{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:15:23Z","timestamp":1774404923311,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030297251","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030297268","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29726-8_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T20:04:56Z","timestamp":1566504296000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["KANDINSKY Patterns as IQ-Test for Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Holzinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kickmeier-Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heimo","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-39200-9_18","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2014 EUROCRYPT 2003","author":"L von Ahn","year":"2003","unstructured":"von Ahn, L., Blum, M., Hopper, N.J., Langford, J.: CAPTCHA: using hard AI problems for security. In: Biham, E. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 2003. LNCS, vol. 2656, pp. 294\u2013311. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-39200-9_18"},{"key":"1_CR2","volume-title":"Intelligenz-Struktur-Test 2000 R: I-S-T 2000 R Manual","author":"R Amthauer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Amthauer, R.: Intelligenz-Struktur-Test 2000 R: I-S-T 2000 R Manual, 2nd edn. Hogrefe, G\u00f6ttingen (2001)","edition":"2"},{"key":"1_CR3","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39062-3_26","volume-title":"Human Factors in Computing and Informatics","author":"M Belk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belk, M., Germanakos, P., Fidas, C., Holzinger, A., Samaras, G.: Towards the personalization of CAPTCHA mechanisms based on individual differences in cognitive processing. In: Holzinger, A., Ziefle, M., Hitz, M., Debevc, M. (eds.) SouthCHI 2013. LNCS, vol. 7946, pp. 409\u2013426. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-39062-3_26"},{"key":"1_CR4","volume-title":"L\u2019\u00e9tude exp\u00e9rimentale de l\u2019intelligence","author":"A Binet","year":"1903","unstructured":"Binet, A.: L\u2019\u00e9tude exp\u00e9rimentale de l\u2019intelligence. Schleicher fr\u00e9res & cie, Paris (1903)"},{"key":"1_CR5","first-page":"25","volume-title":"A Study of Thinking","author":"JS Bruner","year":"1956","unstructured":"Bruner, J.S.: Chapter 2: on attributes and concepts. In: Bruner, J.S., Goodnow, J.J., Austin, G.A. (eds.) A Study of Thinking, pp. 25\u201349. Wiley, Hoboken (1956)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(01)00129-1","volume":"134","author":"M Campbell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campbell, M., Hoane Jr., A.J., Hsu, F.: Deep blue. Artif. Intell. 134(1\u20132), 57\u201383 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0004-3702(01)00129-1","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"1_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1356","author":"A Conway","year":"2015","unstructured":"Conway, A., Kovacs, K.: New and emerging models of human intelligence. Cogn. Sci. (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wcs.1356","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"1_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dollar, P., Tu, Z., Belongie, S.: Supervised learning of edges and object boundaries. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2006), pp. 1964\u20131971. IEEE (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2006.298","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.298"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2011.12.001","volume":"40","author":"DL Dowe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dowe, D.L., Hern\u00e1ndez-Orallo, J.: IQ tests are not for machines, yet. Intelligence 40(2), 77\u201381 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2011.12.001","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"1_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2012.06.009","volume":"199","author":"D Ferrucci","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferrucci, D., Levas, A., Bagchi, S., Gondek, D., Mueller, E.T.: Watson: beyond jeopardy!. Artif. Intell. 199, 93\u2013105 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artint.2012.06.009","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"1_CR11","volume-title":"Handbook of Anthropometry","author":"J Funke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Funke, J.: Handbook of Anthropometry. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)"},{"key":"1_CR12","volume-title":"Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing Our Own and Other People\u2019s Minds","author":"H Gardner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gardner, H.: Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing Our Own and Other People\u2019s Minds. Harvard Business School Press, Boston (2004)"},{"key":"1_CR13","unstructured":"Holzinger, A., Biemann, C., Pattichis, C.S., Kell, D.B.: What do we need to build explainable AI systems for the medical domain? arXiv:1712.09923 (2017)"},{"key":"1_CR14","unstructured":"Holzinger, A., Kickmeier-Rust, M.D., M\u00fcller, H.: Human explanation profiles for random visual patterns as a benchmark for explainable AI. In: Preparation (2019)"},{"key":"1_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holzinger, A., Langs, G., Denk, H., Zatloukal, K., M\u00fcller, H.: Causability and explainability of AI in medicine. Wiley Interdisc. Rev.: Data Min. Knowl. Discov. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/widm.1312","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1312"},{"key":"1_CR16","unstructured":"Holzinger, A., Plass, M., Holzinger, K., Crisan, G.C., Pintea, C.M., Palade, V.: A glass-box interactive machine learning approach for solving NP-hard problems with the human-in-the-loop. arXiv:1708.01104 (2017)"},{"key":"1_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023816","volume":"57","author":"JL Horn","year":"1966","unstructured":"Horn, J.L., Cattell, R.B.: Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences. J. Educ. Psychol. 