{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:45:24Z","timestamp":1792453524986,"version":"4.5.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":193,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030660130","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030660147","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66014-7_4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T11:18:16Z","timestamp":1618312696000},"page":"89-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Bruch\u2019s Membrane and the Choroid in Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Malia","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard A.","family":"Lutty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"4_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5537","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1590","volume":"47","author":"S Aisenbrey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aisenbrey S, Zhang M, Bacher D, Yee J, Brunken WJ, Hunter DD (2006) Retinal pigment epithelial cells synthesize laminins, including laminin 5, and adhere to them through alpha3- and alpha6-containing integrins. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(12):5537\u20135544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.05-1590","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(90)90158-Q","volume":"51","author":"TW Call","year":"1990","unstructured":"Call TW, Hollyfield JG (1990) Sulfated proteoglycans in Bruch\u2019s membrane of the human eye: localization and characterization using cupromeronic blue. Exp Eye Res 51(4):451\u2013462","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR3","first-page":"478","volume":"30","author":"AT Hewitt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hewitt AT, Nakazawa K, Newsome DA (1989) Analysis of newly synthesized Bruch\u2019s membrane proteoglycans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30(3):478\u2013486","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR4","volume-title":"Ryan","author":"CA Curcio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Curcio CA, Johnson M (2013) Structure, function, and pathology of Bruch\u2019s membrane. In: Scachat A, Wilkenson HDP, Sadda V, Wiedemann P (eds) Ryan, 5th edn. Elsevier, London","edition":"5"},{"key":"4_CR5","first-page":"2676","volume":"40","author":"L Guo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guo L, Hussain AA, Limb GA, Marshall J (1999) Age-dependent variation in metalloproteinase activity of isolated human Bruch\u2019s membrane and choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:2676\u20132682","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(98)00012-3","volume":"18","author":"R Guymer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guymer R, Luthert P, Bird A (1998) Changes in Bruch\u2019s membrane and related structures with age. Prog Ret Eye Res 18:59\u201390","journal-title":"Prog Ret Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.04.005","volume":"33","author":"I Bhutto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhutto I, Lutty G (2012) Understanding age-related macular degeneration (AMD): relationships between the photoreceptor\/retinal pigment epithelium\/Bruch\u2019s membrane\/choriocapillaris complex. Mol Asp Med 33(4):295\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2012.04.005","journal-title":"Mol Asp Med"},{"key":"4_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.4.547","volume":"121","author":"ND Wangsa-Wirawan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wangsa-Wirawan ND, Linsenmeier RA (2003) Retinal oxygen. Fundamental and clinical aspects. Arch Ophthalmol 121:547\u2013557","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2614","volume":"50","author":"T Baba","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baba T, Grebe R, Hasegawa T, Bhutto I, Merges C, McLeod DS et al (2009) Maturation of the fetal human choriocapillaris. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50(7):3503\u20133511","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21231","volume":"236","author":"T Hasegawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hasegawa T, McLeod DS, Bhutto IA, Prow T, Merges CA, Grebe R et al (2007) The embryonic human choriocapillaris develops by hemo-vasculogenesis. Dev Dyn 236:2089\u20132100","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"4_CR11","first-page":"3799","volume":"35","author":"DS McLeod","year":"1994","unstructured":"McLeod DS, Lutty GA (1994) High resolution histologic analysis of the human choroidal vasculature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:3799\u20133811","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.39","volume":"4","author":"SS Hayreh","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hayreh SS (1990) In vivo choroidal circulation and its watershed zones. Eye 4:273\u2013289","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0913","volume":"45","author":"RH Guymer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guymer RH, Bird AC, Hageman GS (2004) Cytoarchitecture of choroidal capillary endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(6):1660\u20131666","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"4_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13203","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.23.13203","volume":"96","author":"RV Stan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stan RV, Kubitza M, Palade GE (1999) PV-1 is a component of the fenestral and stomatal diaphragms in fenestrated endothelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(23):13203\u201313207","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.100.2.418","volume":"100","author":"EL Bearer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bearer EL, Orci L (1985) Endothelial fenestral diaphragms: a quick-freeze, deep-etch study. J Cell Biol 100(2):418\u2013428","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680701550660","volume":"32","author":"M Johnson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnson M, Dabholkar A, Huang JD, Presley JB, Chimento MF, Curcio CA (2007) Comparison of morphology of human macular and peripheral Bruch\u2019s membrane in older eyes. Curr Eye Res 32(9):791\u2013799","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00221864","volume":"243","author":"RM Pino","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pino RM (1986) The cell surface of a restrictive fenestrated endothelium. II. Dynamics of cationic ferritin binding and the identification of heparin and heparan sulfate domains on the choriocapillaris. Cell Tissue Res 243(1):157\u2013164","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17934","volume":"57","author":"M Nakanishi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nakanishi M, Grebe R, Bhutto IA, Edwards M, McLeod DS, Lutty GA (2016) Albumen transport to Bruch\u2019s membrane and RPE by Choriocapillaris Caveolae. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57(4):2213\u20132224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.15-17934","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.67.1.199","volume":"67","author":"RG Anderson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Anderson RG (1998) The caveolae membrane system. Annu Rev Biochem 67:199\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.biochem.67.1.199","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15705","volume":"56","author":"ME Koina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koina ME, Baxter L, Adamson SJ, Arfuso F, Hu P, Madigan MC et al (2015) Evidence for lymphatics in the developing and adult human choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56(2):1310\u20131327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-15705","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.02.018","volume":"181","author":"R Grebe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grebe R, Mughal I, Bryden W, McLeod S, Edwards M, Hageman GS et al (2019) Ultrastructural analysis of submacular choriocapillaris and its transport systems in AMD and aged control eyes. Exp Eye Res 181:252\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2019.02.018","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65138-3","volume":"155","author":"HG Blaauwgeers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blaauwgeers HG, Holtkamp GM, Rutten H, Witmer AN, Koolwijk P, Partanen TA et al (1999) Polarized vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by human retinal pigment epithelium and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors on the inner choriocapillaris. Evidence for a trophic paracrine relation. Am J Pathol 155(2):421\u2013428","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"44","key":"4_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905010106","volume":"106","author":"M Saint-Geniez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saint-Geniez M, Kurihara T, Sekiyama E, Maldonado AE, D\u2019Amore PA (2009) An essential role for RPE-derived soluble VEGF in the maintenance of the choriocapillaris. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(44):18751\u201318756","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4_CR24","first-page":"642","volume":"147","author":"DS McLeod","year":"1995","unstructured":"McLeod DS, Lefer DJ, Merges C, Lutty GA (1995) Enhanced expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin in the diabetic human retina and choroid. Am J Pathol 147:642\u2013653","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"4_CR25","volume-title":"Structure of ocular vessels","author":"K Shimizu","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shimizu K, Ujiie K (1978) Structure of ocular vessels. Igaku-Shoin, New York"},{"key":"4_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35754","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35754","volume":"6","author":"MA Zouache","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zouache MA, Eames I, Klettner CA, Luthert PJ (2016) Form, shape and function: segmented blood flow in the choriocapillaris. Sci Rep 6:35754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep35754","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1972.01000020072015","volume":"87","author":"E Friedman","year":"1972","unstructured":"Friedman E, Chandra SR (1972) Choroidal blood flow III: effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Arch Ophthalmol 87:70\u201371","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR28","first-page":"300","volume":"37","author":"DS McLeod","year":"1996","unstructured":"McLeod DS, Brownstein R, Lutty GA (1996) Vaso-obliteration in the canine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:300\u2013311","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR29","first-page":"612","volume":"30","author":"RA Linsenmeier","year":"1989","unstructured":"Linsenmeier RA, Yancy CM (1989) Effects of hyperoxia on the oxygen distribution in the intact cat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:612\u2013618","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","volume":"64","author":"A Reiner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reiner A, Fitzgerald MEC, Del Mar N, Li C (2018) Neural control of choroidal blood flow. Prog Retin Eye Res 64:96\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"4_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3768","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0307","volume":"48","author":"E Polska","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polska E, Simader C, Weigert G, Doelemeyer A, Kolodjaschna J, Scharmann O et al (2007) Regulation of choroidal blood flow during combined changes in intraocular pressure and arterial blood pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(8):3768\u20133774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.07-0307","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0268","volume":"46","author":"M Tittl","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tittl M, Maar N, Polska E, Weigert G, Stur