{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:15:53Z","timestamp":1781594153360,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030522360","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030522377","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52237-7_15","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]],"date-time":"2020-07-04T00:02:40Z","timestamp":1593820960000},"page":"177-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Fooling Automatic Short Answer Grading Systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5519-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Filighera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Steuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Rensing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"15_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-012-9156-5","volume":"10","author":"A Ahmadi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmadi, A.: Cheating on exams in the Iranian EFL context. J. Acad. Ethics 10(2), 151\u2013170 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10805-012-9156-5","journal-title":"J. Acad. Ethics"},{"key":"15_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14410","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2807385","volume":"6","author":"N Akhtar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akhtar, N., Mian, A.: Threat of adversarial attacks on deep learning in computer vision: a survey. IEEE Access 6, 14410\u201314430 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"15_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzantot, M., Sharma, Y., Elgohary, A., Ho, B.J., Srivastava, M., Chang, K.W.: Generating natural language adversarial examples. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 2890\u20132896 (2018)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1316"},{"key":"15_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00236","volume":"1","author":"S Basu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Basu, S., Jacobs, C., Vanderwende, L.: Powergrading: a clustering approach to amplify human effort for short answer grading. Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 1, 391\u2013402 (2013)","journal-title":"Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"15_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behjati, M., Moosavi-Dezfooli, S.M., Baghshah, M.S., Frossard, P.: Universal adversarial attacks on text classifiers. In: ICASSP 2019\u20132019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 7345\u20137349. IEEE (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8682430"},{"key":"15_CR6","unstructured":"Belinkov, Y., Bisk, Y.: Synthetic and natural noise both break neural machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.02173 (2017)"},{"issue":"1","key":"15_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-014-0026-8","volume":"25","author":"S Burrows","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burrows, S., Gurevych, I., Stein, B.: The eras and trends of automatic short answer grading. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 25(1), 60\u2013117 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-014-0026-8","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"15_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlini, N., Wagner, D.: Adversarial examples are not easily detected: bypassing ten detection methods. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security, pp. 3\u201314. ACM (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3128572.3140444"},{"issue":"1","key":"15_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01367895-200617010-00004","volume":"17","author":"RD Danielsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Danielsen, R.D., Simon, A.F., Pavlick, R.: The culture of cheating: from the classroom to the exam room. J. Phys. Assist. Educ. (Phys. Assist. Educ. Assoc.) 17(1), 23\u201329 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Phys. Assist. Educ. (Phys. Assist. Educ. Assoc.)"},{"key":"15_CR10","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), pp. 4171\u20134186 (2019)"},{"issue":"3","key":"15_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018703217828","volume":"40","author":"GM Diekhoff","year":"1999","unstructured":"Diekhoff, G.M., LaBeff, E.E., Shinohara, K., Yasukawa, H.: College cheating in Japan and the United States. Res. High. Educ. 40(3), 343\u2013353 (1999). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018703217828","journal-title":"Res. High. Educ."},{"key":"15_CR12","unstructured":"Dzikovska, M.O., et al.: SemEval-2013 task 7: the joint student response analysis and 8th recognizing textual entailment challenge. Technical report. North Texas State Univ., Denton (2013)"},{"key":"15_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, J., Rao, A., Lowd, D., Dou, D.: HotFlip: white-box adversarial examples for text classification. In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), pp. 31\u201336 (2018)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2006"},{"key":"15_CR14","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03928-8_31","volume-title":"Advances in Artificial Intelligence - IBERAMIA 2018","author":"LB Galhardi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galhardi, L.B., Brancher, J.D.: Machine learning approach for automatic short answer grading: a systematic review. In: Simari, G.R., Ferm\u00e9, E., Guti\u00e9rrez Segura, F., Rodr\u00edguez Melquiades, J.A. (eds.) IBERAMIA 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 11238, pp. 380\u2013391. Springer, Cham (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-03928-8_31"},{"key":"15_CR15","unstructured":"Gao, H., Oates, T.: Universal adversarial perturbation for text classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.04618 (2019)"},{"key":"15_CR16","unstructured":"Horbach, A., Pinkal, M.: Semi-supervised clustering for short answer scoring. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018) (2018)"},{"key":"15_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyyer, M., Wieting, J., Gimpel, K., Zettlemoyer, L.: Adversarial example generation with syntactically controlled paraphrase networks. In: Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, pp. 1875\u20131885 (2018)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1170"},{"issue":"1","key":"15_CR18","first-page":"n1","volume":"6","author":"CG King","year":"2009","unstructured":"King, C.G., Guyette Jr., R.W., Piotrowski, C.: Online exams and cheating: an empirical analysis of business students\u2019 views. J. Educ. Online 6(1), n1 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Educ. Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"15_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-006-9165-7","volume":"72","author":"HA Klein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klein, H.A., Levenburg, N.M., McKendall, M., Mothersell, W.: Cheating during the college years: how do business school students compare? J. Bus. Ethics 72(2), 197\u2013206 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-006-9165-7","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"15_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Chakrabarti, S., Roy, S.: Earth mover\u2019s distance pooling over Siamese LSTMs for automatic short answer grading. In: IJCAI, pp. 2046\u20132052 (2017)","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/284"},{"issue":"4","key":"15_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025779619903","volume":"37","author":"C Leacock","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leacock, C., Chodorow, M.: C-rater: automated scoring of short-answer questions. Comput. Humanit. 37(4), 389\u2013405 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1025779619903","journal-title":"Comput. Humanit."},{"key":"15_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, B., Li, H., Su, M., Bian, P., Li, X., Shi, W.: Deep text classification can be fooled. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 4208\u20134215. AAAI Press (2018)","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/585"},{"key":"15_CR23","unstructured":"Liu, Y., et al.: RoBERTa: a robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 (2019)"},{"key":"15_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marvaniya, S., Saha, S., Dhamecha, T.I., Foltz, P., Sindhgatta, R., Sengupta, B.: Creating scoring rubric from representative student answers for improved short answer grading. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2018, pp. 993\u20131002. Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3269206.3271755","DOI":"10.1145\/3269206.3271755"},{"key":"15_CR25","unstructured":"Mohler, M., Bunescu, R., Mihalcea, R.: Learning to grade short answer questions using semantic similarity measures and dependency graph alignments. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies-Volume 1, pp. 752\u2013762. Association for Computational Linguistics (2011)"},{"issue":"3","key":"15_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep4103_1","volume":"41","author":"TB Murdock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Murdock, T.B., Anderman, E.M.: Motivational perspectives on student cheating: toward an integrated model of academic dishonesty. Educ. Psychol. 41(3), 129\u2013145 (2006)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"15_CR27","unstructured":"Pad\u00f3, U.: Get semantic with me! the usefulness of different feature types for short-answer grading. In: Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, pp. 2186\u20132195 (2016)"},{"key":"15_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen, T., Patwardhan, S., Michelizzi, J.: Wordnet::similarity: measuring the relatedness of concepts. In: Demonstration Papers at HLT-NAACL 2004, pp. 38\u201341. Association for Computational Linguistics (2004)","DOI":"10.3115\/1614025.1614037"},{"key":"15_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, S., Deng, Y., He, K., Che, W.: Generating natural language adversarial examples through probability weighted word saliency. In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 1085\u20131097 (2019)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1103"},{"key":"15_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M.T., Singh, S., Guestrin, C.: Semantically equivalent adversarial rules for debugging NLP models. In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 856\u2013865 (2018)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1079"},{"key":"15_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riordan, B., Horbach, A., Cahill, A., Zesch, T., Lee, C.M.: Investigating neural architectures for short answer scoring. In: Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 159\u2013168 (2017)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-5017"},{"key":"15_CR32","series-title":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27704-2_10","volume-title":"Computer Assisted Assessment. Research into E-Assessment","author":"S Roy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roy, S., Narahari, Y., Deshmukh, O.D.: A perspective on computer assisted assessment techniques for short free-text answers. In: Ras, E., Joosten-ten Brinke, D. (eds.) CAA 2015. CCIS, vol. 571, pp. 96\u2013109. Springer, Cham (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-27704-2_10"},{"key":"15_CR33","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93843-1_37","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"S Saha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saha, S., Dhamecha, T.I., Marvaniya, S., Sindhgatta, R., Sengupta, B.: Sentence level or token level features for automatic short answer grading? Use both. In: Penstein Ros\u00e9, C., et al. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10947, pp. 503\u2013517. Springer, Cham (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93843-1_37"},{"issue":"1","key":"15_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2019.2897997","volume":"13","author":"A Sahu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sahu, A., Bhowmick, P.K.: Feature engineering and ensemble-based approach for improving automatic short-answer grading performance. IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol. 13(1), 77\u201390 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"15_CR35","unstructured":"Samanta, S., Mehta, S.: Towards crafting text adversarial samples. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.02812 (2017)"},{"key":"15_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1145\/637610.544468","volume":"34","author":"J Sheard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sheard, J., Dick, M., Markham, S., Macdonald, I., Walsh, M.: Cheating and plagiarism: perceptions and practices of first year IT students. ACM SIGCSE Bull. 34, 183\u2013187 (2002)","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"15_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/009155210303100102","volume":"31","author":"ML Smyth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smyth, M.L., Davis, J.R.: An examination of student cheating in the two-year college. Commun. Coll. Rev. 31(1), 17\u201332 (2003)","journal-title":"Commun. Coll. Rev."},{"key":"15_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan, M.A., Salazar, C., Sumner, T.: Fast and easy short answer grading with high accuracy. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 1070\u20131075 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1123"},{"key":"15_CR39","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23204-7_39","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"C Sung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sung, C., Dhamecha, T.I., Mukhi, N.: Improving short answer grading using transformer-based pre-training. In: Isotani, S., Mill\u00e1n, E., Ogan, A., Hastings, P., McLaren, B., Luckin, R. (eds.) AIED 2019. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 11625, pp. 469\u2013481. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-23204-7_39"},{"key":"15_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, C., Wei, F., Wang, W., Lv, W., Zhou, M.: Multiway attention networks for modeling sentence pairs. In: IJCAI, pp. 4411\u20134417 (2018)","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/613"},{"key":"15_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, E., Feng, S., Kandpal, N., Gardner, M., Singh, S.: Universal adversarial triggers for attacking and analyzing NLP. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP), pp. 2153\u20132162 (2019)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1221"},{"issue":"3","key":"15_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018724900565","volume":"39","author":"BE Whitley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Whitley, B.E.: Factors associated with cheating among college students: a review. Res. High. Educ. 39(3), 235\u2013274 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018724900565","journal-title":"Res. High. Educ."},{"key":"15_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, A.: Using NLP to support scalable assessment of short free text responses. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 243\u2013253 (2015)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W15-0628"},{"issue":"9","key":"15_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2886017","volume":"30","author":"X Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan, X., He, P., Zhu, Q., Li, X.: Adversarial examples: attacks and defenses for deep learning. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 30(9), 2805\u20132824 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"15_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164415590022","volume":"76","author":"F Zehner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zehner, F., S\u00e4lzer, C., Goldhammer, F.: Automatic coding of short text responses via clustering in educational assessment. Educ. Psychol. Measur. 76(2), 280\u2013303 (2016)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Measur."},{"key":"15_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zesch, T., Heilman, M., Cahill, A.: Reducing annotation efforts in supervised short answer scoring. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 124\u2013132 (2015)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W15-0615"},{"key":"15_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhou, H., Miao, N., Li, L.: Generating fluent adversarial examples for natural languages. In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 5564\u20135569 (2019)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1559"},{"key":"15_CR48","unstructured":"Zhang, W.E., Sheng, Q.Z., Alhazmi, A., Li, C.: Adversarial attacks on deep learning models in natural language processing: a survey (2019)"},{"key":"15_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., et al.: Aligning books and movies: towards story-like visual explanations by watching movies and reading books. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 19\u201327 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.11"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-52237-7_15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T01:00:00Z","timestamp":1616461200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-52237-7_15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9783030522360","9783030522377"],"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-52237-7_15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AIED","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Ifrane","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Morocco","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2020","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"6 July 2020","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10 July 2020","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aied2020","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/aied2020.nees.com.br\/#\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"214","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"49","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"66","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"23% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"4","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"No","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.","order":10,"name":"additional_info_on_review_process","label":"Additional Info on Review Process","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}