57, 253\u2013270 (1966)","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837","volume":"160","author":"DH Hubel","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N.: Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat\u2019s visual cortex. J. Physiol. 160(1), 106\u2013154 (1962). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/13135-001","volume-title":"Concept Learning: An Information Processing Problem","author":"EB Hunt","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hunt, E.B.: Concept Learning: An Information Processing Problem. Wiley, Hoboken (1962). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/13135-001"},{"key":"1_CR20","first-page":"272","volume":"32","author":"AO J\u00e4ger","year":"1986","unstructured":"J\u00e4ger, A.O.: Validit\u00e4t von intelligenztests. Diagnostica 32, 272\u2013289 (1986)","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"1_CR21","volume-title":"Principles of Gestalt Psychology","author":"K Koffka","year":"1935","unstructured":"Koffka, K.: Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Harcourt, New York (1935)"},{"key":"1_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2016.1153946","volume":"27","author":"K Kovacs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kovacs, K., Conway, A.: Process overlap theory: a unified account of human intelligence. Psychol. Inquiry 27, 151\u2013177 (2016)","journal-title":"Psychol. Inquiry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.146.2.6849084","volume":"146","author":"HI Kundel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kundel, H.I., Nodine, C.F.: A visual concept shapes image perception. Radiology 146(2), 363\u2013368 (1983)","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"6266","key":"1_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3050","volume":"350","author":"BM Lake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lake, B.M., Salakhutdinov, R., Tenenbaum, J.B.: Human-level concept learning through probabilistic program induction. Science 350(6266), 1332\u20131338 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aab3050","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1_CR25","first-page":"227","volume":"1778","author":"PS Laplace","year":"1781","unstructured":"Laplace, P.S.: M\u00e9moire sur les probabilit\u00e9s. M\u00e9moires de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Royale des sciences de Paris 1778, 227\u2013332 (1781)","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Royale des sciences de Paris"},{"issue":"7553","key":"1_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","volume":"521","author":"Y LeCun","year":"2015","unstructured":"LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., Hinton, G.: Deep learning. Nature 521(7553), 436\u2013444 (2015)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.4.485","volume":"95","author":"EL Leeuwenberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Leeuwenberg, E.L., Boselie, F.: Against the likelihood principle in visual form perception. Psychol. Rev. 95(4), 485\u2013491 (1988)","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-007-9079-x","volume":"17","author":"S Legg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Legg, S., Hutter, M.: Universal intelligence: a definition of machine intelligence. Minds Mach. 17(4), 391\u2013444 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-007-9079-x","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"issue":"eaaw4106","key":"1_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"L Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, L., et al.: Parallel testing of vehicle intelligence via virtual-real interaction. Sci. Robot. 4(eaaw4106), 1\u20133 (2019)","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"1_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/job.318","volume":"26","author":"EA Locke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Locke, E.A.: Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept. J. Organ. Behav. 26, 425\u2013431 (2005)","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"1_CR31","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"TM Mitchell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mitchell, T.M.: Machine Learning. McGraw Hill, New York (1997)"},{"key":"1_CR32","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, H., Holzinger, A.: Kandinsky patterns. arXiv:1906.00657 (2019). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1906.00657"},{"key":"1_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nambiar, R.: Towards an industry standard for benchmarking artificial intelligence systems. In: 34th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2018). IEEE (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDE.2018.00212","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2018.00212"},{"key":"1_CR34","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11404-6_1","volume-title":"Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking for the Era of Artificial Intelligence","author":"R Nambiar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nambiar, R., Ghandeharizadeh, S., Little, G., Boden, C., Dholakia, A.: Industry panel on defining industry standards for benchmarking artificial intelligence. In: Nambiar, R., Poess, M. (eds.) TPCTC 2018. LNCS, vol. 11135, pp. 1\u20136. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-11404-6_1"},{"key":"1_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2011.556557","volume":"26","author":"P Pirolli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pirolli, P., Russell, D.M.: Introduction to this special issue on sensemaking. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 26, 1\u20138 (2011)","journal-title":"Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"1_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1788-1","volume-title":"Handbook of Anthropometry","author":"VR Preed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Preed, V.R.: Handbook of Anthropometry. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-1788-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0735","volume":"41","author":"J Raven","year":"2000","unstructured":"Raven, J.: The raven\u2019s progressive matrices: change and stability over culture and time. Cogn. Psychol. 41(1), 1\u201348 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/cogp.1999.0735","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"1_CR38","volume-title":"Raven\u2019s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales","author":"JC Raven","year":"1998","unstructured":"Raven, J.C., Court, J.H.: Raven\u2019s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Oxford Psychologists Press, Oxford (1998)"},{"key":"1_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ren, X., Malik, J.: Learning a classification model for segmentation. In: Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 10\u201317. IEEE (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV.2003.1238308","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2003.1238308"},{"key":"1_CR40","unstructured":"Samek, W., Wiegand, T., M\u00fcller, K.R.: Explainable artificial intelligence: understanding, visualizing and interpreting deep learning models. arXiv:1708.08296 (2017)"},{"key":"1_CR41","unstructured":"Santoro, A., Hill, F., Barrett, D., Morcos, A., Lillicrap, T.: Measuring abstract reasoning in neural networks. In: 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 4477\u20134486. PMLR (2018)"},{"issue":"7587","key":"1_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16961","volume":"529","author":"D Silver","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silver, D., et al.: Mastering the game of go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature 529(7587), 484\u2013489 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature16961","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/1412107","volume":"15","author":"C Spearman","year":"1904","unstructured":"Spearman, C.: \u201cGeneral intelligence\u201d, objectively determined and measured. Am. J. Psychol. 15(2), 201\u2013292 (1904)","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"1_CR44","unstructured":"Tenenbaum, J.B.: Bayesian modeling of human concept learning. In: Solla, S.A., Leen, T.K., M\u00fcller, K.R. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 1999), pp. 59\u201368. NIPS Foundation (1999)"},{"issue":"236","key":"1_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","volume":"59","author":"AM Turing","year":"1950","unstructured":"Turing, A.M.: Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 59(236), 433\u2013460 (1950). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"1_CR46","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence","author":"S Urbina","year":"2011","unstructured":"Urbina, S.: Chapter 2: tests of intelligence. In: Kaufman, S.B. (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2011)"},{"key":"1_CR47","unstructured":"Uusitalo, L., Simola, J., Kuisma, J.: Perception of abstract and representative visual art. In: TBA, January 2009"},{"key":"1_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11167-000","volume-title":"The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1958","unstructured":"Wechsler, D.: The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence, 4th edn. Williams and Witkins, Baltimore (1958)","edition":"4"},{"key":"1_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1037\/11496-005","volume-title":"A Source Book of Gestalt Psychology","author":"M Wertheimer","year":"1938","unstructured":"Wertheimer, M.: Laws of organization in perceptual forms. In: Ellis, W.D. (ed.) A Source Book of Gestalt Psychology, pp. 71\u201388. Paul Kegan, London (1938). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/11496-005"},{"issue":"0","key":"1_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5057\/isase.2019-C000014","volume":"ISASE2019","author":"Hideyoshi YANAGISAWA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yanagisawa, H.: How does expectation affect sensory experience? A theory of relativity in perception. In: 5th International Symposium on Affective Science and Engineering, ISASE 2019, pp. 1\u20134. Japan Society of Kansei Engineering (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5057\/isase.2019-C000014","journal-title":"International Symposium on Affective Science and Engineering"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-29726-8_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T10:37:53Z","timestamp":1710326273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-29726-8_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"ISBN":["9783030297251","9783030297268"],"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-29726-8_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 August 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"CD-MAKE","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Cross-Domain Conference for Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Canterbury","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"United Kingdom","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2019","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26 August 2019","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"29 August 2019","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"cd-make2019","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/cd-make.net\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}