M, Schmetterer L (2005) Choroidal hemodynamic changes during isometric exercise in patients with inactive central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(12):4717\u20134721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.05-0268","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","volume":"29","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Wallman J (2010) The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res 29(2):144\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"4_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1972.tb05182.x","volume":"84","author":"A Alm","year":"1972","unstructured":"Alm A, Bill A (1972) The oxygen supply to the retina, II: effects of high intraocular pressure and of increased arterial carbon dioxide tension on uveal and retinal blood flow in cats. Acta Physiol Scand 84:306\u2013319","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"4_CR35","first-page":"539","volume":"3","author":"E Friedman","year":"1964","unstructured":"Friedman E, Kopald HH, Smith TR (1964) Retinal and choroidal blood flow determined with krypton-85 anesthetized animals. Invest Opthalmol 3:539\u2013547","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"4_CR36","first-page":"H1444","volume":"272","author":"RD Braun","year":"1997","unstructured":"Braun RD, Dewhirst MW, Hatchell DL (1997) Quantification of erythrocyte flow in the choroid of the albino rat. Am J Physiol 272(3 Pt 2):H1444\u2013H1453","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"4_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.2000.2270","volume":"60","author":"SD Wajer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wajer SD, Taomoto M, McLeod M, McCally RL, Fabry ME, Nagel RL et al (2000) Velocity measurements of normal and sickle red blood cells in the rat retinal and choroidal vasculatures. Microvasc Res 60:281\u2013293","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-308290","volume":"100","author":"IA Bhutto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Jing T, Sunness JS, Seddon JM, Lutty GA (2016) Increased choroidal mast cells and their degranulation in age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 100(5):720\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-308290","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13522","volume":"55","author":"A Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar A, Zhao L, Fariss RN, McMenamin PG, Wong WT (2014) Vascular associations and dynamic process motility in perivascular myeloid cells of the mouse choroid: implications for function and senescent change. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55(3):1787\u20131796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.13-13522","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1997.49","volume":"11","author":"PG McMenamin","year":"1997","unstructured":"McMenamin PG (1997) The distribution of immune cells in the uveal tract of the normal eye. Eye 11:183\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.1997.49","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"4_CR41","volume-title":"Anatomy of the eye and orbit","author":"AJ Bron","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bron AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ (1997) Anatomy of the eye and orbit. Chapman & Hall, London"},{"key":"4_CR42","first-page":"592","volume":"35","author":"C Fl\u00fcgel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgel C, Tamm ER, Mayer B, L\u00fctjen-Drecoll E (1994) Species differences in choroidal vasodilative innervation: evidence for specific intrinsic nitrergic and VIP-positive neurons in the human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:592\u2013599","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR43","volume-title":"Die Aderhaut (choroidea), in handbuch der mikroskopischen anatomie","author":"H Lauber","year":"1936","unstructured":"Lauber H (1936) Die Aderhaut (choroidea), in handbuch der mikroskopischen anatomie. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"4_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(91)90138-5","volume":"53","author":"A Bill","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bill A (1991) The 1990 Endre Balazs lecture: effects of some neuropeptides on the uvea. Exp Eye Res 53:3\u201311","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"4_CR45","first-page":"1394","volume":"34","author":"RM Mann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mann RM, Riva CE, Cranstoun SD et al (1993) Nitric oxide and choroidal blood flow (chBF) regulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:1394","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(93)90337-T","volume":"42","author":"JL Morris","year":"1993","unstructured":"Morris JL (1993) Co-transmission from autonomic vasodilator neurons supplying the Guinea pig uterine artery. J Auton Nerv Syst 42:11\u201321","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"4_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(85)90129-0","volume":"40","author":"SF Nilsson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Nilsson SF, Linder J, Bill A (1985) Characteristics of uveal vasodilation produced by facial nerve stimulation in monkeys, cats and rabbits. Exp Eye Res 40:841\u2013852","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"4_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06562.x","volume":"109","author":"J Stjernschantz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Stjernschantz J, Bill A (1980) Vasomotor effects in facial nerve stimulation: non-cholinergic vasodilation in the eye. Acta Physiol Scand 109:45\u201350","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"4_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(93)90324-N","volume":"43","author":"EK Talmage","year":"1993","unstructured":"Talmage EK, Mawe GM (1993) NADPH-diaphorase and VIP are colocalized in neurons of gallbladder ganglia. J Auton Nerv Syst 43:83\u201389","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"4_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1983.tb01077.x","volume":"11","author":"AS