{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:59:05Z","timestamp":1786978745896,"version":"build-2736575974"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030332457","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030332464","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33246-4_36","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T13:47:02Z","timestamp":1572443222000},"page":"571-587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Complex Query Augmentation for Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Abdelkawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Maleshkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"36_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abujabal, A., Yahya, M., Riedewald, M., Weikum, G.: Automated template generation for question answering over knowledge graphs. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 1191\u20131200. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052583"},{"key":"36_CR2","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76298-0_52","volume-title":"The Semantic Web","author":"S Auer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Auer, S., Bizer, C., Kobilarov, G., Lehmann, J., Cyganiak, R., Ives, Z.: DBpedia: a nucleus for a web of open data. In: Cudr\u00e9-Mauroux, P., et al. (eds.) ASWC\/ISWC -2007. LNCS, vol. 4825, pp. 722\u2013735. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-76298-0_52"},{"key":"36_CR3","unstructured":"Berant, J., Chou, A., Frostig, R., Liang, P.: Semantic parsing on freebase from question-answer pairs. In: Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1533\u20131544 (2013)"},{"key":"36_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berant, J., Liang, P.: Semantic parsing via paraphrasing. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 1415\u20131425 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1133"},{"key":"36_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollacker, K., Evans, C., Paritosh, P., Sturge, T., Taylor, J.: Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge. In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 1247\u20131250. ACM (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1376616.1376746"},{"key":"36_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordes, A., Chopra, S., Weston, J.: Question answering with subgraph embeddings. arXiv preprint \narXiv:1406.3676\n\n (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1067"},{"key":"36_CR7","unstructured":"Bordes, A., Usunier, N., Chopra, S., Weston, J.: Large-scale simple question answering with memory networks. arXiv preprint \narXiv:1506.02075\n\n (2015)"},{"key":"36_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diefenbach, D., Both, A., Singh, K., Maret, P.: Towards a question answering system over the semantic web. Semant. Web (Preprint) 1\u201319 (2018)","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-190343"},{"issue":"3","key":"36_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-017-1100-y","volume":"55","author":"D Diefenbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Diefenbach, D., Lopez, V., Singh, K., Maret, P.: Core techniques of question answering systems over knowledge bases: a survey. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 55(3), 529\u2013569 (2018)","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"36_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, M., Banerjee, D., Abdelkawi, A., Lehmann, J.: Lc-quad 2.0: a large dataset for complex question answering over Wikidata and dbpedia. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). Springer (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30796-7_5"},{"key":"36_CR11","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-34129-3_19","volume-title":"The Semantic Web. Latest Advances and New Domains","author":"M Dubey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dubey, M., Dasgupta, S., Sharma, A., H\u00f6ffner, K., Lehmann, J.: AskNow: a framework for natural language query formalization in SPARQL. In: Sack, H., Blomqvist, E., d\u2019Aquin, M., Ghidini, C., Ponzetto, S.P., Lange, C. (eds.) ESWC 2016. LNCS, vol. 9678, pp. 300\u2013316. Springer, Cham (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-34129-3_19"},{"key":"36_CR12","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19581-0_8","volume-title":"Natural Language Processing and Information Systems","author":"S Hakimov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hakimov, S., Unger, C., Walter, S., Cimiano, P.: Applying semantic parsing to question answering over linked data: addressing the lexical gap. In: Biemann, C., Handschuh, S., Freitas, A., Meziane, F., M\u00e9tais, E. (eds.) NLDB 2015. LNCS, vol. 9103, pp. 103\u2013109. Springer, Cham (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-19581-0_8"},{"key":"36_CR13","unstructured":"Hamon, T., Grabar, N., Mougin, F., Thiessard, F.: Description of the POMELO system for the task 2 of QALD-2014. In: CLEF (Working Notes), pp. 1212\u20131223 (2014)"},{"issue":"6","key":"36_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-160247","volume":"8","author":"K H\u00f6ffner","year":"2017","unstructured":"H\u00f6ffner, K., Walter, S., Marx, E., Usbeck, R., Lehmann, J., Ngonga Ngomo, A.C.: Survey on challenges of question answering in the semantic web. Semant. Web 8(6), 895\u2013920 (2017)","journal-title":"Semant. Web"},{"key":"36_CR15","unstructured":"Kusner, M., Sun, Y., Kolkin, N., Weinberger, K.: From word embeddings to document distances. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 957\u2013966 (2015)"},{"issue":"2","key":"36_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-140134","volume":"6","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lehmann, J., et al.: DBpedia - a large-scale, multilingual knowledge base extracted from wikipedia. Semant. Web J. 6(2), 167\u2013195 (2015)","journal-title":"Semant. Web J."},{"issue":"01","key":"36_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1637976","volume":"2","author":"DA Lindberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lindberg, D.A., Humphreys, B.L., McCray, A.T.: The unified medical language system. Yearb. Med. Inf. 2(01), 41\u201351 (1993)","journal-title":"Yearb. Med. Inf."