{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T16:13:49Z","timestamp":1792253629720,"version":"4.4.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030321000","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030321017","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32101-7_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T07:04:00Z","timestamp":1570777440000},"page":"23-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Snow White: Robustly Reconfigurable Consensus and Applications to Provably Secure Proof of Stake"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Phil","family":"Daian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Pass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2_CR1","unstructured":"Personal communication with Vitalik Buterin, and public talks on sharding by Vitalik Buterin (2018)"},{"key":"2_CR2","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53357-4_10","volume-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security","author":"I Bentov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bentov, I., Gabizon, A., Mizrahi, A.: Cryptocurrencies without proof of work. In: Clark, J., Meiklejohn, S., Ryan, P.Y.A., Wallach, D., Brenner, M., Rohloff, K. (eds.) FC 2016. LNCS, vol. 9604, pp. 142\u2013157. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-53357-4_10"},{"key":"2_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentov, I., Lee, C., Mizrahi, A., Rosenfeld, M.: Proof of activity: extending bitcoin\u2019s proof of work via proof of stake. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS 2014 Workshop on Economics of Networked Systems, NetEcon (2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2695533.2695545"},{"key":"2_CR4","unstructured":"Bonneau, J., Clark, J., Goldfeder, S.: On bitcoin as a public randomness source. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2015:1015 (2015)"},{"key":"2_CR5","unstructured":"Castro, M., Liskov, B.: Practical byzantine fault tolerance. In: OSDI (1999)"},{"key":"2_CR6","unstructured":"Chen, J., Micali, S.: Algorand: the efficient and democratic ledger (2016). \n                      https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1607.01341"},{"key":"2_CR7","unstructured":"User \u201ccunicula\u201d and Meni Rosenfeld. Proof of stake brainstorming, August 2011. \n                      https:\/\/bitcointalk.org\/index.php?topic=37194.0"},{"key":"2_CR8","unstructured":"Daian, P., Pass, R., Shi, E.: Snow white: provably secure proofs of stake. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016\/919, online full version of this paper (2016)"},{"key":"2_CR9","unstructured":"David, B., Ga\u017ei, P., Kiayias, A., Russell, A.: Ouroboros praos: an adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake protocol. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2017\/573 (2017). \n                      http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2017\/573"},{"key":"2_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyal, I., Sirer, E.G.: Majority is not enough: bitcoin mining is vulnerable. In: FC (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28"},{"key":"2_CR11","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_10","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2015","author":"J Garay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garay, J., Kiayias, A., Leonardos, N.: The bitcoin backbone protocol: analysis and applications. In: Oswald, E., Fischlin, M. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2015. LNCS, vol. 9057, pp. 281\u2013310. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_10"},{"key":"2_CR12","unstructured":"Hanke, T., Movahedi, M., Williams, D.: Dfinity technology overview series: Consensus system. \n                      https:\/\/dfinity.org\/tech"},{"key":"2_CR13","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO 2017","author":"A Kiayias","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kiayias, A., Russell, A., David, B., Oliynykov, R.: Ouroboros: a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol. In: Katz, J., Shacham, H. (eds.) CRYPTO 2017. LNCS, vol. 10401, pp. 357\u2013388. Springer, Cham (2017). \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12"},{"key":"2_CR14","unstructured":"King, S., Nadal, S.: Ppcoin: peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake (2012). \n                      https:\/\/peercoin.net\/assets\/paper\/peercoin-paper.pdf"},{"key":"2_CR15","unstructured":"Kwon, J.: Tendermint: consensus without mining (2014). \n                      http:\/\/tendermint.com\/docs\/tendermint.pdf"},{"key":"2_CR16","unstructured":"Maxwell, G., Poelstra, A.: Distributed consensus from proof of stake is impossible (2014). \n                      https:\/\/download.wpsoftware.net\/bitcoin\/pos.pdf"},{"key":"2_CR17","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system (2008)"},{"key":"2_CR18","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56614-6_22","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2013 EUROCRYPT 2017","author":"R Pass","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pass, R., Seeman, L., Shelat, A.: Analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks. In: Coron, J.-S., Nielsen, J.B. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2017. LNCS, vol. 10211, pp. 643\u2013673. Springer, Cham (2017). \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-56614-6_22"},{"key":"2_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pass, R., Shi, E.: Fruitchains: a fair blockchain (2016, manuscript)","DOI":"10.1145\/3087801.3087809"},{"key":"2_CR20","unstructured":"Pass, R., Shi, E.: Hybrid consensus: efficient consensus in the permissionless model (2016, manuscript)"},{"key":"2_CR21","unstructured":"Pass, R., Shi, E.: The sleepy model of consensus (2016). \n                      http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2016\/918"},{"key":"2_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pass, R., Shi, E.: Rethinking large-scale consensus. In: CSF (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/CSF.2017.37"},{"key":"2_CR23","unstructured":"Poelstra, A.: Distributed consensus from proof of stake is impossible. \n                      https:\/\/download.wpsoftware.net\/bitcoin\/alts.pdf"},{"key":"2_CR24","unstructured":"User \u201cQuantumMechanic\u201d. Proof of stake instead of proof of work, July 2011. \n                      https:\/\/bitcointalk.org\/index.php?topic=27787.0"},{"key":"2_CR25","unstructured":"User \u201ctacotime\u201d. Netcoin proof-of-work and proof-of-stake hybrid design (2013). \n                      http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131213085759\/www.netcoin.io\/wiki\/Netcoin_Proof-of-Work_and_Proof-of-Stake_Hybrid_Design"},{"key":"2_CR26","unstructured":"Griffith, V., Buterin, V.: Casper the friendly finality gadget. \n                      https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1710.09437"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Financial Cryptography and Data Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-32101-7_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T07:05:09Z","timestamp":1570777509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-32101-7_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"ISBN":["9783030321000","9783030321017"],"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-32101-7_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"FC","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"St. Kitts","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2019","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"18 February 2019","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22 February 2019","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"23","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"fc2019","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/fc19.ifca.ai\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"HotCRP","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"178","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"32","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"7","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"18% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3,08","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"7,6","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}