{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:59:16Z","timestamp":1790665156886,"version":"4.1.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":205,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030430924","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030430931","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43093-1_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T16:02:38Z","timestamp":1592928158000},"page":"89-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Leptin in Tumor Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Adriano","family":"Angelucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Clementi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Alesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6588","key":"6_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/382250a0","volume":"382","author":"RS Ahima","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ahima RS, Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, Qu D, Lowell B, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS (1996) Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature 382(6588):250\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/382250a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00147","volume":"8","author":"D Alti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alti D, Sambamurthy C, Kalangi SK (2018) Emergence of leptin in infection and immunity: scope and challenges in vaccines formulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8:147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00147","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00051","volume":"7","author":"M Amitani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amitani M, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Inui A (2013) The role of leptin in the control of insulin-glucose axis. Front Neurosci 7:51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2013.00051","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-30-21","volume":"30","author":"F Amjadi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amjadi F, Javanmard SH, Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Khazaei M, Narimani M (2011) Leptin promotes melanoma tumor growth in mice related to increasing circulating endothelial progenitor cells numbers and plasma NO production. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 30:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-9966-30-21","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-46831-X_24","volume":"479","author":"RN Apte","year":"2000","unstructured":"Apte RN, Dvorkin T, Song X, Fima E, Krelin Y, Yulevitch A, Gurfinkel R, Werman A, White RM, Argov S, Shendler Y, Bjorkdahl O, Dohlsten M, Zoller M, Segal S, Voronov E (2000) Opposing effects of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta on malignancy patterns. Tumor cell-associated IL-1 alpha potentiates anti-tumor immune responses and tumor regression, whereas IL-1 beta potentiates invasiveness. Adv Exp Med Biol 479:277\u2013288","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.03.033","volume":"584","author":"J Bacart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bacart J, Leloire A, Levoye A, Froguel P, Jockers R, Couturier C (2010) Evidence for leptin receptor isoforms heteromerization at the cell surface. FEBS Lett 584(11):2213\u20132217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.03.033","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"6695","key":"6_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/29547","volume":"394","author":"A Bado","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bado A, Levasseur S, Attoub S, Kermorgant S, Laigneau JP, Bortoluzzi MN, Moizo L, Lehy T, Guerre-Millo M, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Lewin MJ (1998) The stomach is a source of leptin. Nature 394(6695):790\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/29547","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"24","key":"6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13939","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.24.13939","volume":"271","author":"Y Bai","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bai Y, Zhang S, Kim KS, Lee JK, Kim KH (1996) Obese gene expression alters the ability of 30A5 preadipocytes to respond to lipogenic hormones. J Biol Chem 271(24):13939\u201313942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.271.24.13939","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.45","volume":"110","author":"GH Bain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bain GH, Collie-Duguid E, Murray GI, Gilbert FJ, Denison A, McKiddie F, Ahearn T, Fleming I, Leeds J, Phull P, Park K, Nanthakumaran S, Matula KM, Grabsch HI, Tan P, Welch A, Schweiger L, Dahle-Smith A, Urquhart G, Finegan M, Petty RD (2014) Tumour expression of leptin is associated with chemotherapy resistance and therapy-independent prognosis in gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer 110(6):1525\u20131534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bjc.2014.45","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-006-9005-3","volume":"25","author":"F Balkwill","year":"2006","unstructured":"Balkwill F (2006) TNF-alpha in promotion and progression of cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25(3):409\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10555-006-9005-3","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"6_CR11","first-page":"RA282","volume":"8","author":"M Baratta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baratta M (2002) Leptin\u2013from a signal of adiposity to a hormonal mediator in peripheral tissues. Med Sci Monit 8(12):RA282\u2013RA292","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2271fje","volume":"19","author":"D Barkan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barkan D, Hurgin V, Dekel N, Amsterdam A, Rubinstein M (2005) Leptin induces ovulation in GnRH-deficient mice. FASEB J 19(1):133\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.04-2271fje","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-2558","volume":"72","author":"I Barone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barone I, Catalano S, Gelsomino L, Marsico S, Giordano C, Panza S, Bonofiglio D, Bossi G, Covington KR, Fuqua SA, Ando S (2012) Leptin mediates tumor-stromal interactions that promote the invasive growth of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 72(6):1416\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-2558","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2003.10.003","volume":"14","author":"SH Bates","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bates SH, Myers MG Jr (2003) The role of leptin receptor signaling in feeding and neuroendocrine function. Trends Endocrinol Metab 14(10):447\u2013452","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"16","key":"6_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8374","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8374","volume":"93","author":"H Baumann","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumann H, Morella KK, White DW, Dembski M, Bailon PS, Kim H, Lai CF, Tartaglia LA (1996) The full-length leptin receptor has signaling capabilities of interleukin 6-type cytokine receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(16):8374\u20138378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8374","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"27","key":"6_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28499","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400508200","volume":"279","author":"S Belouzard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Belouzard S, Delcroix D, Rouille Y (2004) Low levels of expression of leptin receptor at the cell surface result from constitutive endocytosis and intracellular retention in the biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 279(27):28499\u201328508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M400508200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR17","first-page":"229","volume":"24","author":"E Bertin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bertin E, Rich N, Schneider N, Larbre H, Marcus C, Durlach V, Leutenegger M (1998) Insulin and body fat distribution have no direct effect on plasma leptin levels in obese Caucasian women with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 24(3):229\u2013234","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1042\/BC20040511","volume":"97","author":"E Biener","year":"2005","unstructured":"Biener E, Charlier M, Ramanujan VK, Daniel N, Eisenberg A, Bjorbaek C, Herman B, Gertler A, Djiane J (2005) Quantitative FRET imaging of leptin receptor oligomerization kinetics in single cells. Biol Cell 97(12):905\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BC20040511","journal-title":"Biol Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"6_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007439200","volume":"276","author":"C Bjorbaek","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bjorbaek C, Buchholz RM, Davis SM, Bates SH, Pierroz DD, Gu H, Neel BG, Myers MG Jr, Flier JS (2001) Divergent roles of SHP-2 in ERK activation by leptin receptors. J Biol Chem 276(7):4747\u20134755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M007439200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"42","key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30059","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.42.30059","volume":"274","author":"C Bjorbaek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bjorbaek C, El-Haschimi K, Frantz JD, Flier JS (1999) The role of SOCS-3 in leptin signaling and leptin resistance. J Biol Chem 274(42):30059\u201330065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.274.42.30059","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"51","key":"6_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32686","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.51.32686","volume":"272","author":"C Bjorbaek","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bjorbaek C, Uotani S, da Silva B, Flier JS (1997) Divergent signaling capacities of the long and short isoforms of the leptin receptor. J Biol Chem 272(51):32686\u201332695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.272.51.32686","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"51","key":"6_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40649","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007577200","volume":"275","author":"C Bjorbak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bjorbak C, Lavery HJ, Bates SH, Olson RK, Davis SM, Flier JS, Myers MG Jr (2000) SOCS3 mediates feedback inhibition of the leptin receptor via Tyr985. J Biol Chem 275(51):40649\u201340657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M007577200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.10.004","volume":"8","author":"C Blouet","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blouet C, Ono H, Schwartz GJ (2008) Mediobasal hypothalamic p70 S6 kinase 1 modulates the control of energy homeostasis. Cell Metab 8(6):459\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.10.004","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"6_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3966","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.8.8758","volume":"87","author":"G Brabant","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brabant G, Nave H, Mayr B, Behrend M, van Harmelen V, Arner P (2002) Secretion of free and protein-bound leptin from subcutaneous adipose tissue of lean and obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(8):3966\u20133970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.87.8.8758","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603030","volume":"94","author":"MD Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown MD, Hart CA, Gazi E, Bagley S, Clarke NW (2006) Promotion of prostatic metastatic migration towards human bone marrow stoma by Omega 6 and its inhibition by Omega 3 PUFAs. Br J Cancer 94(6):842\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603030","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.875","volume":"168","author":"N Busso","year":"2002","unstructured":"Busso N, So A, Chobaz-Peclat V, Morard C, Martinez-Soria E, Talabot-Ayer D, Gabay C (2002) Leptin signaling deficiency impairs humoral and cellular immune responses and attenuates experimental arthritis. J Immunol 168(2):875\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.875","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.9.7791","volume":"141","author":"AA Butler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Butler AA, Kesterson RA, Khong K, Cullen MJ, Pelleymounter MA, Dekoning J, Baetscher M, Cone RD (2000) A unique metabolic syndrome causes obesity in the melanocortin-3 receptor-deficient mouse. Endocrinology 141(9):3518\u20133521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.141.9.7791","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.03.027","volume":"376","author":"A Calgani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calgani A, Delle Monache S, Cesare P, Vicentini C, Bologna M, Angelucci A (2016) Leptin contributes to long-term stabilization of HIF-1alpha in cancer cells subjected to oxygen limiting conditions. Cancer Lett 376(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.03.027","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E166","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00602.2004","volume":"289","author":"PG Cammisotto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cammisotto PG, Gelinas Y, Deshaies Y, Bukowiecki LJ (2005) Regulation of leptin secretion from white adipocytes by insulin, glycolytic substrates, and amino acids. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289(1):E166\u2013E171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00602.2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G242","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00334.2005","volume":"290","author":"PG Cammisotto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cammisotto PG, Gingras D, Renaud C, Levy E, Bendayan M (2006) Secretion of soluble leptin receptors by exocrine and endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 290(2):G242\u2013G249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00334.2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"55","key":"6_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94223","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21666","volume":"8","author":"F Campo-Verde-Arbocco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Campo-Verde-Arbocco F, Lopez-Laur JD, Romeo LR, Giorlando N, Bruna FA, Contador DE, Lopez-Fontana G, Santiano FE, Sasso CV, Zyla LE, Lopez-Fontana CM, Calvo JC, Caron RW, Pistone Creydt V (2017) Human renal adipose tissue induces the invasion and progression of renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 8(55):94223\u201394234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.21666","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308351200","volume":"279","author":"Q Cao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cao Q, Mak KM, Ren C, Lieber CS (2004) Leptin stimulates tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in human hepatic stellate cells: respective roles of the JAK\/STAT and JAK-mediated H2O2-dependant MAPK pathways. J Biol Chem 279(6):4292\u20134304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M308351200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6390","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101564798","volume":"98","author":"R Cao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cao R, Brakenhielm E, Wahlestedt C, Thyberg J, Cao Y (2001) Leptin induces vascular permeability and synergistically stimulates angiogenesis with FGF-2 and VEGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(11):6390\u20136395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.101564798","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6061","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6061","volume":"95","author":"LR Carpenter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carpenter LR, Farruggella TJ, Symes A, Karow ML, Yancopoulos GD, Stahl N (1998) Enhancing leptin response by preventing SH2-containing phosphatase 2 interaction with Ob receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(11):6061\u20136066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6061","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210660","volume":"27","author":"S Cascio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cascio S, Bartella V, Auriemma A, Johannes GJ, Russo A, Giordano A, Surmacz E (2008) Mechanism of leptin expression in breast cancer cells: role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Oncogene 27(4):540\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.onc.1210660","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800809","volume":"23","author":"YC Chagnon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chagnon YC, Chung WK, Perusse L, Chagnon M, Leibel RL, Bouchard C (1999) Linkages and associations between the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene and human body composition in the Quebec Family Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23(3):278\u2013286","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"6_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.02.006","volume":"209","author":"C Chandler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chandler C, Liu T, Buckanovich R, Coffman LG (2019) The double edge sword of fibrosis in cancer. Transl Res 209:55\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.02.006","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1372","volume":"12","author":"K Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen K, Li F, Li J, Cai H, Strom S, Bisello A, Kelley DE, Friedman-Einat M, Skibinski GA, McCrory MA, Szalai AJ, Zhao AZ (2006) Induction of leptin resistance through direct interaction of C-reactive protein with leptin. Nat Med 12(4):425\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1372","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"6_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.8.1141","volume":"45","author":"SC Chua Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chua SC Jr, White DW, Wu-Peng XS, Liu SM, Okada N, Kershaw EE, Chung WK, Power-Kehoe L, Chua M, Tartaglia LA, Leibel RL (1996) Phenotype of fatty due to Gln269Pro mutation in the leptin receptor (Lepr). Diabetes 45(8):1141\u20131143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.45.8.1141","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"6_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.9.1509","volume":"46","author":"WK Chung","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chung WK, Power-Kehoe L, Chua M, Chu F, Aronne L, Huma Z, Sothern M, Udall JN, Kahle B, Leibel RL (1997) Exonic and intronic sequence variation in the human leptin receptor gene (LEPR). Diabetes 46(9):1509\u20131511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.46.9.1509","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602013340503","volume":"334","author":"RV Considine","year":"1996","unstructured":"Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL et al (1996) Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 334(5):292\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199602013340503","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6836","key":"6_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/35078085","volume":"411","author":"MA Cowley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, Cerdan MG, Diano S, Horvath TL, Cone RD, Low MJ (2001) Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature 411(6836):480\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35078085","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.5.1285","volume":"53","author":"CA Curat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Curat CA, Miranville A, Sengenes C, Diehl M, Tonus C, Busse R, Bouloumie A (2004) From blood monocytes to adipose tissue-resident macrophages: induction of diapedesis by human mature adipocytes. Diabetes 53(5):1285\u20131292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.53.5.1285","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19980063","volume":"57","author":"R De Matteis","year":"1998","unstructured":"De Matteis R, Dashtipour K, Ognibene A, Cinti S (1998) Localization of leptin receptor splice variants in mouse peripheral tissues by immunohistochemistry. Proc Nutr Soc 57(3):441\u2013448","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3530","volume":"19","author":"M Decker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Decker M, Martinez-Morentin L, Wang G, Lee Y, Liu Q, Leslie J, Ding L (2017) Leptin-receptor-expressing bone marrow stromal cells are myofibroblasts in primary myelofibrosis. Nat Cell Biol 19(6):677\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncb3530","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"6_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/08977194.2016.1191481","volume":"34","author":"S Delle Monache","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delle Monache S, Calgani A, Sanita P, Zazzeroni F, Gentile Warschauer E, Giuliani A, Amicucci G, Angelucci A (2016) Adipose-derived stem cells sustain prolonged angiogenesis through leptin secretion. Growth Factors 34(3\u20134):87\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08977194.2016.1191481","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066284","volume":"8","author":"L Delort","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delort L, Lequeux C, Dubois V, Dubouloz A, Billard H, Mojallal A, Damour O, Vasson MP, Caldefie-Chezet F (2013) Reciprocal interactions between breast tumor and its adipose microenvironment based on a 3D adipose equivalent model. PLoS One 8(6):e66284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0066284","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"6_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.82","volume":"25","author":"MJ Devlin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Devlin MJ, Cloutier AM, Thomas NA, Panus DA, Lotinun S, Pinz I, Baron R, Rosen CJ, Bouxsein ML (2010) Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice. J Bone Miner Res 25(9):2078\u20132088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.82","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"29","key":"6_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18304","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.29.18304","volume":"272","author":"R Devos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Devos R, Guisez Y, Van der Heyden J, White DW, Kalai M, Fountoulakis M, Plaetinck G (1997) Ligand-independent dimerization of the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor and determination of the stoichiometry of leptin binding. J Biol Chem 272(29):18304\u201318310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.272.29.18304","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"6_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.12.001","volume":"8","author":"A Di Spiezio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Spiezio