{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:29:42Z","timestamp":1784564982098,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030232030","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030232047","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23204-7_19","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T21:05:01Z","timestamp":1561064701000},"page":"220-230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluating Machine Learning Approaches to Classify Pharmacy Students\u2019 Reflective Statements"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4256-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon Buckingham","family":"Shum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efi","family":"Mantzourani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherie","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"19_CR1","unstructured":"Dewey, J.: How We Think. Prometheus Books (1933)"},{"key":"19_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrington, T., Herrington, J.: Authentic Learning Environments in Higher Education. Information Science Publishing (2005)","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-594-8"},{"key":"19_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, A., Aitken, A., S\u00e1ndor, \u00c1., Buckingham Shum, S., Tsingos-Lucas, C., Knight, S.: Reflective writing analytics for actionable feedback. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference - LAK 2017, pp. 153\u2013162 (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3027385.3027436"},{"key":"19_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2017.41.5","volume":"4","author":"S Buckingham Shum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buckingham Shum, S., S\u00e1ndor, \u00c1., Goldsmith, R., Bass, R., McWilliams, M.: Towards reflective writing analytics: rationale, methodology and preliminary results. J. Learn. Anal. 4, 58\u201384 (2017)","journal-title":"J. Learn. Anal."},{"key":"19_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/02602930600679050","volume":"31","author":"D Boud","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boud, D., Falchikov, N.: Aligning assessment with long-term learning. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 31, 399\u2013413 (2006)","journal-title":"Assess. Eval. High. Educ."},{"key":"19_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2016.32.3","volume":"3","author":"A Gibson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gibson, A., Kitto, K., Bruza, P.: Towards the discovery of learner metacognition from reflective writing. J. Learn. Anal. 3, 22\u201336 (2016)","journal-title":"J. Learn. Anal."},{"key":"19_CR7","unstructured":"Krippendorff, K.: Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Sage Publications (2004)"},{"key":"19_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2016.2612659","volume":"10","author":"M Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, M., Li, Y., Xu, W., Liu, L.: Automated essay feedback generation and its impact on revision. IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol. 10, 502\u2013513 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"19_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.05.004","volume":"100","author":"J Wilson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson, J., Czik, A.: Automated essay evaluation software in English Language Arts classrooms: effects on teacher feedback, student motivation, and writing quality. Comput. Educ. 100, 94\u2013109 (2016)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"19_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60960-741-8.ch017","volume":"2","author":"DS McNamara","year":"2012","unstructured":"McNamara, D.S., et al.: The Writing-Pal: natural language algorithms to support intelligent tutoring on writing strategies. Appl. Nat. Lang. Process. Ident. Invest. Resolut. 2, 298\u2013311 (2012)","journal-title":"Appl. Nat. Lang. Process. Ident. Invest. Resolut."},{"key":"19_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0121-0","volume":"28","author":"S Knight","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knight, S., Buckingham Shum, S., Ryan, P., S\u00e1ndor, \u00c1., Wang, X.: Designing academic writing analytics for civil law student self-assessment. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 28, 1\u201328 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"19_CR12","unstructured":"Ullmann, T.D., Wild, F., Scott, P.: Comparing automatically detected reflective texts with human judgements. In: The Proceeding of 2nd Workshop on Awareness and Reflection in Technology-Enhanced Learning, Saarbrucken, Germany. pp. 101\u2013116 (2012)"},{"key":"19_CR13","unstructured":"Ullmann, T.: Automated detection of reflection in texts - A machine learning based approach. PhD thesis The Open University (2015)"},{"key":"19_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2017.04.002","volume":"34","author":"G Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng, G.: The impact of online automated feedback on students\u2019 reflective journal writing in an EFL course. Internet High. Educ. 34, 18\u201327 (2017)","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"19_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovanovi\u0107, V., Joksimovi\u0107, S., Mirriahi, N., Blaine, E., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., Siemens, G., Dawson, S.: Understand students\u2019 self-reflections through learning analytics. In: Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge - LAK 2018, pp. 389\u2013398 (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3170358.3170374"},{"key":"19_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X09351676","volume":"29","author":"YR Tausczik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tausczik, Y.R., Pennebaker, J.W.: The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 29, 24\u201354 (2010)","journal-title":"J. Lang. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"19_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195564","volume":"36","author":"AC Graesser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Graesser, A.C., McNamara, D.S., Louwerse, M.M., Cai, Z.: Coh-metrix: analysis of text on cohesion and language. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 36, 193\u2013202 (2004)","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"19_CR18","unstructured":"Ullmann, T.D.: An architecture for the automated detection of textual indicators of reflection. In: The Proceeding of 1st European Workshop on Awareness and Reflection in Learning Networks, Palermo, Italy (2011)"},{"key":"19_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00174-2","volume":"29","author":"TD Ullmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ullmann, T.D.: Automated Analysis of Reflection in Writing: Validating Machine Learning Approaches. