{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:45:14Z","timestamp":1767919514270,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030444280","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030444297","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44429-7_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T12:23:03Z","timestamp":1584534183000},"page":"19-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Generation of Formal Requirements from Structured Natural Language"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Giannakopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pressburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Mavridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1145\/182.358434","volume":"26","author":"JF Allen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Allen, J.F.: Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals. CACM 26(11), 832\u2013843 (1983)","journal-title":"CACM"},{"key":"2_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badger, J., Throop, D., Claunch, C.: VARED: verification and analysis of requirements and early designs. In: RE 2014, pp. 325\u2013326 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2014.6912279"},{"key":"2_CR3","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20398-5_3","volume-title":"NASA Formal Methods","author":"A Bauer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bauer, A., Leucker, M.: The theory and practice of SALT. In: Bobaru, M., Havelund, K., Holzmann, G.J., Joshi, R. (eds.) NFM 2011. LNCS, vol. 6617, pp. 13\u201340. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-20398-5_3"},{"key":"2_CR4","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73368-3_30","volume-title":"Computer Aided Verification","author":"R Bloem","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bloem, R., Cavada, R., Pill, I., Roveri, M., Tchaltsev, A.: RAT: a tool for the formal analysis of requirements. In: Damm, W., Hermanns, H. (eds.) CAV 2007. LNCS, vol. 4590, pp. 263\u2013267. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-73368-3_30"},{"key":"2_CR5","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41540-6_29","volume-title":"Computer Aided Verification","author":"A Champion","year":"2016","unstructured":"Champion, A., Mebsout, A., Sticksel, C., Tinelli, C.: The Kind 2 model checker. In: Chaudhuri, S., Farzan, A. (eds.) CAV 2016. LNCS, vol. 9780, pp. 510\u2013517. Springer, Cham (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-41540-6_29"},{"key":"2_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobleigh, R.L., Avrunin, G.S., Clarke, L.A.: User guidance for creating precise and accessible property specifications. In: Proceedings of SIGSOFT 2006\/FSE 2014. ACM (2006)","DOI":"10.1145\/1181775.1181801"},{"key":"2_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crapo, A., Moitra, A., McMillan, C., Russell, D.: Requirements capture and analysis in ASSERT(TM). In: RE 2017, pp. 283\u2013291 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2017.54"},{"key":"2_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer, M.B., Avrunin, G.S., Corbett, J.C.: Patterns in property specifications for finite-state verification. In: Proceedings of ICSE 1999, pp. 411\u2013420. ACM (1999)","DOI":"10.1145\/302405.302672"},{"key":"2_CR9","unstructured":"Elliott, C.: An example set of cyber-physical V&V challenges for S5. Lockheed Martin Skunk Works. In: Proceedings of S5 2016. AFRL (2016). \nhttp:\/\/mys5.org\/Proceedings\/2016\/Day_2\/2016-S5-Day2_0945_Elliott.pdf"},{"key":"2_CR10","first-page":"420","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Aaron W. Fifarek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fifarek, A.W., Wagner, L.G., Hoffman, J.A., Rodes, B.D., Aiello, M.A., Davis, J.A.: SpeAR v2.0: formalized past LTL specification and analysis of requirements. In: NfM 2017, pp. 420\u2013426 (2017)"},{"key":"2_CR11","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17524-9_13","volume-title":"NASA Formal Methods","author":"A Gacek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gacek, A., Katis, A., Whalen, M.W., Backes, J., Cofer, D.: Towards realizability checking of contracts using theories. In: Havelund, K., Holzmann, G., Joshi, R. (eds.) NFM 2015. LNCS, vol. 9058, pp. 173\u2013187. Springer, Cham (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-17524-9_13"},{"key":"2_CR12","unstructured":"Gallegos, I., Ochoa, O., Gates, A., Roach, S., Salamah, S., Vela, C.: A property specification tool for generating formal specifications: Prospec 2.0. In: SEKE 2008, pp. 273\u2013278 (2008)"},{"key":"2_CR13","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40648-0_4","volume-title":"NASA Formal Methods","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Elenius, D., Li, W., Lincoln, P., Shankar, N., Steiner, W.: ARSENAL: automatic requirements specification extraction from natural language. In: Rayadurgam, S., Tkachuk, O. (eds.) NFM 2016. LNCS, vol. 9690, pp. 41\u201346. Springer, Cham (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-40648-0_4"},{"key":"2_CR14","unstructured":"Jeannet, B., Gaucher, F.: Debugging embedded systems requirements with STIMULUS: an automotive case-study. In: ERTS 2016 (2016)"},{"key":"2_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konrad, S., Cheng, B.H.C.: Facilitating the construction of specification pattern-based properties. In: Proceedings of RE 2005, pp. 329\u2013338. IEEE (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2005.29"},{"key":"2_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konrad, S., Cheng, B.H.C.: Real-time specification patterns. In: Proceedings of ICSE 2005, pp. 372\u2013381. ACM (2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1062455.1062526"},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s100090100062","volume":"4","author":"O Kupferman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kupferman, O., Vardi, M.Y.: Vacuity detection in temporal model checking. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 4(2), 224\u2013233 (2003)","journal-title":"Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf."},{"key":"2_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00facio, L., Iqbal, T.: Formalizing EARS - first impressions. In: 1st International Workshop on Easy Approach to Requirements Syntax (EARS), pp. 11\u201313 (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/EARS.2018.00009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2012.36","volume":"29","author":"A Mavin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mavin, A.: Listen, then use EARS. IEEE Softw. 29(2), 17\u201318 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"2_CR20","unstructured":"Mavridou, A., Bourbouh, H., Garoche, P.L., Hejase, M.: Evaluation of the FRET and CoCoSim tools on the ten Lockheed Martin cyber-physical challenge problems. Technical report, TM-2019-220374, NASA (2019)"},{"key":"2_CR21","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-61474-5_99","volume-title":"Computer Aided Verification","author":"LE Moser","year":"1996","unstructured":"Moser, L.E., Melliar-Smith, P.M., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Kutty, G., Dillon, L.K.: The real-time graphical interval logic toolset. In: Alur, R., Henzinger, T.A. (eds.) CAV 1996. LNCS, vol. 1102, pp. 446\u2013449. Springer, Heidelberg (1996). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-61474-5_99"},{"key":"2_CR22","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/11537328_17","volume-title":"Model Checking Software","author":"S Salamah","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salamah, S., Gates, A., Roach, S., Mondragon, O.: Verifying pattern-generated LTL formulas: a case study. In: Godefroid, P. (ed.) SPIN 2005. LNCS, vol. 3639, pp. 200\u2013220. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11537328_17"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-44429-7_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T12:24:02Z","timestamp":1584534242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-44429-7_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9783030444280","9783030444297"],"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-44429-7_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"REFSQ","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Working Conference on Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Pisa","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Italy","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2020","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"24 March 2020","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"27 March 2020","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"26","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"refsq2020","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/refsq.org\/welcome","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"84","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"14","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"7","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"17% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3-4","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}