{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T02:44:36Z","timestamp":1782528276776,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030522360","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030522377","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52237-7_22","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]],"date-time":"2020-07-04T00:02:40Z","timestamp":1593820960000},"page":"269-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neural Multi-task Learning for Teacher Question Detection in Online Classrooms"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Gale Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haochen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbiao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiliang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songfan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312040003685","volume":"40","author":"AN Applebee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Applebee, A.N., Langer, J.A., Nystrand, M., Gamoran, A.: Discussion-based approaches to developing understanding: classroom instruction and student performance in middle and high school English. Am. Educ. Res. J. 40(3), 685\u2013730 (2003)","journal-title":"Am. Educ. Res. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1086\/461835","volume":"96","author":"IL Beck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beck, I.L., McKeown, M.G., Sandora, C., Kucan, L., Worthy, J.: Questioning the author: a yearlong classroom implementation to engage students with text. Elementary Sch. J. 96(4), 385\u2013414 (1996)","journal-title":"Elementary Sch. J."},{"key":"22_CR3","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19773-9_3","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"N Blanchard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blanchard, N., et al.: A study of automatic speech recognition in noisy classroom environments for automated dialog analysis. In: Conati, C., Heffernan, N., Mitrovic, A., Verdejo, M.F. (eds.) AIED 2015. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 9112, pp. 23\u201333. Springer, Cham (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-19773-9_3"},{"key":"22_CR4","unstructured":"Blanchard, N., D\u2019Mello, S., Olney, A.M., Nystrand, M.: Automatic classification of question & answer discourse segments from teacher\u2019s speech in classrooms. Int. Educ. Data Mining Soc. (2015)"},{"key":"22_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanchard, N., et al.: Identifying teacher questions using automatic speech recognition in classrooms. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 191\u2013201 (2016)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-3623"},{"key":"22_CR6","unstructured":"Blanchard, N., et al.: Semi-automatic detection of teacher questions from human-transcripts of audio in live classrooms. Int. Educ. Data Mining Soc. (2016)"},{"key":"22_CR7","unstructured":"Blosser, P.E.: How to Ask the Right Questions. NSTA Press (1991)"},{"key":"22_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caruana, R.: Multitask learning. In: Thrun, S., Pratt, L. (eds.) Learning to Learn, pp. 95\u2013133. Springer, Heidelberg (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-5529-2_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5529-2_5"},{"key":"22_CR9","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23207-8_70","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"J Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, J., Li, H., Wang, W., Ding, W., Huang, G.Y., Liu, Z.: A multimodal alerting system for online class quality assurance. In: Isotani, S., Mill\u00e1n, E., Ogan, A., Hastings, P., McLaren, B., Luckin, R. (eds.) AIED 2019. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 11626, pp. 381\u2013385. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-23207-8_70"},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR10","first-page":"273","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes, C., Vapnik, V.: Support-vector networks. Mach. Learn. 20(3), 273\u2013297 (1995)","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"22_CR11","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2019, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2\u20137 June 2019, pp. 4171\u20134186 (2019)"},{"key":"22_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnelly, P.J., Blanchard, N., Olney, A.M., Kelly, S., Nystrand, M., D\u2019Mello, S.K.: Words matter: automatic detection of teacher questions in live classroom discourse using linguistics, acoustics, and context. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Learning Analytics & Knowledge Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 13\u201317 March 2017, pp. 218\u2013227 (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3027385.3027417"},{"key":"22_CR13","unstructured":"Drucker, H., Cortes, C.: Boosting decision trees. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 479\u2013485 (1996)"},{"key":"22_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fix, E.: Discriminatory analysis: nonparametric discrimination, consistency properties. USAF school of Aviation Medicine (1951)","DOI":"10.1037\/e471672008-001"},{"key":"22_CR15","unstructured":"Gamoran, A., Kelly, S.: Tracking, instruction, and unequal literacy in secondary school English. In: Stability and Change in American Education: Structure, Process, and Outcomes, pp. 109\u2013126 (2003)"},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312031001104","volume":"31","author":"AC Graesser","year":"1994","unstructured":"Graesser, A.C., Person, N.K.: Question asking during tutoring. Am. Educ. Res. J. 31(1), 104\u2013137 (1994)","journal-title":"Am. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"22_CR17","unstructured":"Hashimoto, K., Xiong, C., Tsuruoka, Y., Socher, R.: A joint many-task model: growing a neural network for multiple NLP tasks. CoRR abs\/1611.01587 (2016). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1611.01587"},{"key":"22_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, T.K.: Random decision forests. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 1, pp. 278\u2013282. IEEE (1995)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.1995.598994"},{"key":"22_CR19","unstructured":"Kane, T.J., Staiger, D.O.: Gathering feedback for teaching: combining high-quality observations with student surveys and achievement gains. Research paper. met project. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2012)"},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-007-9024-0","volume":"10","author":"S Kelly","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kelly, S.: Classroom discourse and the distribution of student engagement. Soc. Psychol. Educ. 10(3), 331\u2013352 (2007)","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Educ."