{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T03:14:26Z","timestamp":1776482066224,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030309411","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030309428","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30942-8_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]],"date-time":"2019-09-22T23:03:06Z","timestamp":1569193386000},"page":"3-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Human in Formal Methods"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Shriram","family":"Krishnamurthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","unstructured":"Amazon Web Services: Provable security. \nhttps:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/security\/provable-security\/\n\n. Accessed 5 July 2019"},{"key":"1_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Autexier, S., Benzm\u00fcller, C. (eds.): User Interfaces for Theorem Provers, Proceedings of UITP 2006, Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 174. Elsevier (2007)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2006.09.017"},{"key":"1_CR3","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24756-2_1","volume-title":"Integrated Formal Methods","author":"T Ball","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ball, T., Cook, B., Levin, V., Rajamani, S.K.: SLAM and static driver verifier: technology transfer of formal methods inside microsoft. In: Boiten, E.A., Derrick, J., Smith, G. (eds.) IFM 2004. LNCS, vol. 2999, pp. 1\u201320. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-24756-2_1"},{"key":"1_CR4","volume-title":"Language, Proof, and Logic","author":"D Barker-Plummer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barker-Plummer, D., Barwise, J., Etchemendy, J.: Language, Proof, and Logic, 2nd edn. Center for the Study of Language and Information\/SRI, Stanford (2011)","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1981.0309","volume":"51","author":"B du Boulay","year":"1999","unstructured":"du Boulay, B., O\u2019Shea, T., Monk, J.: The black box inside the glass box. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 51(2), 265\u2013277 (1999)","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"1_CR6","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17524-9_1","volume-title":"NASA Formal Methods","author":"C Calcagno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calcagno, C., et al.: Moving fast with software verification. In: Havelund, K., Holzmann, G., Joshi, R. (eds.) NFM 2015. LNCS, vol. 9058, pp. 3\u201311. Springer, Cham (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-17524-9_1"},{"key":"1_CR7","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96145-3_3","volume-title":"Computer Aided Verification","author":"B Cook","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cook, B.: Formal reasoning about the security of amazon web services. In: Chockler, H., Weissenbacher, G. (eds.) CAV 2018. LNCS, vol. 10981, pp. 38\u201347. Springer, Cham (2018). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-96145-3_3"},{"key":"1_CR8","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66197-1_11","volume-title":"Software Engineering and Formal Methods","author":"N Danas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Danas, N., Nelson, T., Harrison, L., Krishnamurthi, S., Dougherty, D.J.: User studies of principled model finder output. In: Cimatti, A., Sirjani, M. (eds.) SEFM 2017. LNCS, vol. 10469, pp. 168\u2013184. Springer, Cham (2017). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-66197-1_11"},{"key":"1_CR9","volume-title":"How to Design Programs","author":"M Felleisen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Felleisen, M., Findler, R.B., Flatt, M., Krishnamurthi, S.: How to Design Programs, 2nd edn. MIT Press, Cambridge (2018). \nhttps:\/\/www.htdp.org\/","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956796801004208","volume":"12","author":"RB Findler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Findler, R.B., et al.: DrScheme: a programming environment for Scheme. J. Funct. Prog. 12(2), 159\u2013182 (2002)","journal-title":"J. Funct. Prog."},{"key":"1_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisler, K., Krishnamurthi, S., Meyerovich, L., Tschantz, M.: Verification and change impact analysis of access-control policies. In: International Conference on Software Engineering, pp. 196\u2013205 (2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1062455.1062502"},{"key":"1_CR12","unstructured":"Fogel, A., et al.: A general approach to network configuration analysis. In: Networked Systems Design and Implementation (2015)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-014-9249-3","volume":"26","author":"ER Fyfe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fyfe, E.R., McNeil, N.M., Son, J.Y., Goldstone, R.L.: Concreteness fading in mathematics and science instruction: a systematic review. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 26(1), 9\u201325 (2014)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"1_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1145\/953057.810456","volume":"6","author":"RC Holt","year":"1974","unstructured":"Holt, R.C., Wortman, D.B.: A sequence of structured subsets of PL\/I. SIGCSE Bull. 6(1), 129\u2013132 (1974)","journal-title":"SIGCSE Bull."