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It does not constitute legal or professional advice. It is general comment only. Before making any decision or taking any action you should consult your legal or professional advisers to ascertain how the regulatory system applies to your particular circumstances in your jurisdiction"},{"key":"4_CR2","unstructured":"Australian AI Ethics Framework (2019). https:\/\/www.industry.gov.au\/data-and-publications\/building-australias-artificial-intelligence-capability\/ai-ethics-framework. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR3","unstructured":"European Commission: Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI (2019). https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-single-market\/en\/news\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR4","unstructured":"OECD: OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence, 22 May 2019. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/going-digital\/ai\/principles\/. Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR5","unstructured":"World Economic Forum: AI Governance: A Holistic Approach to Implement Ethics into AI. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/whitepapers\/ai-governance-a-holistic-approach-to-implement-ethics-into-ai. Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR6","unstructured":"Singapore Model AI Governance Framework. https:\/\/www.pdpc.gov.sg\/-\/media\/files\/pdpc\/pdf-files\/resource-for-organisation\/ai\/sgmodelaigovframework2.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR7","unstructured":"Definition from the Australian Securities & Investments Commission: Regulatory Guide 255 - Providing Digital Financial Product Advice to Retail Client. https:\/\/asic.gov.au\/regulatory-resources\/find-a-document\/regulatory-guides\/rg-255-providing-digital-financial-product-advice-to-retail-clients\/. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR8","unstructured":"Corporations Amendment (Professional Standards of Financial Advisers) Act 2017"},{"key":"4_CR9","unstructured":"Australian Securities & Investments Commission: Regulatory Guide 255 - Providing Digital Financial Product Advice to Retail Client. https:\/\/asic.gov.au\/regulatory-resources\/find-a-document\/regulatory-guides\/rg-255-providing-digital-financial-product-advice-to-retail-clients\/. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR10","unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119\/1) [GDPR]"},{"key":"4_CR11","unstructured":"Ibid art. 15(1)(h)"},{"key":"4_CR12","unstructured":"Ibid art. 22(3)"},{"key":"4_CR13","unstructured":"This section is based on the article, Wong, A.: Do robots and artificial intelligence think about copyright? The Australian, 5 September 2017"},{"key":"4_CR14","unstructured":"UK Intellectual Property Office, refer patent decision BL O\/741\/19 of December 2019. https:\/\/www.ipo.gov.uk\/p-challenge-decision-results\/p-challenge-decision-results-bl?BL_Number=O\/741\/19. Accessed 10 July 2020"},{"key":"4_CR15","unstructured":"European Patent Office, refer decision of January 2020. https:\/\/www.epo.org\/news-issues\/news\/2020\/20200128.html. Accessed 10 July 2020"},{"key":"4_CR16","unstructured":"US Patent and Trademark Office, refer to decision of April 2020 on Application No. 16\/524,350. https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/16524350_22apr2020.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2020"},{"key":"4_CR17","unstructured":"Here the computer is used as a tool equivalent of the painter\u2019s brush or the writer\u2019s pen by the author in the creation of the work"},{"key":"4_CR18","unstructured":"Similar provisions have been replicated in New Zealand, Ireland, India, Hong Kong and South Africa"},{"key":"4_CR19","unstructured":"Copyright Designs and Patents Act 2988 (UK) s 9(3)"},{"key":"4_CR20","unstructured":"World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Conversation of Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence, Revised Issues paper on Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence, May 2020, paragraph 23. https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/meetings\/en\/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=499504. Accessed 20 July 2020"},{"key":"4_CR21","unstructured":"In recognition of the importance of the \u2018Digital Economy\u2019, the US President Obama requested a study to examine how the US can benefit from the data economy in January 2014. The report Big Data: Seizing Opportunities, Preserving Values concluded that data can be a driver for economic growth and innovation (\u2018Big Data: Seizing Opportunities, Preserving Values\u2019)"},{"key":"4_CR22","unstructured":"For an overview on data ownership, refer to Wong, A.: Big data fuels digital disruption and innovation, but who owns data? In: Chaikin, D., Coshott, D. (eds.) Digital Disruption Impact of Business Models, Regulation & Financial Crime (ch. 2). Australian Scholarly Publishing, Australia (2017)"},{"key":"4_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beverley-Smith, H.: The Commercial Appropriation of Personality, p. 296. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511495229"},{"key":"4_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merges, R.P.: Justifying Intellectual Property, p. 100. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (2011)","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674061125"},{"key":"4_CR25","unstructured":"Nimmer, R.T.: Information Law [2:8]. Thomson Reuters, May 2014"},{"key":"4_CR26","unstructured":"The nature of the copyright in a literary, dramatic or musical work is defined in copyright legislation in the respective jurisdictions and in Australia, under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) s 31"},{"key":"4_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuelson, P.: Is information property? Commun. ACM 34(3), 16 (1991)","DOI":"10.1145\/102868.102875"},{"key":"4_CR28","unstructured":"For an introduction to the protection of information using the law of confidential information, see Lahore, LexisNexis: Patents, Trade Marks & Related Rights (at 25 April 2016) [30,000]"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR29.1","unstructured":"See, eg, Federal Commissioner of Taxation v United Aircraft Corp (1943) 68 CLR 525 at 534"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR29.2","unstructured":"Moorgate Tobacco Co Ltd v Philip Morris Ltd. (No. 2) (1984) 156 CLR 414 at 438"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR29.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breen v Williams (1996) 186 CLR 71 at 81, 90, 111, 125","DOI":"10.1002\/ace.36719967111"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR29.4","unstructured":"and Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd. (2001) 208 CLR 199 at 271"},{"key":"4_CR30","unstructured":"See Osenga, K.: Information may want to be free, but information products do not: protecting and facilitating transactions in information products. Cardozo Law Rev. 30(5), 2099, 2101 (2009)"},{"key":"4_CR31","unstructured":"Directive 96\/9\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, OJ L 077, 27\/03\/1996"},{"key":"4_CR32","unstructured":"Ibid art 7"},{"key":"4_CR33","unstructured":"Ibid art 3"},{"key":"4_CR34","unstructured":"Treasury Laws Amendment (Consumer Data Right) Act 2019. https:\/\/www.accc.gov.au\/focus-areas\/consumer-data-right-cdr-0. Accessed 2 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR35","unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2018\/1807 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 November 2018 on a framework for the free flow of non-personal data in the European Union, OJ L 303, 28.11.2018"},{"key":"4_CR36","unstructured":"Article 20 of the Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)"},{"key":"4_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, B.: Legal personality. Yale Law J. 37(3), 283\u2013299 (1928)","DOI":"10.2307\/789740"},{"key":"4_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For a discussion on the concept and expression \u201clegal personality\u201d refer to Bryson, J.J., Diamantis, M.E., Grant, T.D.: Of, for, and by the people: the legal lacuna of synthetic persons. Artif. Intell. Law. 25(3), 277 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-017-9214-9"},{"key":"4_CR39","unstructured":"European Parliament: European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015\/2103(INL)), https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A52017IP0051. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR40","unstructured":"Ibid paragraph 59(f)"},{"key":"4_CR41","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.robotics-openletter.eu\/. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR42","unstructured":"European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies: Statement on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and \u2018Autonomous\u2019 Systems, p. 10. European Commission, Brussels (2018). http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/ege\/pdf\/ege_ai_statement_2018.pdf. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR43","unstructured":"European Commission: White Paper on Artificial Intelligence - A European Approach to Excellence and Trust, COM (2020), vol. 65, 19 February 2020. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/commissionwhite-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR44","unstructured":"European Commission: Report on the safety and liability implications of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics, COM (2020), vol. 64, 19 February 2020. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/files\/commission-report-safety-and-liability-implications-ai-internet-thingsand-robotics_en. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-017-9214-9","volume":"25","author":"JJ Bryson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bryson, J.J., Diamantis, M.E., Grant, T.D.: Of, for, and by the people: the legal lacuna of synthetic persons. Artif. Intell. Law 25(3), 273\u2013291 (2017)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"key":"4_CR46","unstructured":"The World Economic Forum: White Paper on AI Governance a Holistic Approach to Implement Ethics into AI, p. 6. Geneva, Switzerland (2019). https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/whitepapers\/ai-governance-a-holistic-approach-to-implement-ethics-into-ai. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR47","unstructured":"Selbst, A.D.: Negligence and AI\u2019s human users. In: Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper No. 20-01, p. 1. UCLA School of Law (2018)"},{"key":"4_CR48","unstructured":"For a brief rundown of the regulatory frameworks and developments in selected countries refer to the Australian National Transport Commission 2020, Review of \u2018Guidelines for trials of automated vehicles in Australia\u2019: Discussion paper, NTC, Melbourne, pp. 16\u201318. https:\/\/www.ntc.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/assets\/files\/NTC%20Discussion%20Paper%20-%20Review%20of%20guidelines%20for%20trials%20of%20automated%20vehicles%20in%20Australia.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2020. For examples of Australian legislation refer to: Motor Vehicles (Trials of Automotive Technologies) Amendment Act 2016 (SA), Transport Legislation Amendment (Automated Vehicle Trials and Innovation) Act 2017 (NSW), Road Safety Amendment (Automated Vehicles) Act 2018 (Vic)"},{"key":"4_CR49","unstructured":"For the new European Union drone rules refer to: https:\/\/www.easa.europa.eu\/domains\/civil-drones-rpas\/drones-regulatory-framework-background. For the Australia drone rules refer to: https:\/\/www.casa.gov.au\/knowyourdrone\/drone-rules and the Civil Aviation Safety Amendment (Remotely Piloted Aircraft and Model Aircraft\u2014Registration and Accreditation) Regulations 2019"},{"key":"4_CR50","unstructured":"European Commission: Report on the safety and liability implications of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics, COM (2020), vol. 64, p. 14, 19 February 2020. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/files\/commission-report-safety-and-liability-implications-ai-internet-thingsand-robotics_en. Accessed June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR51","unstructured":"Australian National Transport Commission 2020: Review of \u2018Guidelines for trials of automated vehicles in Australia\u2019: Discussion paper, NTC, Melbourne, pp. 26\u201327. https:\/\/www.ntc.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/assets\/files\/NTC%20Discussion%20Paper%20-%20Review%20of%20guidelines%20for%20trials%20of%20automated%20vehicles%20in%20Australia.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR52","unstructured":"General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) art. 22; Recital 71; see also Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2018a, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016\/679, 17\/EN WP251rev.01, p. 19. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/newsroom\/article29\/item-detail.cfm?item_id=612053. Accessed 4 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobbe, J.: Administrative law and the machines of government: judicial review of automated public-sector decision-making. Legal Stud. 3 (2019)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3226913"},{"key":"4_CR54","unstructured":"For the interpretability characteristics of various AI models, refer to ICO and Alan Turing Institute: Guidance on explaining decisions made with AI (2020). annexe 2. https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/media\/for-organisations\/guide-to-data-protection\/key-data-protection-themes\/explaining-decisions-made-with-artificial-intelligence-1-0.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR55","unstructured":"For the types of explanation that an organisation may provide, refer to ICO and Alan Turing Institute: Guidance on explaining decisions made with AI, p. 20 (2020). https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/media\/for-organisations\/guide-to-data-protection\/key-data-protection-themes\/explaining-decisions-made-with-artificial-intelligence-1-0.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"4_CR56","unstructured":"General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) art. 15"},{"key":"4_CR57","unstructured":"General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) art. 22"},{"key":"4_CR58","unstructured":"General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) arts. 13\u201314"},{"key":"4_CR59","unstructured":"European Commission: Report on the safety and liability implications of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics, COM (2020), vol. 64, , p. 15, 19 February 2020. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/files\/commission-report-safety-and-liability-implications-ai-internet-thingsand-robotics_en. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR60.1","unstructured":"Australian Human Rights Commission: Discussion Paper on Human Rights and Technology, p. 104 (2019). https:\/\/humanrights.gov.au\/our-work\/rights-and-freedoms\/publications\/human-rights-and-technology-discussion-paper-2019. Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4_CR60.2","unstructured":"For a US perspective, refer to Flicker, K.: The prison of convenience, the need for national regulation of biometric technology in sports venues. 30 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media Ent. L. J. 985, 1015 (2020). https:\/\/ir.lawnet.fordham.edu\/iplj\/vol30\/iss3\/7\/. 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