A, Sandin ES, Dore R, Muller-Fielitz H, Storck SE, Bernau M, Mier W, Oster H, Johren O, Pietrzik CU, Lehnert H, Schwaninger M (2018) The LepR-mediated leptin transport across brain barriers controls food reward. Mol Metab 8:13\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.12.001","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6538","volume":"233","author":"FB Diamond Jr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Diamond FB Jr, Eichler DC, Duckett G, Jorgensen EV, Shulman D, Root AW (1997) Demonstration of a leptin binding factor in human serum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 233(3):818\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6538","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"7440","key":"6_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11885","volume":"495","author":"L Ding","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ding L, Morrison SJ (2013) Haematopoietic stem cells and early lymphoid progenitors occupy distinct bone marrow niches. Nature 495(7440):231\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11885","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7382","key":"6_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10783","volume":"481","author":"L Ding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ding L, Saunders TL, Enikolopov G, Morrison SJ (2012) Endothelial and perivascular cells maintain haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 481(7382):457\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10783","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"6_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3323","volume":"71","author":"B Dirat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dirat B, Bochet L, Dabek M, Daviaud D, Dauvillier S, Majed B, Wang YY, Meulle A, Salles B, Le Gonidec S, Garrido I, Escourrou G, Valet P, Muller C (2011) Cancer-associated adipocytes exhibit an activated phenotype and contribute to breast cancer invasion. Cancer Res 71(7):2455\u20132465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3323","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"42","key":"6_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43684","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408495200","volume":"279","author":"C Duan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duan C, Li M, Rui L (2004) SH2-B promotes insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)- and IRS2-mediated activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in response to leptin. J Biol Chem 279(42):43684\u201343691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M408495200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800408","volume":"21","author":"SM Echwald","year":"1997","unstructured":"Echwald SM, Rasmussen SB, Sorensen TI, Andersen T, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Clausen JO, Hansen L, Hansen T, Pedersen O (1997a) Identification of two novel missense mutations in the human OB gene. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 21(4):321\u2013326","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6430","volume":"233","author":"SM Echwald","year":"1997","unstructured":"Echwald SM, Sorensen TD, Sorensen TI, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Andersen T, Chung WK, Leibel RL, Pedersen O (1997b) Amino acid variants in the human leptin receptor: lack of association to juvenile onset obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 233(1):248\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6430","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R204","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1998.274.1.R204","volume":"274","author":"R Faggioni","year":"1998","unstructured":"Faggioni R, Fantuzzi G, Fuller J, Dinarello CA, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C (1998) IL-1 beta mediates leptin induction during inflammation. Am J Phys 274(1):R204\u2013R208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.1998.274.1.R204","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114438109","volume":"109","author":"DE Feldman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feldman DE, Chen C, Punj V, Tsukamoto H, Machida K (2012) Pluripotency factor-mediated expression of the leptin receptor (OB-R) links obesity to oncogenesis through tumor-initiating stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(3):829\u2013834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1114438109","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118206","volume":"96","author":"RC Frederich","year":"1995","unstructured":"Frederich RC, Lollmann B, Hamann A, Napolitano-Rosen A, Kahn BB, Lowell BB, Flier JS (1995) Expression of ob mRNA and its encoded protein in rodents. Impact of nutrition and obesity. J Clin Invest 96(3):1658\u20131663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI118206","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6704","key":"6_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/27376","volume":"395","author":"JM Friedman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Friedman JM, Halaas JL (1998) Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395(6704):763\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/27376","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-09-0340","volume":"17","author":"R Fusco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fusco R, Galgani M, Procaccini C, Franco R, Pirozzi G, Fucci L, Laccetti P, Matarese G (2010) Cellular and molecular crosstalk between leptin receptor and estrogen receptor-{alpha} in breast cancer: molecular basis for a novel therapeutic setting. Endocr Relat Cancer 17(2):373\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1677\/ERC-09-0340","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00103","volume":"3","author":"B Galvez-Prieto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galvez-Prieto B, Somoza B, Gil-Ortega M, Garcia-Prieto CF, de Las Heras AI, Gonzalez MC, Arribas S, Aranguez I, Bolbrinker J, Kreutz R, Ruiz-Gayo M, Fernandez-Alfonso MS (2012) Anticontractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue and leptin are reduced in hypertension. Front Pharmacol 3:103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2012.00103","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-205-43699a","volume":"205","author":"WF Ganong","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ganong WF (1994) Origin of the angiotensin II secreted by cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 205(3):213\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3181\/00379727-205-43699a","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1913","volume":"12","author":"C Garofalo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Garofalo C, Koda M, Cascio S, Sulkowska M, Kanczuga-Koda L, Golaszewska J, Russo A, Sulkowski S, Surmacz E (2006) Increased expression of leptin and the leptin receptor as a marker of breast cancer progression: possible role of obesity-related stimuli. Clin Cancer Res 12(5):1447\u20131453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1913","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"6_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6466","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0203","volume":"10","author":"C Garofalo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garofalo C, Sisci D, Surmacz E (2004) Leptin interferes with the effects of the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 10(19):6466\u20136475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0203","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018823","volume":"6","author":"E Garonna","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garonna E, Botham KM, Birdsey GM, Randi AM, Gonzalez-Perez RR, Wheeler-Jones CP (2011) Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 couples cyclo-oxygenase-2 with pro-angiogenic actions of leptin on human endothelial cells. PLoS One 6(4):e18823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0018823","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2945","volume":"10","author":"AJ George","year":"2010","unstructured":"George AJ, Thomas WG, Hannan RD (2010) The renin-angiotensin system and cancer: old dog, new tricks. Nat Rev Cancer 10(11):745\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrc2945","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"6_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534320","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/534320","volume":"2015","author":"CM Ghantous","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghantous CM, Azrak Z, Hanache S, Abou-Kheir W, Zeidan A (2015) Differential role of leptin and adiponectin in cardiovascular system. Int J Endocrinol 2015:534320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/534320","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"13","key":"6_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6231","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6231","volume":"93","author":"N Ghilardi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ghilardi N, Ziegler S, Wiestner A, Stoffel R, Heim MH, Skoda RC (1996) Defective STAT signaling by the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(13):6231\u20136235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6231","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6014","volume":"7","author":"C Giordano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giordano C, Chemi F, Panza S, Barone I, Bonofiglio D, Lanzino M, Cordella A, Campana A, Hashim A, Rizza P, Leggio A, Gyorffy B, Simoes BM, Clarke RB, Weisz A, Catalano S, Ando S (2016) Leptin as a mediator of tumor-stromal interactions promotes breast cancer stem cell activity. Oncotarget 7(2):1262\u20131275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.6014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"9","key":"6_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.9.7792","volume":"86","author":"A Glasow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Glasow A, Kiess W, Anderegg U, Berthold A, Bottner A, Kratzsch J (2001) Expression of leptin (Ob) and leptin receptor (Ob-R) in human fibroblasts: regulation of leptin secretion by insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(9):4472\u20134479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.9.7792","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"42","key":"6_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31019","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702838200","volume":"282","author":"Y Gong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gong Y, Ishida-Takahashi R, Villanueva EC, Fingar DC, Munzberg H, Myers MG Jr (2007) The long form of the leptin receptor regulates STAT5 and ribosomal protein S6 via alternate mechanisms. J Biol Chem 282(42):31019\u201331027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M702838200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"6_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4883","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7060","volume":"85","author":"RR Gonzalez","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gonzalez RR, Caballero-Campo P, Jasper M, Mercader A, Devoto L, Pellicer A, Simon C (2000) Leptin and leptin receptor are expressed in the human endometrium and endometrial leptin secretion is regulated by the human blastocyst. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(12):4883\u20134888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7060","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.6.869","volume":"6","author":"T Gotoda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gotoda T, Manning BS, Goldstone AP, Imrie H, Evans AL, Strosberg AD, McKeigue PM, Scott J, Aitman TJ (1997) Leptin receptor gene variation and obesity: lack of association in a white British male population. Hum Mol Genet 6(6):869\u2013876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/6.6.869","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"45","key":"6_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42953","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206775200","volume":"277","author":"A Grosfeld","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grosfeld A, Andre J, Hauguel-De Mouzon S, Berra E, Pouyssegur J, Guerre-Millo M (2002) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 transactivates the human leptin gene promoter. J Biol Chem 277(45):42953\u201342957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M206775200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-5793(01)02673-4","volume":"502","author":"A Grosfeld","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grosfeld A, Turban S, Andre J, Cauzac M, Challier JC, Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Guerre-Millo M (2001) Transcriptional effect of hypoxia on placental leptin. FEBS Lett 502(3):122\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-5793(01)02673-4","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1481","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00062.2007","volume":"293","author":"ML Gruen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gruen ML, Hao M, Piston DW, Hasty AH (2007) Leptin requires canonical migratory signaling pathways for induction of monocyte and macrophage chemotaxis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 293(5):C1481\u2013C1488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00062.2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"6_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024-3205(00)00827-4","volume":"67","author":"O Gualillo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gualillo O, Eiras S, Lago F, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF (2000) Elevated serum leptin concentrations induced by experimental acute inflammation. Life Sci 67(20):2433\u20132441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0024-3205(00)00827-4","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.03.039","volume":"498","author":"X Gui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gui X, Chen H, Cai H, Sun L, Gu L (2018) Leptin promotes pulmonary fibrosis development by inhibiting autophagy via PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 498(3):660\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.03.039","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"6_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harbuzariu A, Rampoldi A, Daley-Brown DS, Candelaria P, Harmon TL, Lipsey CC, Beech DJ, Quarshie A, Ilies GO, Gonzalez-Perez RR (2017) Leptin-Notch signaling axis is involved in pancreatic cancer progression. Oncotarget, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.13946 8(5):7740\u20137752","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13946"},{"issue":"10","key":"6_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075135","volume":"8","author":"J He","year":"2013","unstructured":"He J, Xi B, Ruiter R, Shi TY, Zhu ML, Wang MY, Li QX, Zhou XY, Qiu LX, Wei QY (2013) Association of LEP G2548A and LEPR Q223R polymorphisms with cancer susceptibility: evidence from a meta-analysis. PLoS One 8(10):e75135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0075135","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"6_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.06712-11","volume":"32","author":"Z He","year":"2012","unstructured":"He Z, Zhang SS, Meng Q, Li S, Zhu HH, Raquil MA, Alderson N, Zhang H, Wu J, Rui L, Cai D, Feng GS (2012) Shp2 controls female body weight and energy balance by integrating leptin and estrogen signals. Mol Cell Biol 32(10):1867\u20131878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MCB.06712-11","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.6.7450","volume":"141","author":"SM Hileman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hileman SM, Tornoe J, Flier JS, Bjorbaek C (2000) Transcellular transport of leptin by the short leptin receptor isoform ObRa in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells. Endocrinology 141(6):1955\u20131961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.141.6.7450","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32964","volume":"118","author":"JW Hill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hill JW, Williams KW, Ye C, Luo J, Balthasar N, Coppari R, Cowley MA, Cantley LC, Lowell BB, Elmquist JK (2008) Acute effects of leptin require PI3K signaling in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons in mice. J Clin Invest 118(5):1796\u20131805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI32964","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"6_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800656","volume":"22","author":"RA Hill","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hill RA, Margetic S, Pegg GG, Gazzola C (1998) Leptin: its pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22(8):765\u2013770","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.11.1638","volume":"45","author":"KL Houseknecht","year":"1996","unstructured":"Houseknecht KL, Mantzoros CS, Kuliawat R, Hadro E, Flier JS, Kahn BB (1996) Evidence for leptin binding to proteins in serum of rodents and humans: modulation with obesity. Diabetes 45(11):1638\u20131643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.45.11.1638","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"22","key":"6_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.22.1704","volume":"94","author":"X Hu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hu X, Juneja SC, Maihle NJ, Cleary MP (2002) Leptin\u2013a growth factor in normal and malignant breast cells and for normal mammary gland development. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(22):1704\u20131711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/94.22.1704","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.32995","volume":"122","author":"K Ikejima","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ikejima K, Takei Y, Honda H, Hirose M, Yoshikawa M, Zhang YJ, Lang T, Fukuda T, Yamashina S, Kitamura T, Sato N (2002) Leptin receptor-mediated signaling regulates hepatic fibrogenesis and remodeling of extracellular matrix in the rat. Gastroenterology 122(5):1399\u20131410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.2002.32995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"13","key":"6_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0749","volume":"10","author":"M Ishikawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ishikawa M, Kitayama J, Nagawa H (2004) Enhanced expression of leptin and leptin receptor (OB-R) in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 10(13):4325\u20134331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0749","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.5.6572","volume":"85","author":"AM Isidori","year":"2000","unstructured":"Isidori AM, Strollo F, More M, Caprio M, Aversa A, Moretti C, Frajese G, Riondino G, Fabbri A (2000) Leptin and aging: correlation with endocrine changes in male and female healthy adult populations of different body weights. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(5):1954\u20131962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.5.6572","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"46","key":"6_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27728","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.46.27728","volume":"270","author":"N Isse","year":"1995","unstructured":"Isse N, Ogawa Y, Tamura N, Masuzaki H, Mori K, Okazaki T, Satoh N, Shigemoto M, Yoshimasa Y, Nishi S et al (1995) Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the human obese gene. J Biol Chem 270(46):27728\u201327733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.270.46.27728","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201009-1409OC","volume":"183","author":"M Jain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jain M, Budinger GR, Lo A, Urich D, Rivera SE, Ghosh AK, Gonzalez A, Chiarella SE, Marks K, Donnelly HK, Soberanes S, Varga J, Radigan KA, Chandel NS, Mutlu GM (2011) Leptin promotes fibroproliferative acute respiratory distress syndrome by inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183(11):1490\u20131498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201009-1409OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011513223894","volume":"2","author":"J Justesen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Justesen J, Stenderup K, Ebbesen EN, Mosekilde L, Steiniche T, Kassem M (2001) Adipocyte tissue volume in bone marrow is increased with aging and in patients with osteoporosis. Biogerontology 2(3):165\u2013171","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"issue":"7","key":"6_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0495(98)90124-x","volume":"47","author":"D Kielar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kielar D, Clark JS, Ciechanowicz A, Kurzawski G, Sulikowski T, Naruszewicz M (1998) Leptin receptor isoforms expressed in human adipose tissue. Metabolism 47(7):844\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0026-0495(98)90124-x","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.6.1135","volume":"132","author":"S Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim S, Whelan J, Claycombe K, Reath DB, Moustaid-Moussa N (2002) Angiotensin II increases leptin secretion by 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes via a prostaglandin-independent mechanism. J Nutr 132(6):1135\u20131140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/132.6.1135","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"6_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-9-129","volume":"9","author":"L Kucerova","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kucerova L, Matuskova M, Hlubinova K, Altanerova V, Altaner C (2010) Tumor cell behaviour modulation by mesenchymal stromal cells. Mol Cancer 9:129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-4598-9-129","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4885","volume":"283","author":"A Lammert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lammert A, Kiess W, Bottner A, Glasow A, Kratzsch J (2001) Soluble leptin receptor represents the main leptin binding activity in human blood. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 283(4):982\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4885","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021393","volume":"88","author":"RE Landman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Landman RE, Puder JJ, Xiao E, Freda PU, Ferin M, Wardlaw SL (2003) Endotoxin stimulates leptin in the human and nonhuman primate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(3):1285\u20131291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-021393","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10230","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10230","volume":"7","author":"V Laurent","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laurent V, Guerard A, Mazerolles C, Le Gonidec S, Toulet A, Nieto L, Zaidi F, Majed B, Garandeau D, Socrier Y, Golzio M, Cadoudal T, Chaoui K, Dray C, Monsarrat B, Schiltz O, Wang YY, Couderc B, Valet P, Malavaud B, Muller C (2016) Periprostatic adipocytes act as a driving force for prostate cancer progression in obesity. Nat Commun 7:10230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms10230","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6566","key":"6_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/379632a0","volume":"379","author":"GH Lee","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lee GH, Proenca R, Montez JM, Carroll KM, Darvishzadeh JG, Lee JI, Friedman JM (1996) Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 379(6566):632\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/379632a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.2.293","volume":"49","author":"G Lembo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lembo G, Vecchione C, Fratta L, Marino G, Trimarco V, d\u2019Amati G, Trimarco B (2000) Leptin induces direct vasodilation through distinct endothelial mechanisms. Diabetes 49(2):293\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.49.2.293","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.5.2365","volume":"271","author":"P Leroy","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leroy P, Dessolin S, Villageois P, Moon BC, Friedman JM, Ailhaud G, Dani C (1996) Expression of ob gene in adipose cells. Regulation by insulin. J Biol Chem 271(5):2365\u20132368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.271.5.2365","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"16","key":"6_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10078","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.16.10078","volume":"273","author":"C Li","year":"1998","unstructured":"Li C, Ioffe E, Fidahusein N, Connolly E, Friedman JM (1998) Absence of soluble leptin receptor in plasma from dbPas\/dbPas and other db\/db mice. J Biol Chem 273(16):10078\u201310082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.273.16.10078","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07008","volume":"68","author":"H Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li H, Li M, Liu P, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yang S, Song Y, Yin Y, Gao L, Cheng S, Cai J, Tian G (2016) Telmisartan ameliorates nephropathy in metabolic syndrome by reducing leptin release from perirenal adipose tissue. Hypertension 68(2):478\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.025","volume":"134","author":"MO Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li MO, Flavell RA (2008) TGF-beta: a master of all T cell trades. Cell 134(3):392\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"24","key":"6_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17210","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24966","volume":"9","author":"TC Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin TC, Huang KW, Liu CW, Chang YC, Lin WM, Yang TY, Hsiao M (2018) Leptin signaling axis specifically associates with clinical prognosis and is multifunctional in regulating cancer progression. Oncotarget 9(24):17210\u201317219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.24966","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016654","volume":"6","author":"TC Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin TC, Lee TC, Hsu SL, Yang CS (2011) The molecular mechanism of leptin secretion and expression induced by aristolochic acid in kidney fibroblast. PLoS One 6(2):e16654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016654","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-007-0077-2","volume":"50","author":"Y Lin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lin Y, Li Q (2007) Expression and function of leptin and its receptor in mouse mammary gland. Sci China C Life Sci 50(5):669\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11427-007-0077-2","journal-title":"Sci China C Life Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.8.5343","volume":"138","author":"C Liu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Liu C, Liu XJ, Barry G, Ling N, Maki RA, De Souza EB (1997) Expression and characterization of a putative high affinity human soluble leptin receptor. Endocrinology 138(8):3548\u20133554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.138.8.5343","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"10","key":"6_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.36","volume":"16","author":"J Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu J, Perez SM, Zhang W, Lodge DJ, Lu XY (2011) Selective deletion of the leptin receptor in dopamine neurons produces anxiogenic-like behavior and increases dopaminergic activity in amygdala. Mol Psychiatry 16(10):1024\u20131038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2011.36","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1096\/fsb2fasebj.12.1.57","volume":"12","author":"S Loffreda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Loffreda S, Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Karp CL, Brengman ML, Wang DJ, Klein AS, Bulkley GB, Bao C, Noble PW, Lane MD, Diehl AM (1998) Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses. FASEB J 12(1):57\u201365","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7205","volume":"238","author":"B Lollmann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lollmann B, Gruninger S, Stricker-Krongrad A, Chiesi M (1997) Detection and quantification of the leptin receptor splice variants Ob-Ra, b, and, e in different mouse tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238(2):648\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7205","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"6696","key":"6_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/29795","volume":"394","author":"GM Lord","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ, Bloom SR, Lechler RI (1998) Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature 394(6696):897\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/29795","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"6_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.10.6860","volume":"85","author":"R Lucantoni","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lucantoni R, Ponti E, Berselli ME, Savia G, Minocci A, Calo G, de Medici C, Liuzzi A, Di Blasio AM (2000) The A19G polymorphism in the 5\u2032 untranslated region of the human obese gene does not affect leptin levels in severely obese patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(10):3589\u20133591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.10.6860","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C853","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00331.2001","volume":"282","author":"F Machinal-Quelin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Machinal-Quelin F, Dieudonne MN, Leneveu MC, Pecquery R, Giudicelli Y (2002a) Proadipogenic effect of leptin on rat preadipocytes in vitro: activation of MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282(4):C853\u2013C863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00331.2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:18:2:179","volume":"18","author":"F Machinal-Quelin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Machinal-Quelin F, Dieudonne MN, Pecquery R, Leneveu MC, Giudicelli Y (2002b) Direct in vitro effects of androgens and estrogens on ob gene expression and leptin secretion in human adipose tissue. Endocrine 18(2):179\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/ENDO:18:2:179","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00977-h","volume":"373","author":"T Madej","year":"1995","unstructured":"Madej T, Boguski MS, Bryant SH (1995) Threading analysis suggests that the obese gene product may be a helical cytokine. FEBS Lett 373(1):13\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00977-h","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"15","key":"6_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6957","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.15.6957","volume":"92","author":"M Maffei","year":"1995","unstructured":"Maffei M, Fei H, Lee GH, Dani C, Leroy P, Zhang Y, Proenca R, Negrel R, Ailhaud G, Friedman JM (1995) Increased expression in adipocytes of ob RNA in mice with lesions of the hypothalamus and with mutations at the db locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92(15):6957\u20136960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.92.15.6957","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR120","first-page":"1","volume":"70","author":"DA Magoffin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Magoffin DA, Weitsman SR, Aagarwal SK, Jakimiuk AJ (1999) Leptin regulation of aromatase activity in adipose stromal cells from regularly cycling women. Ginekol Pol 70(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"6_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003480000008277","volume":"64","author":"O Mammes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mammes O, Betoulle D, Aubert R, Herbeth B, Siest G, Fumeron F (2000) Association of the G-2548A polymorphism in the 5\u2032 region of the LEP gene with overweight. Ann Hum Genet 64(Pt 5):391\u2013394","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"issue":"7203","key":"6_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07205","volume":"454","author":"A Mantovani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F (2008) Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 454(7203):436\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature07205","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"6_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.7.855","volume":"44","author":"H Masuzaki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Masuzaki H, Ogawa Y, Isse N, Satoh N, Okazaki T, Shigemoto M, Mori K, Tamura N, Hosoda K, Yoshimasa Y et al (1995) Human obese gene expression. Adipocyte-specific expression and regional differences in the adipose tissue. Diabetes 44(7):855\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.44.7.855","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6820","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.6820","volume":"174","author":"B Mattioli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mattioli B, Straface E, Quaranta MG, Giordani L, Viora M (2005) Leptin promotes differentiation and survival of human dendritic cells and licenses them for Th1 priming. J Immunol 174(11):6820\u20136828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.6820","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.07.031","volume":"314","author":"E Maury","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maury E, Brichard SM (2010) Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 314(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2009.07.031","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801385","volume":"24","author":"A Minocci","year":"2000","unstructured":"Minocci A, Savia G, Lucantoni R, Berselli ME, Tagliaferri M, Calo G, Petroni ML, de Medici C, Viberti GC, Liuzzi A (2000) Leptin plasma concentrations are dependent on body fat distribution in obese patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(9):1139\u20131144","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"6982","key":"6_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02440","volume":"428","author":"Y Minokoshi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Minokoshi Y, Alquier T, Furukawa N, Kim YB, Lee A, Xue B, Mu J, Foufelle F, Ferre P, Birnbaum MJ, Stuck BJ, Kahn BB (2004) AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus. Nature 428(6982):569\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature02440","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6869","key":"6_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/415339a","volume":"415","author":"Y Minokoshi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Minokoshi Y, Kim YB, Peroni OD, Fryer LG, Muller C, Carling D, Kahn BB (2002) Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature 415(6869):339\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/415339a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"6_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.155","volume":"14","author":"O Miralles","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miralles O, Sanchez J, Palou A, Pico C (2006) A physiological role of breast milk leptin in body weight control in developing infants. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14(8):1371\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2006.155","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2014.04.012","volume":"22","author":"K Moharana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moharana K, Zabeau L, Peelman F, Ringler P, Stahlberg H, Tavernier J, Savvides SN (2014) Structural and mechanistic paradigm of leptin receptor activation revealed by complexes with wild-type and antagonist leptins. Structure 22(6):866\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.str.2014.04.012","journal-title":"Structure"},{"issue":"15","key":"6_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5784","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC119.007855","volume":"294","author":"O Mohtar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohtar O, Ozdemir C, Roy D, Shantaram D, Emili A, Kandror KV (2019) Egr1 mediates the effect of insulin on leptin transcription in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 294(15):5784\u20135789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.AC119.007855","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"19","key":"6_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi831","volume":"27","author":"AU Momin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Momin AU, Melikian N, Shah AM, Grieve DJ, Wheatcroft SB, John L, El Gamel A, Desai JB, Nelson T, Driver C, Sherwood RA, Kearney MT (2006) Leptin is an endothelial-independent vasodilator in humans with coronary artery disease: evidence for tissue specificity of leptin resistance. Eur Heart J 27(19):2294\u20132299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi831","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6636","key":"6_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/43185","volume":"387","author":"CT Montague","year":"1997","unstructured":"Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ, Sewter CP, Digby JE, Mohammed SN, Hurst JA, Cheetham CH, Earley AR, Barnett AH, Prins JB, O\u2019Rahilly S (1997) Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 387(6636):903\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/43185","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1351.045","volume":"1069","author":"F Montecucco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Montecucco F, Bianchi G, Gnerre P, Bertolotto M, Dallegri F, Ottonello L (2006) Induction of neutrophil chemotaxis by leptin: crucial role for p38 and Src kinases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1069:463\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1351.045","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"6_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1129","volume":"99","author":"V Morad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morad V, Abrahamsson A, Dabrosin C (2014) Estradiol affects extracellular leptin:adiponectin ratio in human breast tissue in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(9):3460\u20133467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-1129","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.02.074","volume":"417","author":"J Mutze","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mutze J, Roth J, Gerstberger R, Hubschle T (2007) Nuclear translocation of the transcription factor STAT5 in the rat brain after systemic leptin administration. Neurosci Lett 417(3):286\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.02.074","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"6_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2015.09.001","volume":"35","author":"A Nagelkerke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagelkerke A, Bussink J, Rowan AE, Span PN (2015) The mechanical microenvironment in cancer: how physics affects tumours. Semin Cancer Biol 35:62\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcancer.2015.09.001","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800436","volume":"21","author":"L Oksanen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oksanen L, Kainulainen K, Heiman M, Mustajoki P, Kauppinen-Makelin R, Kontula K (1997) Novel polymorphism of the human ob gene promoter in lean and morbidly obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 21(6):489\u2013494","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880349","volume":"14","author":"AM Oliveira","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oliveira AM, Nascimento AG, Lloyd RV (2001) Leptin and leptin receptor mRNA are widely expressed in tumors of adipocytic differentiation. Mod Pathol 14(6):549\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.3880349","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.11.8923837","volume":"81","author":"RE Ostlund Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ostlund RE Jr, Yang JW, Klein S, Gingerich R (1996) Relation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, gender, diet, age, and metabolic covariates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(11):3909\u20133913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.81.11.8923837","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R581","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1708","volume":"7","author":"M Otero","year":"2005","unstructured":"Otero M, Lago R, Lago F, Reino JJ, Gualillo O (2005) Signalling pathway involved in nitric oxide synthase type II activation in chondrocytes: synergistic effect of leptin with interleukin-1. Arthritis Res Ther 7(3):R581\u2013R591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar1708","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-008-0221-7","volume":"16","author":"SS Paik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paik SS, Jang SM, Jang KS, Lee KH, Choi D, Jang SJ (2009) Leptin expression correlates with favorable clinicopathologic phenotype and better prognosis in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 16(2):297\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-008-0221-7","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2001.17","volume":"33","author":"HY Park","year":"2001","unstructured":"Park HY, Kwon HM, Lim HJ, Hong BK, Lee JY, Park BE, Jang Y, Cho SY, Kim HS (2001) Potential role of leptin in angiogenesis: leptin induces endothelial cell proliferation and expression of matrix metalloproteinases in vivo and in vitro. Exp Mol Med 33(2):95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emm.2001.17","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0822","volume":"58","author":"K Rahmouni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rahmouni K, Sigmund CD, Haynes WG, Mark AL (2009) Hypothalamic ERK mediates the anorectic and thermogenic sympathetic effects of leptin. Diabetes 58(3):536\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db08-0822","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704903","volume":"137","author":"GM Raso","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raso GM, Pacilio M, Esposito E, Coppola A, Di Carlo R, Meli R (2002) Leptin potentiates IFN-gamma-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in murine macrophage J774A.1. Br J Pharmacol 137(6):799\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704903","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05868-y","volume":"7","author":"F Riu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riu F, Slater SC, Garcia EJ, Rodriguez-Arabaolaza I, Alvino V, Avolio E, Mangialardi G, Cordaro A, Satchell S, Zebele C, Caporali A, Angelini G, Madeddu P (2017) The adipokine leptin modulates adventitial pericyte functions by autocrine and paracrine signalling. Sci Rep 7(1):5443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-05868-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v19.i2.20","volume":"19","author":"CJ Rosen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosen CJ, Ackert-Bicknell C, Rodriguez JP, Pino AM (2009) Marrow fat and the bone microenvironment: developmental, functional, and pathological implications. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 19(2):109\u2013124","journal-title":"Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.576","volume":"80","author":"CE Ruhl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ruhl CE, Everhart JE, Ding J, Goodpaster BH, Kanaya AM, Simonsick EM, Tylavsky FA, Harris TB (2004) Serum leptin concentrations and body adipose measures in older black and white adults. Am J Clin Nutr 80(3):576\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.576","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1999.1490","volume":"194","author":"J Santos-Alvarez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Santos-Alvarez J, Goberna R, Sanchez-Margalet V (1999) Human leptin stimulates proliferation and activation of human circulating monocytes. Cell Immunol 194(1):6\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/cimm.1999.1490","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0456","volume":"3","author":"A Schaffler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schaffler A, Scholmerich J, Buechler C (2007) Mechanisms of disease: adipokines and breast cancer - endocrine and paracrine mechanisms that connect adiposity and breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3(4):345\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpendmet0456","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.432","volume":"28","author":"EL Scheller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scheller EL, Song J, Dishowitz MI, Soki FN, Hankenson KD, Krebsbach PH (2010) Leptin functions peripherally to regulate differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Stem Cells 28(6):1071\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/stem.432","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-007-0319-1","volume":"128","author":"MR Schroeter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schroeter MR, Schneiderman J, Schumann B, Gluckermann R, Grimmas P, Buchwald AB, Tirilomis T, Schondube FA, Konstantinides SV, Schafer K (2007) Expression of the leptin receptor in different types of vascular lesions. Histochem Cell Biol 128(4):323\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00418-007-0319-1","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr275","volume":"93","author":"MR Schroeter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schroeter MR, Stein S, Heida NM, Leifheit-Nestler M, Cheng IF, Gogiraju R, Christiansen H, Maier LS, Shah AM, Hasenfuss G, Konstantinides S, Schafer K (2012) Leptin promotes the mobilization of vascular progenitor cells and neovascularization by NOX2-mediated activation of MMP9. Cardiovasc Res 93(1):170\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvr275","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"6778","key":"6_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/35007534","volume":"404","author":"MW Schwartz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG (2000) Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404(6778):661\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35007534","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22025","volume":"514","author":"MM