},{"key":"1_CR15","volume-title":"Software Abstractions: Logic, Language, and Analysis","author":"D Jackson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jackson, D.: Software Abstractions: Logic, Language, and Analysis, 2nd edn. MIT Press, Cambridge (2012)","edition":"2"},{"key":"1_CR16","unstructured":"Jackson, D., Wing, J.: Lightweight formal methods. IEEE Comput. (1996)"},{"key":"1_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loksa, D., Ko, A.J.: The role of self-regulation in programming problem solving process and success. In: SIGCSE International Computing Education Research Conference (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2960310.2960334"},{"key":"1_CR18","unstructured":"McCune, W.: Mace4 reference manual and guide. CoRR (2003). \nhttps:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/cs.SC\/0310055"},{"key":"1_CR19","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50230-4","volume-title":"Software Technologies: Applications and Foundations","year":"2016","unstructured":"Milazzo, P., Varr\u00f3, D., Wimmer, M. (eds.): STAF 2016. LNCS, vol. 9946. Springer, Cham (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-50230-4"},{"key":"1_CR20","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19249-9_25","volume-title":"FM 2015: Formal Methods","author":"T Nelson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nelson, T., Ferguson, A.D., Krishnamurthi, S.: Static differential program analysis for software-defined networks. In: Bj\u00f8rner, N., de Boer, F. (eds.) FM 2015. LNCS, vol. 9109, pp. 395\u2013413. Springer, Cham (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-19249-9_25"},{"issue":"4","key":"1_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1145\/2699417","volume":"58","author":"C Newcombe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newcombe, C., Rath, T., Zhang, F., Munteanu, B., Brooker, M., Deardeuff, M.: How amazon web services uses formal methods. Commun. ACM 58(4), 66\u201373 (2015)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080061","volume":"39","author":"PL Pirolli","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pirolli, P.L., Anderson, J.R.: The role of learning from examples in the acquisition of recursive programming skills. Canadian Journal of Psychology\/Revue canadienne de psychologie 39(2), 240\u2013272 (1985)","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychology\/Revue canadienne de psychologie"},{"key":"1_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Politz, J.G., Krishnamurthi, S., Fisler, K.: In-flow peer-review of tests in test-first programming. In: Conference on International Computing Education Research (2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2632320.2632347"},{"key":"1_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prather, J., et al.: First things first: providing metacognitive scaffolding for interpreting problem prompts. In: ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3287324.3287374"},{"key":"1_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prather, J., Pettit, R., McMurry, K., Peters, A., Homer, J., Cohen, M.: Metacognitive difficulties faced by novice programmers in automated assessment tools. In: SIGCSE International Computing Education Research Conference (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3230977.3230981"},{"key":"1_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seger, C.H.: Combining functional programming and hardware verification (abstract of invited talk). In: International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP) (2000)","DOI":"10.1145\/351240.351263"},{"key":"1_CR27","unstructured":"Spohrer, J.C., Soloway, E.: Simulating Student Programmers. In: IJCAI 1989, pp. 543\u2013549. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. (1989)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2006.02.005","volume":"16","author":"J Sweller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sweller, J.: The worked example effect and human cognition. Learn. Instr. 16(2), 165\u2013169 (2006)","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"1_CR29","volume-title":"Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes","author":"LS Vygotsky","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L.S.: Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1978)"},{"key":"1_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whalley, J., Kasto, N.: A qualitative think-aloud study of novice programmers\u2019 code writing strategies. In: Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2591708.2591762"},{"key":"1_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x","volume":"17","author":"D Wood","year":"1976","unstructured":"Wood, D., Bruner, J.S., Ross, G.: The role of tutoring in problem solving. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 17, 89\u2013100 (1976)","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wrenn, J., Krishnamurthi, S.: Executable examples for programming problem comprehension. In: SIGCSE International Computing Education Research Conference (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3291279.3339416"},{"key":"1_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wrenn, J., Krishnamurthi, S., Fisler, K.: Who tests the testers? In: SIGCSE International Computing Education Research Conference, pp. 51\u201359 (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3230977.3230999"},{"key":"1_CR34","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, H.: SEM: a system for enumerating models. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (1995)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Formal Methods \u2013 The Next 30 Years"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30942-8_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T06:06:13Z","timestamp":1588658773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30942-8_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"ISBN":["9783030309411","9783030309428"],"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30942-8_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"FM","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Symposium on Formal Methods","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Porto","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Portugal","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2019","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"7 October 2019","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"11 October 2019","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"fm2019","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/formalmethods2019.inesctec.pt\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"129","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"44","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"7","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"34% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"4","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"5,5","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"No","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}