},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2007.08.003","volume":"37","author":"S Kelly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelly, S.: Race, social class, and student engagement in middle school English classrooms. Soc. Sci. Res. 37(2), 434\u2013448 (2008)","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Res."},{"key":"22_CR22","unstructured":"Kendall, A., Gal, Y., Cipolla, R.: Multi-task learning using uncertainty to weigh losses for scene geometry and semantics. CoRR abs\/1705.07115 (2017). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1705.07115"},{"key":"22_CR23","unstructured":"Kleinbaum, D.G., Dietz, K., Gail, M., Klein, M., Klein, M.: Logistic Regression. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)"},{"key":"22_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., et al.: Multimodal learning for classroom activity detection. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 9234\u20139238. IEEE (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9054407"},{"key":"22_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., et al.: Dolphin: a spoken language proficiency assessment system for elementary education. In: Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020, pp. 2641\u20132647. ACM (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380018"},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.2307\/417942","volume":"74","author":"LH MacNeilley","year":"1998","unstructured":"MacNeilley, L.H.: Opening dialogue: understanding the dynamics of language and learning in the English classroom by Martin Nystrand with Adam Gamoran, Robert Kachur, and Catherine Prendergast. Language 74(2), 444\u2013445 (1998)","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"22_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nystrand, M., Gamoran, A.: Instructional discourse, student engagement, and literature achievement. In: Research in the Teaching of English, pp. 261\u2013290 (1991)","DOI":"10.58680\/rte199115462"},{"issue":"2","key":"22_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326950DP3502_3","volume":"35","author":"M Nystrand","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nystrand, M., Wu, L.L., Gamoran, A., Zeiser, S., Long, D.A.: Questions in time: investigating the structure and dynamics of unfolding classroom discourse. Discourse Process. 35(2), 135\u2013198 (2003)","journal-title":"Discourse Process."},{"key":"22_CR29","unstructured":"Samei, B., et al.: Domain independent assessment of dialogic properties of classroom discourse. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, London, UK, 4\u20137 July 2014, pp. 233\u2013236 (2014)"},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/97.736233","volume":"6","author":"J Sohn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sohn, J., Kim, N.S., Sung, W.: A statistical model-based voice activity detection. IEEE Sig. Process. Lett. 6(1), 1\u20133 (1999)","journal-title":"IEEE Sig. Process. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"22_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2010.04.002","volume":"42","author":"T Stivers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stivers, T., Enfield, N.J.: A coding scheme for question-response sequences in conversation. J. Prag. 42(10), 2620\u20132626 (2010)","journal-title":"J. Prag."},{"key":"22_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweigart, W.: Classroom talk, knowledge development, and writing. In: Research in the Teaching of English, pp. 469\u2013496 (1991)","DOI":"10.58680\/rte199115457"},{"key":"22_CR33","unstructured":"Tashev, I., Mirsamadi, S.: DNN-based causal voice activity detector. In: Information Theory and Applications Workshop (2016)"},{"key":"22_CR34","unstructured":"Van\u00a0Asch, V.: Macro-and micro-averaged evaluation measures. Belgium: CLiPS49 (2013)"},{"key":"22_CR35","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is all you need. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 5998\u20136008 (2017)"},{"key":"22_CR36","unstructured":"Wei, J., et al.: NEZHA: neural contextualized representation for Chinese language understanding. CoRR abs\/1909.00204 (2019). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1909.00204"},{"key":"22_CR37","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Hospedales, T.: Deep multi-task representation learning: A tensor factorisation approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.06391 (2016)"},{"key":"22_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Lei, M., Yan, Z., Dai, L.: Deep-FSMN for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 5869\u20135873. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2018.8461404"},{"key":"22_CR39","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Zheng, D., Hu, X., Yang, M.: Bidirectional long short-term memory networks for relation classification. In: Proceedings of the 29th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, pp. 73\u201378 (2015)"},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2012.2229986","volume":"21","author":"XL Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, X.L., Wu, J.: Deep belief networks based voice activity detection. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 21(4), 697\u2013710 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-52237-7_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T05:45:07Z","timestamp":1723182307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-52237-7_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9783030522360","9783030522377"],"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-52237-7_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AIED","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Ifrane","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Morocco","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2020","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"6 July 2020","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10 July 2020","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"aied2020","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/aied2020.nees.com.br\/#\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"214","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"49","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"66","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"23% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"4","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"No","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.","order":10,"name":"additional_info_on_review_process","label":"Additional Info on Review Process","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}