Scott","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scott MM, Lachey JL, Sternson SM, Lee CE, Elias CF, Friedman JM, Elmquist JK (2009) Leptin targets in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 514(5):518\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.22025","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"6_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-5793(97)00125-7","volume":"404","author":"C Serradeil-Le Gal","year":"1997","unstructured":"Serradeil-Le Gal C, Raufaste D, Brossard G, Pouzet B, Marty E, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G (1997) Characterization and localization of leptin receptors in the rat kidney. FEBS Lett 404(2\u20133):185\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-5793(97)00125-7","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-016-9612-2","volume":"41","author":"Shabana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shabana, Hasnain S (2016) Leptin promoter variant G2548A is associated with serum leptin and HDL-C levels in a case control observational study in association with obesity in a Pakistani cohort. J Biosci 41(2):251\u2013255","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0495(00)90154-9","volume":"49","author":"M Shintani","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shintani M, Nishimura H, Yonemitsu S, Masuzaki H, Ogawa Y, Hosoda K, Inoue G, Yoshimasa Y, Nakao K (2000) Downregulation of leptin by free fatty acids in rat adipocytes: effects of triacsin C, palmitate, and 2-bromopalmitate. Metabolism 49(3):326\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0026-0495(00)90154-9","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"5383","key":"6_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5383.1683","volume":"281","author":"MR Sierra-Honigmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sierra-Honigmann MR, Nath AK, Murakami C, Garcia-Cardena G, Papapetropoulos A, Sessa WC, Madge LA, Schechner JS, Schwabb MB, Polverini PJ, Flores-Riveros JR (1998) Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor. Science 281(5383):1683\u20131686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.281.5383.1683","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2005.08.003","volume":"32","author":"PJ Simons","year":"2005","unstructured":"Simons PJ, van den Pangaart PS, van Roomen CP, Aerts JM, Boon L (2005) Cytokine-mediated modulation of leptin and adiponectin secretion during in vitro adipogenesis: evidence that tumor necrosis factor-alpha- and interleukin-1beta-treated human preadipocytes are potent leptin producers. Cytokine 32(2):94\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2005.08.003","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.5.4952","volume":"83","author":"SM Smith-Kirwin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Smith-Kirwin SM, O\u2019Connor DM, De Johnston J, Lancey ED, Hassink SG, Funanage VL (1998) Leptin expression in human mammary epithelial cells and breast milk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(5):1810\u20131813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.83.5.4952","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.51","volume":"12","author":"VR Sopasakis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sopasakis VR, Sandqvist M, Gustafson B, Hammarstedt A, Schmelz M, Yang X, Jansson PA, Smith U (2004) High local concentrations and effects on differentiation implicate interleukin-6 as a paracrine regulator. Obes Res 12(3):454\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2004.51","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"6_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0638","volume":"91","author":"GR Steinberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steinberg GR, McAinch AJ, Chen MB, O\u2019Brien PE, Dixon JB, Cameron-Smith D, Kemp BE (2006) The suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 inhibits leptin activation of AMP-kinase in cultured skeletal muscle of obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(9):3592\u20133597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2006-0638","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-015-0622-z","volume":"17","author":"AL Strong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strong AL, Ohlstein JF, Biagas BA, Rhodes LV, Pei DT, Tucker HA, Llamas C, Bowles AC, Dutreil MF, Zhang S, Gimble JM, Burow ME, Bunnell BA (2015) Leptin produced by obese adipose stromal\/stem cells enhances proliferation and metastasis of estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 17:112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13058-015-0622-z","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R102","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3569","volume":"15","author":"AL Strong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strong AL, Strong TA, Rhodes LV, Semon JA, Zhang X, Shi Z, Zhang S, Gimble JM, Burow ME, Bunnell BA (2013) Obesity associated alterations in the biology of adipose stem cells mediate enhanced tumorigenesis by estrogen dependent pathways. Breast Cancer Res 15(5):R102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/bcr3569","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020600820914","volume":"38","author":"MT Sung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sung MT, Eble JN, Cheng L (2006) Invasion of fat justifies assignment of stage pT3a in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Pathology 38(4):309\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00313020600820914","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931038","volume":"56","author":"T Szkudelski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Szkudelski T (2007) Intracellular mediators in regulation of leptin secretion from adipocytes. Physiol Res 56(5):503\u2013512","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"issue":"7\u20139","key":"6_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.113365jt","volume":"55","author":"J Tan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tan J, Buache E, Chenard MP, Dali-Youcef N, Rio MC (2011) Adipocyte is a non-trivial, dynamic partner of breast cancer cells. Int J Dev Biol 55(7\u20139):851\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1387\/ijdb.113365jt","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90151-5","volume":"83","author":"LA Tartaglia","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tartaglia LA, Dembski M, Weng X, Deng N, Culpepper J, Devos R, Richards GJ, Campfield LA, Clark FT, Deeds J, Muir C, Sanker S, Moriarty A, Moore KJ, Smutko JS, Mays GG, Wool EA, Monroe CA, Tepper RI (1995) Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 83(7):1263\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90151-5","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63128-8","volume":"164","author":"RM Tarzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tarzi RM, Cook HT, Jackson I, Pusey CD, Lord GM (2004) Leptin-deficient mice are protected from accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis. Am J Pathol 164(2):385\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63128-8","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-291x(02)02462-2","volume":"298","author":"Z Tian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tian Z, Sun R, Wei H, Gao B (2002) Impaired natural killer (NK) cell activity in leptin receptor deficient mice: leptin as a critical regulator in NK cell development and activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 298(3):297\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-291x(02)02462-2","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0603","volume":"89","author":"ME Trujillo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Trujillo ME, Sullivan S, Harten I, Schneider SH, Greenberg AS, Fried SK (2004) Interleukin-6 regulates human adipose tissue lipid metabolism and leptin production in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(11):5577\u20135582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-0603","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"6_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(98)00884-x","volume":"365","author":"T Tsuchiya","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tsuchiya T, Shimizu H, Horie T, Mori M (1999) Expression of leptin receptor in lung: leptin as a growth factor. Eur J Pharmacol 365(2\u20133):273\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-2999(98)00884-x","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141800","volume":"10","author":"X Tu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tu X, Kuang Z, Gong X, Shi Y, Yu L, Shi H, Wang J, Sun Z (2015) The influence of LepR tyrosine site mutations on mouse ovary development and related gene expression changes. PLoS One 10(11):e0141800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0141800","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"6_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.9.3438","volume":"90","author":"Y Umemoto","year":"1997","unstructured":"Umemoto Y, Tsuji K, Yang FC, Ebihara Y, Kaneko A, Furukawa S, Nakahata T (1997) Leptin stimulates the proliferation of murine myelocytic and primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 90(9):3438\u20133443","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.2.279","volume":"48","author":"S Uotani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Uotani S, Bjorbaek C, Tornoe J, Flier JS (1999) Functional properties of leptin receptor isoforms: internalization and degradation of leptin and ligand-induced receptor downregulation. Diabetes 48(2):279\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.48.2.279","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0996-95","volume":"14","author":"C Vaisse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vaisse C, Halaas JL, Horvath CM, Darnell JE Jr, Stoffel M, Friedman JM (1996) Leptin activation of Stat3 in the hypothalamus of wild-type and ob\/ob mice but not db\/db mice. Nat Genet 14(1):95\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng0996-95","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.6.913","volume":"47","author":"V Van Harmelen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Van Harmelen V, Reynisdottir S, Eriksson P, Thorne A, Hoffstedt J, Lonnqvist F, Arner P (1998) Leptin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in women. Diabetes 47(6):913\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.47.6.913","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.1.168","volume":"51","author":"C Vecchione","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vecchione C, Maffei A, Colella S, Aretini A, Poulet R, Frati G, Gentile MT, Fratta L, Trimarco V, Trimarco B, Lembo G (2002) Leptin effect on endothelial nitric oxide is mediated through Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation pathway. Diabetes 51(1):168\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.51.1.168","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000140058.28994.ec","volume":"44","author":"S Verlohren","year":"2004","unstructured":"Verlohren S, Dubrovska G, Tsang SY, Essin K, Luft FC, Huang Y, Gollasch M (2004) Visceral periadventitial adipose tissue regulates arterial tone of mesenteric arteries. Hypertension 44(3):271\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.HYP.0000140058.28994.ec","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"10","key":"6_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.10.1435","volume":"45","author":"M Wabitsch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wabitsch M, Jensen PB, Blum