{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:41:41Z","timestamp":1769096501909,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030156503","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030156510","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper analyses the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) context in South Africa and presents views regarding the possible use of the Internet of Things (IoT) for WASH in South Africa. The views were informed by an analysis of literature related to the WASH domain nationally and internationally. Example case studies of the use of IoT in the WASH sector in developing countries, and where possible Africa, provided further background. As a triangulation exercise, a survey amongst various stakeholders in the WASH domain was conducted. To contextualise the WASH sector in South Africa, value chains were derived. To identity the opportunities for IoT, the findings of the study were combined with insights acquired on the IoT domain in general, both from literature and our experience and learnings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15651-0_16","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T11:09:26Z","timestamp":1552993766000},"page":"194-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Opportunities for the Internet of Things in the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Domain"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-2776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Kotz\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7352-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Coetzee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"16_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. United Nations (1976)"},{"key":"16_CR2","unstructured":"UNICEF: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/wash\/. Accessed 26 July 2017"},{"key":"16_CR3","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly: Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque. United Nations (2010)"},{"key":"16_CR4","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque: Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation. United Nations (2012)"},{"key":"16_CR5","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly: Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque. United Nations (2009)"},{"key":"16_CR6","unstructured":"UNICEF and WHO: Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water \u2013 2015 update and MDG assessment. WHO Press, Geneva (2015)"},{"key":"16_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global Health Observatory Data: Mortality and burden of disease from water and sanitation. http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/phe\/water_sanitation\/burden\/en\/index2.html. Accessed 24 May 2017"},{"key":"16_CR8","unstructured":"UNICEF: WASH: Ensuring Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Help Children Survive and Thrive (2017)"},{"key":"16_CR9","unstructured":"Department of Health: The National Health Promotion Policy and Strategy 2015\u20132019. Department of Health, Republic of South Africa, Pretoria (2015)"},{"key":"16_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coetzee, L., Kotz\u00e9, P.: The Internet of Things: Opportunities for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Management. Water Research Commission, Pretoria (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15651-0_16"},{"key":"16_CR11","unstructured":"WHO and UNICEF: JMP. https:\/\/washdata.org\/. Accessed 26 June 2017"},{"key":"16_CR12","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly: Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations (2015)"},{"key":"16_CR13","unstructured":"WHO and UNICEF: Safely Managed Drinking Water. World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) (2017)"},{"key":"16_CR14","unstructured":"UNICEF and WHO: Progress Core questions and indicators for monitoring WASH in Schools in the Sustainable Development Goals. WHO Press, Geneva (2016)"},{"key":"16_CR15","unstructured":"WHO and UNICEF: WASH in the 2030 Agenda. World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) (2017)"},{"issue":"1","key":"16_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00512.x","volume":"5","author":"V Curtis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Curtis, V., Cairncross, S., Yonli, R.: Review: domestic hygiene and diarrhoea \u2013 pinpointing the problem. Trop. Med. Int. Health 5(1), 22\u201332 (2000)","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"16_CR17","unstructured":"tippytap.org: The tippy tap! http:\/\/www.tippytap.org\/the-tippy-tap. Accessed 11 Dec 2017"},{"key":"16_CR18","unstructured":"United Nations: The World\u2019s Woman 2015: Trends and Statistics (E.15.XVII.8). United Nations, Departments of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division (2015)"},{"key":"16_CR19","unstructured":"WHO: Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, Geneva (2011)"},{"key":"16_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/334c604b-en","volume-title":"Human Development Report 2006 - Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis","author":"United Nations Development Programme","year":"2006","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Report 2006 - Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan, New York (2006)"},{"key":"16_CR21","unstructured":"Hutton, G.: Monitoring \u201cAffordability\u201d of Water and Sanitation Services after 2015: review of global indicator options. Revised draft United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2012)"},{"key":"16_CR22","unstructured":"Minerva, R., Biru, A., Rotondi, D.: Towards a definition of the Internet of Things (IoT). IEEE Internet Initiat (2015)"},{"key":"16_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coetzee, L., et al.: TRESCIMO: European Union and South African Smart City Contextual Dimensions. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) \u2013 Enabling Internet Evolution, pp. 770\u2013776. IEEE Computer Society, Washington (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389151"},{"key":"16_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ICT4Water Cluster: ict4water.eu. http:\/\/www.ict4water.eu\/. Accessed 30 Sept 2017","DOI":"10.5135\/eusj.2017.30"},{"key":"16_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biggs, P., Garrity, J., LaSalle, C., Polomska, A., Pepper, R.: Harnessing the Internet of Things for Global Development. ITU and CISCO, Geneva (2016)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2588129"},{"key":"16_CR26","unstructured":"Charity: Water: new technology supported by Google. https:\/\/blog.charitywater.org\/post\/143492619882\/new-technology-supported-by-google. Accessed 12 Dec 2017"},{"key":"16_CR27","unstructured":"Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment: From Rights to Results in Rural Water Services - Evidence from Kyuso, Kenya. University of Oxford (2014)"},{"key":"16_CR28","unstructured":"Toilet Board Coalition: The Digitisation of Sanitation (2016)"},{"key":"16_CR29","unstructured":"Gemma, P., Sang, Z., McIntosh, A., Ospina, A.V.: Smart Water Management in Cities Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU (2014)"},{"key":"16_CR30","unstructured":"Department for Business Innovation and Skills: The Smart City Market: Opportunities for the UK. GOV.UK (2013)"},{"key":"16_CR31","unstructured":"Glenisson, A., Wojcieszko, G.: Emerging Topics and Technology Roadmap for Information and Communication Technologies for Water Management. EUROPEAN COMMISSION DirectorateGeneral for Communications Networks, Content and Technology Smart Cities and Sustainability Unit (2016)"},{"key":"16_CR32","unstructured":"Champanis, M., Rivett, U., Gool, S., Nyemba-Mudenda, M.: ICTs in the water sector \u2013 where do we stand? (978-1-4312-0463-2). University of Cape Town (2013)"},{"key":"16_CR33","unstructured":"Bridgiot: Bridgiot: Remote Intelligence and Control. https:\/\/www.bridgiot.co.za\/. Accessed 20 Nov 2017"},{"key":"16_CR34","unstructured":"Aguatrip Australia Pty. Ltd.: Aquatrip. www.aquatrip.com. Accessed 6 Dec 2017"},{"key":"16_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndaw, M.F., Mwangi, P.N.: Unlocking the Potential of Information Communications Technology to Improve Water and Sanitation Services Kenya Case Study. The World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (2015)","DOI":"10.1596\/28414"},{"key":"16_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndaw, M.F., Welsien, K.: Unlocking the Potential of Information Communications Technology to Improve Water and Sanitation Services Tanzania Case Study. The World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (2015)","DOI":"10.1596\/28414"},{"key":"16_CR37","unstructured":"Upande: Water Sanitation Hygiene Management Information System (WaSHMIS). http:\/\/www.washmis.com\/. Accessed 30 Sept 2017"},{"key":"16_CR38","unstructured":"Charity: Water: clean water changes everything. https:\/\/www.charitywater.org\/. Accessed 30 Sept 2017"},{"key":"16_CR39","unstructured":"OxWater: OxWater - for sustainable water systems in Africa and Asia. http:\/\/www.oxwater.uk\/. Accessed 30 Sept 2017"},{"key":"16_CR40","unstructured":"Akvo: Akvo.org. http:\/\/akvo.org. Accessed 20 Nov 2017"},{"key":"16_CR41","unstructured":"SweetSence Inc.: No Village too Remote. http:\/\/www.sweetsensors.com\/. Accessed 30 Sept 2017"},{"key":"16_CR42","unstructured":"Department of Water Affairs: Strategic Overview of the Water Services Sector in South Africa 2015. Department of Water Affairs, Republic of South Africa, Pretoria (2015)"},{"key":"16_CR43","unstructured":"Department of Water Affairs: Strategic Overview of the Water Sector in South Africa 2013. Department of Water Affairs, Republic of South Africa, Pretoria (2013)"},{"key":"16_CR44","unstructured":"Stats SA: General Household Survey 2016. Statistics South Africa (2017)"},{"key":"16_CR45","unstructured":"Collignon, B., V\u00e9zina, M.: Independent Water and Sanitation Providers in African Cities: Full Report of a Ten-Country Study. Hydroconseil (2000)"},{"key":"16_CR46","unstructured":"Mason, N., Matoso, M., Smith, W.: Private sector and water supply, sanitation and hygiene: driving catalytic engagement. ODI (2015)"},{"key":"16_CR47","unstructured":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Fact Sheet. Global Development Program (2010)"},{"key":"16_CR48","unstructured":"Sahay, A.: Report of a WASH Dialogue on faecal sludge and septage management Ushering a new era in sanitation value chain management in India. https:\/\/www.ircwash.org\/blog\/ushering-new-era-sanitation-value-chain-management-rajasthan. Accessed 12 Sept 2017"},{"key":"16_CR49","unstructured":"Water Sector Trust Fund: Safisan Toolkit. http:\/\/www.waterfund.go.ke\/safisan\/. Accessed 20 Nov 2017"},{"key":"16_CR50","unstructured":"Wilkinson, M., du Tout, A., Mashimbye, D., Cooligen, S.: Assessment of Handwashing and Hand Hygiene Behaviour. Water Research Commission, Pretoria (2012)"},{"key":"16_CR51","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: When & How to Wash Your Hands. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/handwashing\/when-how-handwashing.html. Accessed 18 Sept 2017"},{"key":"16_CR52","unstructured":"McKeever, C.: Handwashing with soap: saving the lives of children in South Sudan and the world. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southsudan\/media_15566.html"},{"issue":"57","key":"16_CR53","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"B Torondel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torondel, B., Opare, D., Brandberg, B., Cobb, E., Cairncross, S.: Efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a hand-washing product : a crossover controlled study among healthy volunteers. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 14(57), 1\u20137 (2014)","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."}],"container-title":["IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology","Internet of Things. Information Processing in an Increasingly Connected World"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-15651-0_16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T14:09:52Z","timestamp":1689084592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-15651-0_16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"ISBN":["9783030156503","9783030156510"],"references-count":53,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-15651-0_16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-4238","1868-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1868-4238","type":"print"},{"value":"1868-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"IFIPIoT","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"IFIP International Internet of Things Conference","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Poznan","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Poland","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2018","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"18 September 2018","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"19 September 2018","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"1","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ifipiot2018","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/wcc2018.org\/docs\/WCC_2018_Call_for_Papers_IoT_Conference_v3.pdf","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"24","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"13","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"54% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"In addition one invited paper and one discussion paper are included.","order":10,"name":"additional_info_on_review_process","label":"Additional Info on Review Process","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}