737-5_31"},{"key":"59_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutrone, L., Chang, M., Kinshuk: Auto-assessor: computerized assessment system for marking student\u2019s short-answers automatically. In: Narayanaswamy, N.S., Krishnan, M.S., Kinshuk, Srinivasan, R. (eds.) Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Technology for Education, Chennai, pp. 81\u201388. IEEE (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/T4E.2011.21"},{"key":"59_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqi, R., Harrison, C.J.: A systematic approach to the automated marking of short-answer questions. In: Anis, M.K., Khan, M.K., Zaidi, S.J.H. (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th International Multitopic Conference, Karachi, pp. 329\u2013332. IEEE (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/INMIC.2008.4777758"},{"key":"59_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfonseca, E., P\u00e9rez, D.: Automatic assessment of open ended questions with a BLEU-inspired algorithm and shallow NLP. In: Vicedo, J., Mart\u00ednez-Barco, P., Mu\u0144oz, R., Saiz Noeda, M. (eds.) Advances in Natural Language Processing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3230, pp. 25\u201335. Springer, Berlin (2004)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30228-5_3"},{"issue":"2","key":"59_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCEELL.2011.040196","volume":"21","author":"D P\u00e9rez-Mar\u00edn","year":"2011","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Mar\u00edn, D., Pascual-Nieto, I.: Willow: a system to automatically assess students\u2019 freetext answers by using a combination of shallow NLP techniques. Int. J. Contin. Eng. Educ. Life Long Learn. 21(2), 155\u2013169 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Contin. Eng. Educ. Life Long Learn."},{"key":"59_CR41","unstructured":"Bukai, O., Pokorny, R., Haynes, J.: An automated short-free-text scoring system: development and assessment. In: Proceedings of the 20th Interservice\/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference, pp. 1\u201311. National Training and Simulation Association (2006)"},{"key":"59_CR42","unstructured":"G\u00fctl, C.: e-Examiner: towards a fully-automatic knowledge assessment tool applicable in adaptive e-learning systems. In: Ghassib, P.H. (ed.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interactive Mobile and Computer Aided Learning, pp. 1\u201310. Amman (2007)"},{"key":"59_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey, S., Meurers, D.: Diagnosing meaning errors in short answers to reading comprehension questions. In: Tetreault, J., Burstein, J., De Felice, R. (eds.) Proceedings of the 3rd ACL Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, Columbus, pp. 107\u2013115. Association for Computational Linguistics (2008)","DOI":"10.3115\/1631836.1631849"},{"issue":"4","key":"59_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCEELL.2011.042793","volume":"21","author":"D Meurers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meurers, D., Ziai, R., Ott, N., Bailey, S.M.: Integrating parallel analysis modules to evaluate the meaning of answers to reading comprehension questions. Int. J. Contin. Eng. Educ. Life-Long Learn. 21(4), 355\u2013369 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Contin. Eng. Educ. Life-Long Learn."},{"issue":"1","key":"59_CR45","first-page":"115","volume":"3","author":"WH Gomaa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gomaa, W.H., Fahmy, A.A.: Short answer grading using string similarity and corpus-based similarity. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. and Appl. (IJACSA) 3(11), 115\u2013121 (2012)","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. and Appl. (IJACSA)"},{"issue":"4","key":"59_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2013.10.005","volume":"28","author":"WH Gomaa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gomaa, W.H., Fahmy, A.A.: Automatic scoring for answers to Arabic test questions. Comput. Speech Lang. 28(4), 833\u2013857 (2014)","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"key":"59_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan, M.A., Salazar, C., Sumner, T.: Fast and easy short answer grading with high accuracy. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 1070\u20131075 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1123"},{"issue":"13","key":"59_CR48","first-page":"13","volume":"68","author":"WH Gomaa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gomaa, W.H., Fahmy, A.A.: A survey of text similarity approaches. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 68(13), 13\u201318 (2013)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"59_CR49","unstructured":"Tai, K.S., Socher, R., Manning, C.D.: Improved semantic representations from tree-structured long short-term memory networks (2015). arXiv preprint: \n                    arXiv:1503.00075"},{"key":"59_CR50","unstructured":"Dzikovska, M.O., Nielsen, R.D., Brew, C., Leacock, C., Giampiccolo, D., Bentivogli, L., Dang, H.T.: Semeval-2013 task 7: the joint student response analysis and 8th recognizing textual entailment challenge. North Texas State Univ Denton (2013)"}],"container-title":["Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing","The International Conference on Advanced Machine Learning Technologies and Applications (AMLTA2019)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-14118-9_59","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]],"date-time":"2019-05-18T02:56:39Z","timestamp":1558148199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-14118-9_59"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,17]]},"ISBN":["9783030141172","9783030141189"],"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-14118-9_59","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-5357","2194-5365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-5357","type":"print"},{"value":"2194-5365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AMLTA","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Advanced Machine Learning Technologies and Applications","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Cairo","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Egypt","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2019","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"28 March 2019","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"30 March 2019","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"4","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"amlta2019","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/egyptscience.net\/AMLTA19\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}