WF, Christoffersen CT, Englaro P, Heinze E, Rascher W, Teller W, Tornqvist H, Hauner H (1996) Insulin and cortisol promote leptin production in cultured human fat cells. Diabetes 45(10):1435\u20131438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.45.10.1435","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0156","volume":"198","author":"B Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang B, Wood IS, Trayhurn P (2008) Hypoxia induces leptin gene expression and secretion in human preadipocytes: differential effects of hypoxia on adipokine expression by preadipocytes. J Endocrinol 198(1):127\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1677\/JOE-08-0156","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6686","key":"6_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/31474","volume":"393","author":"J Wang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wang J, Liu R, Hawkins M, Barzilai N, Rossetti L (1998) A nutrient-sensing pathway regulates leptin gene expression in muscle and fat. Nature 393(6686):684\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/31474","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"25","key":"6_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17541","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.25.17541","volume":"274","author":"MY Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang MY, Lee Y, Unger RH (1999) Novel form of lipolysis induced by leptin. J Biol Chem 274(25):17541\u201317544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.274.25.17541","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"26","key":"6_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16216","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.26.16216","volume":"272","author":"Y Wang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wang Y, Kuropatwinski KK, White DW, Hawley TS, Hawley RG, Tartaglia LA, Baumann H (1997) Leptin receptor action in hepatic cells. J Biol Chem 272(26):16216\u201316223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.272.26.16216","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.05.019","volume":"324","author":"YY Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang YY, Lehuede C, Laurent V, Dirat B, Dauvillier S, Bochet L, Le Gonidec S, Escourrou G, Valet P, Muller C (2012) Adipose tissue and breast epithelial cells: a dangerous dynamic duo in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 324(2):142\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.05.019","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0414","volume":"22","author":"J Wauman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wauman J, De Smet AS, Catteeuw D, Belsham D, Tavernier J (2008) Insulin receptor substrate 4 couples the leptin receptor to multiple signaling pathways. Mol Endocrinol 22(4):965\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2007-0414","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"20","key":"6_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10657","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.20.10657","volume":"94","author":"DW White","year":"1997","unstructured":"White DW, Wang DW, Chua SC Jr, Morgenstern JP, Leibel RL, Baumann H, Tartaglia LA (1997) Constitutive and impaired signaling of leptin receptors containing the Gln \u2013> Pro extracellular domain fatty mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94(20):10657\u201310662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.94.20.10657","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"6_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.7.5854","volume":"84","author":"G Wiesner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wiesner G, Vaz M, Collier G, Seals D, Kaye D, Jennings G, Lambert G, Wilkinson D, Esler M (1999) Leptin is released from the human brain: influence of adiposity and gender. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(7):2270\u20132274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.84.7.5854","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148024","volume":"11","author":"RC Williams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams RC, Skelton AJ, Todryk SM, Rowan AD, Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ (2016) Leptin and pro-inflammatory stimuli synergistically upregulate MMP-1 and MMP-3 secretion in human gingival fibroblasts. PLoS One 11(2):e0148024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0148024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00626.x","volume":"56","author":"G Wolf","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wolf G, Hamann A, Han DC, Helmchen U, Thaiss F, Ziyadeh FN, Stahl RA (1999) Leptin stimulates proliferation and TGF-beta expression in renal glomerular endothelial cells: potential role in glomerulosclerosis [see comments]. Kidney Int 56(3):860\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00626.x","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"6_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636866","volume":"37","author":"CK Wong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wong CK, Cheung PF, Lam CW (2007) Leptin-mediated cytokine release and migration of eosinophils: implications for immunopathophysiology of allergic inflammation. Eur J Immunol 37(8):2337\u20132348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200636866","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1119","volume":"148","author":"AW Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu AW, Ste-Marie L, Kaelin CB, Barsh GS (2007) Inactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) neurons causes decreased pomc expression, mild obesity, and defects in compensatory refeeding. Endocrinology 148(1):72\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2006-1119","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"27","key":"6_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25096","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007383200","volume":"276","author":"SI Yamagishi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yamagishi SI, Edelstein D, Du XL, Kaneda Y, Guzman M, Brownlee M (2001) Leptin induces mitochondrial superoxide production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation via protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 276(27):25096\u201325100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M007383200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1159\/000070300","volume":"64","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamamoto T, Kimura T, Ueta E, Tatemoto Y, Osaki T (2003) Characteristic cytokine generation patterns in cancer cells and infiltrating lymphocytes in oral squamous cell carcinomas and the influence of chemoradiation combined with immunotherapy on these patterns. Oncology 64(4):407\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000070300","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR196","first-page":"1096","volume":"19","author":"Y Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang Y, Liu P, Guo F, Liu R, Huang C, Shu H, Gong J, Cai M (2014) Genetic G2548A polymorphism of leptin gene and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis of 6860 cases and 7956 controls. J BUON 19(4):1096\u20131104","journal-title":"J BUON"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.5.1723","volume":"96","author":"T Yokota","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yokota T, Oritani K, Takahashi I, Ishikawa J, Matsuyama A, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Tenner AJ, Tomiyama Y, Matsuzawa Y (2000) Adiponectin, a new member of the family of soluble defense collagens, negatively regulates the growth of myelomonocytic progenitors and the functions of macrophages. Blood 96(5):1723\u20131732","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4048\/jbc.2013.16.2.138","volume":"16","author":"CK Yom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yom CK, Lee KM, Han W, Kim SW, Kim HS, Moon BI, Jeong KY, Im SA, Noh DY (2013) Leptin as a potential target for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J Breast Cancer 16(2):138\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4048\/jbc.2013.16.2.138","journal-title":"J Breast Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.02.015","volume":"18","author":"R Yue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yue R, Zhou BO, Shimada IS, Zhao Z, Morrison SJ (2016) Leptin receptor promotes adipogenesis and reduces osteogenesis by regulating mesenchymal stromal cells in adult bone marrow. Cell Stem Cell 18(6):782\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2016.02.015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"6_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.8.4593","volume":"167","author":"H Zarkesh-Esfahani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Pockley G, Metcalfe RA, Bidlingmaier M, Wu Z, Ajami A, Weetman AP, Strasburger CJ, Ross RJ (2001) High-dose leptin activates human leukocytes via receptor expression on monocytes. J Immunol 167(8):4593\u20134599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.167.8.4593","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"6_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2008.04.003","volume":"314","author":"A Zeigerer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zeigerer A, Rodeheffer MS, McGraw TE, Friedman JM (2008) Insulin regulates leptin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes by a PI 3 kinase independent mechanism. Exp Cell Res 314(11\u201312):2249\u20132256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yexcr.2008.04.003","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"6_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.06.019","volume":"85","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Sun LJ, Yang ZG, Zhang GM, Huo RC (2016) Influence of adipocytokines in periprostatic adipose tissue on prostate cancer aggressiveness. Cytokine 85:148\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.06.019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"6505","key":"6_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","volume":"372","author":"Y Zhang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372(6505):425\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/372425a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.06.008","volume":"15","author":"BO Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou BO, Yue R, Murphy MM, Peyer JG, Morrison SJ (2014) Leptin-receptor-expressing mesenchymal stromal cells represent the main source of bone formed by adult bone marrow. Cell Stem Cell 15(2):154\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2014.06.008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-013-0263-5","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Rui L (2013) Leptin signaling and leptin resistance. Front Med 7(2):207\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11684-013-0263-5","journal-title":"Front Med"}],"container-title":["Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","Tumor Microenvironment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-43093-1_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T23:53:14Z","timestamp":1667087594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-43093-1_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9783030430924","9783030430931"],"references-count":205,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-43093-1_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2598","2214-8019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2598","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-8019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}