{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T10:01:11Z","timestamp":1771063271240,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030496623","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030496630","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49663-0_22","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T23:16:17Z","timestamp":1591139777000},"page":"184-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Study on the Factors Influencing the Participation of Face-to-Face Discussion and Online Synchronous Discussion in Class"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8833-2701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lixin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wu-Yuin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy K.","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"22_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203507711","volume-title":"Learning to Teach in Higher Education","author":"P Ramsden","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ramsden, P.: Learning to Teach in Higher Education. Routledge, Abingdon (2003)"},{"key":"22_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dallimore, E.J., Hertenstein, J.H., Platt, M.B.: Classroom participation and discussion effectiveness: student-generated strategies. Commun. Educ. 53(1) (2004)","DOI":"10.1080\/0363452032000135805"},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.02.012","volume":"57","author":"HT Hou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hou, H.T., Wu, S.Y.: Analyzing the social knowledge construction behavioral patterns of an online synchronous collaborative discussion instructional activity using an instant messaging tool: a case study. Comput. Educ. 57(2), 1459\u20131468 (2011)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2005.07.003","volume":"16","author":"A Caspi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Caspi, A., Chajut, E., Saporta, K., Beyth-Marom, R.: The influence of personality on social participation in learning environments. Learn. Individ. Differ. 16(2), 129\u2013144 (2006)","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"22_CR5","unstructured":"Fjermestad, J., Hiltz, S.R., Zhang, Y.: Effectiveness for Students: Comparisons of \u201cin-seat\u201d and ALN Courses. Learning Together Online: Research on Asynchronous Learning Networks, pp. 39\u201380 (2005)"},{"key":"22_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1558\/cj.v13i2-3.7-26","volume":"13","author":"M Warschauer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Warschauer, M.: Comparing face-to-face and electronic discussion in the second language classroom. CALICO J. 13, 7\u201326 (1995)","journal-title":"CALICO J."},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3928\/0148-4834-20000401-04","volume":"29","author":"AR Leasure","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leasure, A.R., Davis, L., Thievon, A.L.: Comparison of student outcomes and preferences in a traditional vs. world wide web-based baccalaureate nursing research course. J. Nurs. Educ. 29(4), 149\u2013154 (2000)","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Educ."},{"key":"22_CR8","unstructured":"Kim, J.B., Derry, S.J., Steinkuehler, C.A., Street, J.P., Watson, J.: Web-based online collaborative learning. In: Paper at the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (2000). http:\/\/wwww.wcer.wisc.edu\/step\/documents\/olc3\/olc3abstract.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR9","first-page":"369","volume":"9","author":"D Tiene","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tiene, D.: Online discussions: a survey of advantages and disadvantages compared to face-to-face discussions. J. Educ. Multimed. Hypermedia 9(4), 369\u2013382 (2000)","journal-title":"J. Educ. Multimed. Hypermedia"},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.13189\/ujer.2018.060201","volume":"6","author":"F Aziz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aziz, F., Quraishi, U., Kazi, A.S.: Factors behind classroom participation of secondary school students (A Gender Based Analysis). Univ. J. Educ. Res. 6(2), 211\u2013217 (2018)","journal-title":"Univ. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"22_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2018.01.001","volume":"37","author":"O Weiser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weiser, O., Blau, I., Eshet-Alkalai, Y.: How do medium naturalness, teaching-learning interactions and Students\u2019 personality traits affect participation in synchronous e-learning? Internet High. Educ. 37, 40\u201351 (2018)","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x","volume":"24","author":"E Noelle-Neumann","year":"1974","unstructured":"Noelle-Neumann, E.: The spiral of silence a theory of public opinion. J. Commun. 24(2), 43\u201351 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"22_CR13","unstructured":"Noelle-Neumann, E.: Are we asking the right questions? Developing measurement from theory: the influence of the spiral of silence on media effects research. Mass Communication Research: On problems and policies, pp. 97-120 (1994)"},{"key":"22_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Looi, C.K.: Incorporating online discussion in face to face classroom learning: a new blended learning approach. Australas. J. Educ. Technol. 23(3) (2007)","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.1255"},{"key":"22_CR15","unstructured":"Salmon, C.T., Kline, F.G.: The Spiral of Silence Ten Years Later: An Examination and Evaluation (1983)"},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/9.3.213","volume":"9","author":"CJ Glynn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Glynn, C.J., Park, E.: Reference groups, opinion intensity, and public opinion expression. Int. J. Publ. Opinion Res. 9(3), 213\u2013232 (1997)","journal-title":"Int. J. Publ. Opinion Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"22_CR17","first-page":"131","volume":"68","author":"DL Lasorsa","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lasorsa, D.L.: Political outspokenness: factors working against the spiral of silence. J. Q. 68(1\u20132), 131\u2013140 (1991)","journal-title":"J. Q."},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR18","first-page":"567","volume":"67","author":"CT Salmon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Salmon, C.T., Neuwirth, K.: Perceptions of opinion \u201cclimates\u201d and willingness to discuss the issue of abortion. J. Q. 67(3), 567\u2013577 (1990)","journal-title":"J. Q."},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/14.4.391","volume":"14","author":"L Willnat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Willnat, L., Lee, W., Detenber, B.H.: Individual-level predictors of public outspokenness: a test of the spiral of silence theory in Singapore. Int. J. Publ. Opinion Res. 14(4), 391\u2013412 (2002)","journal-title":"Int. J. Publ. Opinion Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR20","first-page":"602","volume":"74","author":"J Shamir","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shamir, J.: Speaking up and silencing out in face of a changing climate of opinion. J. Mass Commun. Q. 74(3), 602\u2013614 (1997)","journal-title":"J. Mass Commun. Q."