{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T13:59:47Z","timestamp":1774965587699,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030366865","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030366872","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36687-2_77","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T12:39:57Z","timestamp":1576499997000},"page":"928-940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"title":["A BERT-Based Transfer Learning Approach for Hate Speech Detection in Online Social Media"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Mozafari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Farahbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"No\u00ebl","family":"Crespi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"77_CR1","unstructured":"Badjatiya, P., Gupta, S., Gupta, M., et al.: Deep learning for hate speech detection in tweets. CoRR abs\/1706.00188 (2017). \nhttp:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1706.00188"},{"key":"77_CR2","unstructured":"Davidson, T., Bhattacharya, D., Weber, I.: Racial bias in hate speech and abusive language detection datasets. CoRR abs\/1905.12516 (2019). \nhttp:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1905.12516"},{"key":"77_CR3","unstructured":"Davidson, T., Warmsley, D., Macy, M.W., et al.: Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. CoRR abs\/1703.04009 (2017). \nhttp:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1703.04009"},{"key":"77_CR4","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M., Lee, K., et al.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. CoRR abs\/1810.04805 (2018). \nhttp:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1810.04805"},{"key":"77_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Djuric, N., Zhou, J., Morris, R., et al.: Hate speech detection with comment embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2015, Companion, pp. 29\u201330. ACM, New York (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2740908.2742760","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2742760"},{"issue":"4","key":"77_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3232676","volume":"51","author":"Paula Fortuna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fortuna, P., Nunes, S.: A survey on automatic detection of hate speech in text. ACM Comput. Surv. 51(4), 85:1\u201385:30 (2018). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3232676","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"77_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Founta, A.M., Chatzakou, D., Kourtellis, N., et al.: A unified deep learning architecture for abuse detection. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, WebSci 2019, pp. 105\u2013114. ACM, New York (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3292522.3326028"},{"key":"77_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gamb\u00e4ck, B., Sikdar, U.K.: Using convolutional neural networks to classify hate-speech. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online, pp. 85\u201390. Association for Computational Linguistics, Vancouver (2017). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W17-3013","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3013"},{"key":"77_CR9","unstructured":"Howard, J., Ruder, S.: Fine-tuned language models for text classification. CoRR abs\/1801.06146 (2018). \nhttp:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1801.06146"},{"key":"77_CR10","unstructured":"Malmasi, S., Zampieri, M.: Challenges in discriminating profanity from hate speech. CoRR abs\/1803.05495 (2018). \nhttp:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1803.05495"},{"key":"77_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mehdad, Y., Tetreault, J.: Do characters abuse more than words? In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 299\u2013303. Association for Computational Linguistics, Los Angeles (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W16-3638","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-3638"},{"key":"77_CR12","unstructured":"Mittos, A., Zannettou, S., Blackburn, J., et al.: And We Will Fight For Our Race! A Measurement Study of Genetic Testing Conversations on Reddit and 4chan. CoRR abs\/1901.09735 (2019). \nhttp:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1901.09735"},{"key":"77_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nobata, C., Tetreault, J., Thomas, A., et al.: Abusive language detection in online user content. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2016, pp. 145\u2013153. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2872427.2883062","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883062"},{"key":"77_CR14","unstructured":"Olteanu, A., Castillo, C., Boy, J., et al.: The effect of extremist violence on hateful speech online. CoRR abs\/1804.05704 (2018). \nhttp:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.05704"},{"key":"77_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ottoni, R., Cunha, E., Magno, G., et al.: Analyzing right-wing Youtube channels: hate, violence and discrimination. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, WebSci 2018, pp. 323\u2013332. ACM, New York (2018). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3201064.3201081","DOI":"10.1145\/3201064.3201081"},{"issue":"2","key":"77_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.8","volume":"7","author":"B Pete","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pete, B., Williams, M.L.: Cyber hate speech on Twitter: an application of machine classification and statistical modeling for policy and decision making. Policy Internet 7(2), 223\u2013242 (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/poi3.8","journal-title":"Policy Internet"},{"key":"77_CR17","unstructured":"Peters, M.E., Neumann, M., Iyyer, M., et al.: Deep contextualized word representations. CoRR abs\/1802.05365 (2018). \nhttp:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1802.05365"},{"key":"77_CR18","unstructured":"Radford, A.: Improving language understanding by generative pre-training (2018)"},{"key":"77_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sap, M., Card, D., Gabriel, S., et al.: The risk of racial bias in hate speech detection. In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 1668\u20131678. Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence (2019). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/P19-1163","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1163"},{"key":"77_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waseem, Z.: Are you a racist or am I seeing things? Annotator influence on hate speech detection on Twitter. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP and Computational Social Science, pp. 138\u2013142. Association for Computational Linguistics, Austin (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W16-5618","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-5618"},{"key":"77_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waseem, Z., Davidson, T., Warmsley, D., et al.: Understanding abuse: a typology of abusive language detection subtasks. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online, pp. 78\u201384. Association for Computational Linguistics, Vancouver (2017). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W17-3012\n\n, \nhttps:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/W17-3012","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3012"},{"key":"77_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waseem, Z., Hovy, D.: Hateful symbols or hateful people? Predictive features for hate speech detection on Twitter. In: Proceedings of the NAACL Student Research Workshop, pp. 88\u201393. Association for Computational Linguistics, San Diego (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013"},{"key":"77_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78583-7_3","volume-title":"Online Harassment","author":"Zeerak Waseem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waseem, Z., Thorne, J., Bingel, J.: Bridging the Gaps: Multi Task Learning for Domain Transfer of Hate Speech Detection, pp. 29\u201355. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2018). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-78583-7_3"},{"key":"77_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiegand, M., Ruppenhofer, J., Kleinbauer, T.: Detection of abusive language: the problem of biased datasets. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), pp. 602\u2013608. Association for Computational Linguistics, Minneapolis (2019). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N19-1060","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1060"},{"key":"77_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_48","volume-title":"The Semantic Web","author":"Ziqi Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Robinson, D., Tepper, J.: Detecting hate speech on twitter using a convolution-GRU based deep neural network. In: The Semantic Web, pp. 745\u2013760. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2018)"}],"container-title":["Studies in Computational Intelligence","Complex Networks and Their Applications VIII"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-36687-2_77","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T12:50:58Z","timestamp":1576500658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-36687-2_77"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"ISBN":["9783030366865","9783030366872"],"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-36687-2_77","relation":{},"ISSN":["1860-949X","1860-9503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1860-949X","type":"print"},{"value":"1860-9503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"COMPLEX NETWORKS","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Complex Networks and Their Applications","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Lisbon","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Portugal","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2019","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10 December 2019","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"12 December 2019","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"8","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"iwcna2019","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/www.complexnetworks.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}