},{"key":"36_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukovnikov, D., Fischer, A., Lehmann, J., Auer, S.: Neural network-based question answering over knowledge graphs on word and character level. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 1211\u20131220. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052675"},{"key":"36_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maheshwari, G., Trivedi, P., Lukovnikov, D., Chakraborty, N., Fischer, A., Lehmann, J.: Learning to rank query graphs for complex question answering over knowledge graphs. In: International Semantic Web Conference. Springer (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30793-6_28"},{"issue":"11","key":"36_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748","volume":"38","author":"GA Miller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miller, G.A.: WordNet: a lexical database for English. Commun. ACM 38(11), 39\u201341 (1995)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"36_CR21","unstructured":"Ngomo, N.: 9th challenge on question answering over linked data (QALD-9). language 7, 1"},{"key":"36_CR22","unstructured":"Chakraborty, N., Lukovnikov, D., Maheshwari, G., Trivedi, P., Lehmann, J., Fischer, A.: Introduction to neural network based approaches for question answering over knowledge graphs (2019)"},{"key":"36_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pennington, J., Socher, R., Manning, C.: Glove: global vectors for word representation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 1532\u20131543 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"36_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2014.06.002","volume":"30","author":"S Shekarpour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shekarpour, S., Marx, E., Ngomo, A.C.N., Auer, S.: Sina: Semantic interpretation of user queries for question answering on interlinked data. Web Semant.: Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web 30, 39\u201351 (2015)","journal-title":"Web Semant.: Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web"},{"key":"36_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, K., et al.: Why reinvent the wheel: Let\u2019s build question answering systems together. In: Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 1247\u20131256. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186023"},{"key":"36_CR26","unstructured":"SZ, H., et al.: Casia@ v2: A MLN-based question answering system over linked data (2014)"},{"key":"36_CR27","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68204-4_22","volume-title":"The Semantic Web \u2013 ISWC 2017","author":"P Trivedi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trivedi, P., Maheshwari, G., Dubey, M., Lehmann, J.: LC-QuAD: a corpus for complex question answering over knowledge graphs. In: d\u2019Amato, C., et al. (eds.) ISWC 2017. LNCS, vol. 10588, pp. 210\u2013218. Springer, Cham (2017). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-68204-4_22"},{"key":"36_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unger, C., B\u00fchmann, L., Lehmann, J., Ngonga Ngomo, A.C., Gerber, D., Cimiano, P.: Template-based question answering over RDF data. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 639\u2013648. ACM (2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187923"},{"key":"36_CR29","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35173-0_25","volume-title":"The Semantic Web \u2013 ISWC 2012","author":"S Walter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Walter, S., Unger, C., Cimiano, P., B\u00e4r, D.: Evaluation of a layered approach to question answering over linked data. In: Cudr\u00e9-Mauroux, P., et al. (eds.) ISWC 2012. LNCS, vol. 7650, pp. 362\u2013374. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-35173-0_25"},{"key":"36_CR30","unstructured":"Wick, M.: GeoNames. GeoNames (2006)"},{"key":"36_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yih, S.W.T., Chang, M.W., He, X., Gao, J.: Semantic parsing via staged query graph generation: question answering with knowledge base (2015)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1128"},{"key":"36_CR32","unstructured":"Yin, W., Yu, M., Xiang, B., Zhou, B., Sch\u00fctze, H.: Simple question answering by attentive convolutional neural network. arXiv preprint \narXiv:1606.03391\n\n (2016)"},{"key":"36_CR33","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_46","volume-title":"The Semantic Web","author":"H Zafar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zafar, H., Napolitano, G., Lehmann, J.: Formal query generation for question answering over knowledge bases. In: Gangemi, A., et al. (eds.) ESWC 2018. LNCS, vol. 10843, pp. 714\u2013728. Springer, Cham (2018). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_46"},{"key":"36_CR34","unstructured":"Zettlemoyer, L.S., Collins, M.: Learning to map sentences to logical form: structured classification with probabilistic categorial grammars. arXiv preprint \narXiv:1207.1420\n\n (2012)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2019 Conferences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33246-4_36","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T11:07:58Z","timestamp":1579518478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33246-4_36"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"ISBN":["9783030332457","9783030332464"],"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33246-4_36","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"OTM","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"OTM Confederated International Conferences \"On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems\"","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Rhodes","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Greece","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2019","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21 October 2019","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"25 October 2019","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"otm2019","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/www.otmconferences.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}