},{"issue":"9","key":"22_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764215580618","volume":"59","author":"K Miyata","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miyata, K., Yamamoto, H., Ogawa, Y.: What affects the spiral of silence and the hard core on Twitter? An analysis of the nuclear power issue in Japan. Am. Behav. Sci. 59(9), 1129\u20131141 (2015)","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR22","first-page":"296","volume":"93","author":"E Stoycheff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stoycheff, E.: Under surveillance: examining Facebook\u2019s spiral of silence effects in the wake of NSA internet monitoring. J. Mass Commun. Q. 93(2), 296\u2013311 (2016)","journal-title":"J. Mass Commun. Q."},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/1062726X.2013.864243","volume":"26","author":"H Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, H., Oshita, T., Oh, H.J., Hove, T.: When do people speak out? Integrating the spiral of silence and the situational theory of problem solving. J. Publ. Relat. Res. 26(3), 185\u2013199 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Publ. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2007.00739.x","volume":"39","author":"G Johnson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnson, G.: The relative learning benefits of synchronous and asynchronous text-based discussion. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 39(1), 166\u2013169 (2008)","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.01.010","volume":"25","author":"U Cress","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cress, U., Kimmerle, J., Hesse, F.W.: Impact of temporal extension, synchronicity, and group size on computer-supported information exchange. Comput. Hum. Behav. 25(3), 731\u2013737 (2009)","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"22_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.06.011","volume":"27","author":"CS Asterhan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asterhan, C.S., Eisenmann, T.: Introducing synchronous e-discussion tools in co-located classrooms: a study on the experiences of \u2018active\u2019 and \u2018silent\u2019 secondary school students. Comput. Hum. Behav. 27(6), 2169\u20132177 (2011)","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2006.00620.x","volume":"38","author":"H Kanuka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kanuka, H., Rourke, L., Laflamme, E.: The influence of instructional methods on the quality of online discussion. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 38(2), 260\u2013271 (2007)","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR28","first-page":"45","volume":"3","author":"X Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, X., Fahmy, S.: Exploring the spiral of silence in the virtual world: lndividuals\u2019 willingness to express personal opinions in online versus offline settings. J. Media Commun. Stud. 3(2), 45 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Media Commun. Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/10417949009372817","volume":"56","author":"JC McCroskey","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCroskey, J.C., Richmond, V.P.: Willingness to communicate: differing cultural perspectives. South. J. Commun. 56(1), 72\u201377 (1990)","journal-title":"South. J. Commun."},{"key":"22_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780791493717","volume-title":"Between Speaking and Silence: A Study of Quiet Students","author":"MM Reda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reda, M.M.: Between Speaking and Silence: A Study of Quiet Students. SUNY Press, Albany (2009)"},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2007.00352.x","volume":"57","author":"K Neuwirth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neuwirth, K., Frederick, E., Mayo, C.: The spiral of silence and fear of isolation. J. Commun. 57(3), 450\u2013468 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"22_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429499845","volume-title":"Individualism and Collectivism","author":"HC Triandis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Triandis, H.C.: Individualism and Collectivism. Routledge, Abingdon (2018)"},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759609376373","volume":"63","author":"MS Kim","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kim, M.S., Hunter, J.E., Miyahara, A., Horvath, A.M., Bresnahan, M., Yoon, H.J.: Individual- vs. culture-level dimensions of individualism and collectivism: effects on preferred conversational styles. Commun. Monogr. 63(1), 29\u201349 (1996)","journal-title":"Commun. Monogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/12.1.3","volume":"12","author":"DA Scheufle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scheufle, D.A., Moy, P.: Twenty-five years of the spiral of silence: a conceptual review and empirical outlook. Int. J. Publ. Opinion Res. 12(1), 3\u201328 (2000)","journal-title":"Int. J. Publ. Opinion Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00377.x","volume":"22","author":"WB Gudykunst","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gudykunst, W.B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T., Kim, K., Heyman, S.: The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Hum. Commun. Res. 22(4), 510\u2013543 (1996)","journal-title":"Hum. Commun. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0893318997010003002","volume":"10","author":"JG Oetzel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oetzel, J.G., Bolton-Oetzel, K.: Exploring the relationship between self-construal and dimensions of group effectiveness. Manage. Commun. Q. 10(3), 289\u2013315 (1997)","journal-title":"Manage. Commun. Q."},{"key":"22_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.12.289","volume":"9","author":"SM Mustapha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mustapha, S.M., Rahman, N.S.N.A., Yunus, M.M.: Factors influencing classroom participation: a case study of Malaysian undergraduate students. Proc.-Soc. Behav. Sci. 9, 1079\u20131084 (2010)","journal-title":"Proc.-Soc. Behav. Sci."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Intelligent Tutoring Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-49663-0_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T21:16:08Z","timestamp":1722978968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-49663-0_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9783030496623","9783030496630"],"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-49663-0_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ITS","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Athens","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Greece","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2020","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"8 June 2020","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"12 June 2020","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"16","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"its2020","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/its2020.iis-international.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}