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 29, 1\u201341 (2019)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"19_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Yu, B., Zhang, X., Yu, Y.: Topic modeling for evaluating students\u2019 reflective writing. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge - LAK 2016, pp. 1\u20135. ACM Press, Edinburgh (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2883851.2883951"},{"key":"19_CR21","first-page":"97","volume":"XII","author":"A Sandor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sandor, A.: Modeling metadiscourse conveying the author\u2019s rhetorical strategy in biomedical research abstracts. Rev. Fr. Linguist. Appl. XII, 97\u2013108 (2007)","journal-title":"Rev. Fr. Linguist. Appl."},{"key":"19_CR22","first-page":"88","volume":"16","author":"E Mantzourani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mantzourani, E., Hughes, M.L.: Role-emerging placements in pharmacy undergraduate education: Perceptions of students. Pharm. Educ. 16, 88\u201391 (2016)","journal-title":"Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"19_CR23","first-page":"124","volume":"5","author":"E Mantzourani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mantzourani, E., Deslandes, R., Ellis, L., Williams, G.: Exposing pharmacy students to challenges surrounding care of young children via a novel role-emerging placement. J. Curriculum Teach. 5, 124\u2013134 (2016)","journal-title":"J. Curriculum Teach."},{"key":"19_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2017.11.010","volume":"14","author":"R Deslandes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deslandes, R., Lucas, C., Louise, M., EfiMantzourania, H.: Development of a template to facilitate reflection among student pharmacists. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 14, 1058\u20131063 (2018)","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"19_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe798124","volume":"79","author":"C Tsingos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsingos, C., Bosnic-Anticevich, S., Lonie, J.M., Smith, L.: A model for assessing reflective practices in pharmacy education. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 79, 124 (2015)","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"19_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2017.07.025","volume":"9","author":"C Lucas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lucas, C., Bosnic-Anticevich, S., Schneider, C.R., Bartimote-Aufflick, K., McEntee, M., Smith, L.: Inter-rater reliability of a reflective rubric to assess pharmacy students\u2019 reflective thinking. Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn. 9, 989\u2013995 (2017)","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn."},{"key":"19_CR27","unstructured":"Mezirow, J.: How Critical Reflection Triggers Transformative Learning. Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood (1990)"},{"key":"19_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0314-x","volume":"45","author":"AB Warriner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Warriner, A.B., Kuperman, V., Brysbaert, M.: Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behav. Res. Methods 45, 1191\u20131207 (2013)","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"19_CR29","unstructured":"Hall, M.A.: Correlation-Based Feature Selection for Machine Learning (1998)"},{"key":"19_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingos, P.: MetaCost\u202f: a general method for making classifiers. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 155\u2013164. ACM Press, San Diego (1999)","DOI":"10.1145\/312129.312220"},{"key":"19_CR31","unstructured":"Weiss, G.M., Mccarthy, K., Zabar, B.: Cost-sensitive learning vs. sampling\u202f: which is best for handling unbalanced classes with unequal error costs? In: The Proceeding of 2007 International Conference on Data Mining, pp. 35\u201341. ACM Press, Las Vegas (2007)"},{"key":"19_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.09.071","volume":"39","author":"J Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, J., Choi, K., Kim, G., Suh, Y.: Classification cost: An empirical comparison among traditional classifier, Cost-Sensitive Classifier, and MetaCost. Expert Syst. Appl. 39, 4013\u20134019 (2012)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"19_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L.: Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5\u201332 (2001)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"19_CR34","unstructured":"Frank, E., Witten, I.H.: Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 144\u2013151. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., Madison (1998)"},{"key":"19_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christianini, N., Shawe-Taylor, J.: An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Other Kernel-Based Learning Methods. Cambridge University Press (2000)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511801389"},{"key":"19_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"4701","author":"KP Murphy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Murphy, K.P.: Naive Bayes classifiers generative classifiers. Bernoulli 4701, 1\u20138 (2006)","journal-title":"Bernoulli"},{"key":"19_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1145\/1656274.1656278","volume":"11","author":"M Hall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., Witten, I.H.: The WEKA data mining software: an update. ACM SIGKDD Explor. 11, 10\u201318 (2009)","journal-title":"ACM SIGKDD Explor."},{"key":"19_CR38","unstructured":"Gibbs, G.: Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. FEU (1988)"},{"key":"19_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2016.32.5","volume":"3","author":"S Milligan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Milligan, S., Griffin, P.: Understanding learning and learning design in MOOCs: a measurement-based interpretation. J. Learn. Anal. 3, 88\u2013115 (2016)","journal-title":"J. Learn. Anal."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-23204-7_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T13:58:45Z","timestamp":1709819925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-23204-7_19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"ISBN":["9783030232030","9783030232047"],"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-23204-7_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AIED","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Chicago, IL","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"USA","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2019","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"25 June 2019","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 June 2019","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aied2019","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/caed-lab.com\/aied2019\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}