Miller","year":"1983","unstructured":"Miller AS, Coster DJ, Costa M, Furness JB (1983) Vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactive nerve fibers in the human eye. Aust J Ophthalmol 11:185\u2013193","journal-title":"Aust J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199207000-00028","volume":"3","author":"W Kummer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kummer W, Fischer A, Mundel P et al (1992) Nitric-oxide synthase in VIP-containing vasodilator nerve fibers in the Guinea pig. Neuroreport 3:653\u2013655","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"4_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00381887","volume":"270","author":"JB Furness","year":"1992","unstructured":"Furness JB, Pompolo S, Shuttleworth CW, Burleigh DE (1992) Light- and electron-microscopic immunochemical analysis of nerve fiber types innervating the taenia of the Guinea pig cecum. Cell Tissue Res 270:125\u2013137","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"4_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhutto IA, Baba T, Merges C, McLeod DS, Lutty GA (2009) Low nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exp Eye Res","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.10.004"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"4_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1991.32","volume":"5","author":"LM Parver","year":"1991","unstructured":"Parver LM (1991) Temperature modulating action of choroidal blood flow. Eye 5(Pt 2):181\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.1991.32","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(80)90280-9","volume":"89","author":"LM Parver","year":"1980","unstructured":"Parver LM, Auker C, Carpenter DO (1980) Choroidal blood flow as a heat dissipating mechanism in the macula. Am J Ophthalmol 89(5):641\u2013646","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.017","volume":"146","author":"E Friedman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Friedman E (2008) The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 146(3):348\u2013349","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31871-8","volume":"99","author":"R Klein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Klein R, Klein BE, Linton KL (1992) Prevalence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 99(6):933\u2013943","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4_CR58","first-page":"25","volume":"5","author":"JS Sunness","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sunness JS (1999) The natural history of geographic atrophy, the advanced atrophic form of age-related macular degeneration. Mol Vis 5:25","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1967.00980020412022","volume":"77","author":"MJ Hogan","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hogan MJ, Alvarado J (1967) Studies on the human macula. IV. Aging changes in Bruch\u2019s membrane. Arch Ophthalmol 77(3):410\u2013420","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.60.5.324","volume":"60","author":"SH Sarks","year":"1976","unstructured":"Sarks SH (1976) Aging and degeneration in the macular region: a clinico-pathological study. Br J Ophthal 60:324\u2013341","journal-title":"Br J Ophthal"},{"key":"4_CR61","first-page":"2724","volume":"37","author":"CW Spraul","year":"1996","unstructured":"Spraul CW, Lang GE, Grossniklaus HE (1996) Morphometric analysis of the choroid, Bruch\u2019s membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium in eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:2724\u20132735","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00086-7","volume":"44","author":"CW Spraul","year":"1999","unstructured":"Spraul CW, Lang GE, Grossniklaus HE, Lang GK (1999) Histologic and morphometric analysis of the choroid, Bruch\u2019s membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium in postmortem eyes with age-related macular degeneration and histologic examination of surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes. Surv Ophthalmol 44(Suppl 1):S10\u2013S32","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320570224","volume":"57","author":"C Starita","year":"1995","unstructured":"Starita C, Hussain AA, Marshall J (1995) Decreasing hydraulic conductivity of Bruch\u2019s membrane: relevance to photoreceptor survival and lipofuscinoses. Am J Med Genet 57(2):235\u2013237","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0066","volume":"62","author":"C Starita","year":"1996","unstructured":"Starita C, Hussain AA, Pagliarini S, Marshall J (1996) Hydrodynamics of ageing Bruch\u2019s membrane: implications for macular disease. Exp Eye Res 62(5):565\u2013572","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"4_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32619-2","volume":"97","author":"D Pauleikhoff","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pauleikhoff D, Harper CA, Marshall J, Bird AC (1990) Aging changes in Bruch\u2019s membrane. A histochemical and morphological study. Ophthalmology 97:171\u2013178","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.08.001","volume":"28","author":"CA Curcio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Curcio CA, Johnson M, Huang JD, Rudolf M (2009) Aging, age-related macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Prog Retin Eye Res 28(6):393\u2013422","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2376","volume":"50","author":"L Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang L, Li CM, Rudolf M, Belyaeva OV, Chung BH, Messinger JD et al (2009) Lipoprotein particles of intraocular origin in human Bruch membrane: an unusual lipid profile. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50(2):870\u2013877","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R004820","volume":"51","author":"IR Rodriguez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodriguez IR, Larrayoz IM (2010) Cholesterol oxidation in the retina: implications of 7KCh formation in chronic inflammation and age-related macular degeneration. J Lipid Res 51(10):2847\u20132862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.R004820","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"4_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3209-8_33","volume":"801","author":"KB Ebrahimi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ebrahimi KB, Fijalkowski N, Cano M, Handa JT (2014) Oxidized low-density-lipoprotein-induced injury in retinal pigment epithelium alters expression of the membrane complement regulatory factors CD46 and CD59 through exosomal and apoptotic bleb release. Adv Exp Med Biol 801:259\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-3209-8_33","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.04.010","volume":"179","author":"M Cano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cano M, Fijalkowski N, Kondo N, Dike S, Handa J (2011) Advanced glycation endproduct changes to Bruch\u2019s membrane promotes lipoprotein retention by lipoprotein lipase. Am J Pathol 179(2):850\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.04.010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.02.013","volume":"90","author":"AA Hussain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hussain AA, Starita C, Hodgetts A, Marshall J (2010) Macromolecular diffusion characteristics of ageing human Bruch\u2019s membrane: implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exp Eye Res 90(6):703\u2013710","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4195","volume":"51","author":"A Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar A, El-Osta A, Hussain AA, Marshall J (2010) Increased sequestration of matrix metalloproteinases in ageing human Bruch\u2019s membrane: implications for ECM turnover. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(5):2664\u20132670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-4195","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M900523-MCP200","volume":"9","author":"X Yuan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yuan X, Gu X, Crabb JS, Yue X, Shadrach K, Hollyfield JG et al (2010) Quantitative proteomics: comparison of the macular Bruch membrane\/choroid complex from age-related macular degeneration and normal eyes. Mol Cell Proteomics 9(6):1031\u20131046","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"4_CR74","first-page":"2857","volume":"35","author":"RS Ramrattan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ramrattan RS, van der Schaft TL, Mooy CM, de Bruijn WC, Mulder PG, de Jong PT (1994) Morphometric analysis of Bruch's membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:2857\u20132864","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.10.944","volume":"79","author":"WS Karwatowski","year":"1995","unstructured":"Karwatowski WS, Jeffries TE, Duance VC, Albon J, Bailey AJ, Easty DL (1995) Preparation of Bruch\u2019s membrane and analysis of the age-related changes in the structural collagens. Br J Ophthalmol 79(10):944\u2013952","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.76.3.166","volume":"76","author":"AC Bird","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bird AC (1992) Bruch\u2019s membrane changes with age. Br J Ophthalmol 76:166\u2013168","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR77","first-page":"35","volume":"5","author":"G Lutty","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lutty G, Grunwald J, Majji AB, Uyama M, Yoneya S (1999) Changes in choriocapillaris and retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration. Mol Vis 5:35","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"23","key":"4_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14682","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222551899","volume":"99","author":"JW Crabb","year":"2002","unstructured":"Crabb JW, Miyagi M, Gu X, Shadrach K, West KA, Sakaguchi H et al (2002) Drusen proteome analysis: an approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(23):14682\u201314687","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1709","volume":"14","author":"JG Hollyfield","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hollyfield JG, Bonilha VL, Rayborn ME, Yang X, Shadrach KG, Lu L et al (2008) Oxidative damage-induced inflammation initiates age-related macular degeneration. Nat Med 14(2):194\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1709","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4478","volume":"51","author":"JG Hollyfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hollyfield JG (2010) Age-related macular degeneration: the molecular link between oxidative damage, tissue-specific inflammation and outer retinal disease: the Proctor lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(3):1275\u20131281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-4478","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"4_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-010-8110-z","volume":"41","author":"JG Hollyfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hollyfield JG, Perez VL, Salomon RG (2010) A hapten generated from an oxidation fragment of docosahexaenoic acid is sufficient to initiate age-related macular degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 41(2\u20133):290\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-010-8110-z","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"4_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C546","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00424.2002","volume":"285","author":"X Gu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gu X, El-Remessy A, Brooks S, Al-Shabrawey M, Tsai N, Caldwell R (2003) Hyperoxia induces retinal vascular endothelial cell apoptosis through formation of peroxynitrite. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285:C546\u2013C554","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"4_CR83","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of microvasculatures","author":"IA Bhutto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bhutto IA, Lutty GA (2004) The vasculature of choroid. In: Schepro D, D\u2019Amore PA (eds) Encyclopedia of microvasculatures. Elsevier, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6476","volume":"52","author":"RF Mullins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mullins RF, Johnson MN, Faidley EA, Skeie JM, Huang J (2011) Choriocapillaris vascular dropout related to density of drusen in human eyes with early age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(3):1606\u20131612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.10-6476","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(05)80092-X","volume":"39","author":"AC Bird","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bird AC, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Chisholm IH, Coscas G, Davis MD et al (1995) An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. Surv Ophthalmol 39(5):367\u2013374","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32186-9","volume":"98","author":"R Klein","year":"1991","unstructured":"Klein R, Davis MD, Magli YL, Segal P, Klein BE, Hubbard L (1991) The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system. Ophthalmology 98(7):1128\u20131134","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.04.012","volume":"81","author":"CA Curcio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Curcio CA, Presley JB, Malek G, Medeiros NE, Avery DV, Kruth HS (2005) Esterified and unesterified cholesterol in drusen and basal deposits of eyes with age-related maculopathy. Exp Eye Res 81(6):731\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2005.04.012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"4_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63836-9","volume":"162","author":"G Malek","year":"2003","unstructured":"Malek G, Li C-M, Guidry C, Medeiros N, Curcio C (2003) Apolipoprotein B in cholesterol-containing drusen and basal deposits of human eyes with age-related maculopathy. Am J Pathol 162:413\u2013425","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0443","volume":"48","author":"S Sarks","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarks S, Cherepanoff S, Killingsworth M, Sarks J (2007) Relationship of Basal laminar deposit and membranous debris to the clinical presentation of early age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(3):968\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.06-0443","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(03)00030-4","volume":"48","author":"J Ambati","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ambati J, Ambati B, Yoo S, Ianchulev S, Adamis A (2003) Age-related macular degeneration: etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies. Surv Ophthalmol 48:257\u2013293","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31466-1","volume":"100","author":"WR Green","year":"1993","unstructured":"Green WR, Enger C (1993) Age-related macular degeneration histopathologic studies. Ophthalmology 100:1519\u20131535","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR92","first-page":"762","volume":"38","author":"C Starita","year":"1997","unstructured":"Starita C, Hussain AA, Patmore A, Marshall J (1997) Localization of the site of major resistance to fluid transport in Bruch\u2019s membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38(3):762\u2013767","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.3.329","volume":"117","author":"C Curcio","year":"1999","unstructured":"Curcio C, Millican C (1999) Basal linear deposit and large drusen are specific for early age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 117:329\u2013339","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00961-2","volume":"131","author":"DH Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson DH, Ozaki S, Nealon M, Neitz J, Mullins RF, Hageman GS et al (2001) Local cellular sources of apolipoprotein E in the human retina and retinal pigmented epithelium: implications for the process of drusen formation. Am J Ophthalmol 131(6):767\u2013781","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.12.008","volume":"147","author":"R Margolis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Margolis R, Spaide RF (2009) A pilot study of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in normal eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 147(5):811\u2013815","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.032","volume":"146","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Koizumi H, Pozzoni MC (2008) Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 146(4):496\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.032","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.199216","volume":"95","author":"IA Bhutto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhutto IA, Baba T, Merges C, Juriasinghani V, McLeod DS, Lutty GA (2011) C-reactive protein and complement factor H in aged human eyes and eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 95(9):1323\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2010.199216","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01958.x","volume":"89","author":"YG Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim YG, Baek SH, Moon SW, Lee HK, Kim US (2011) Analysis of spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in occult macular dystrophy. Acta Ophthalmol 89(1):e52\u2013e56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01958.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.05.021","volume":"152","author":"A Wood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wood A, Binns A, Margrain T, Drexler W, Povazay B, Esmaeelpour M et al (2011) Retinal and choroidal thickness in early age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 152(6):1030\u20131038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.05.021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6024","volume":"52","author":"W Rahman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rahman W, Chen FK, Yeoh J, Patel P, Tufail A, Da Cruz L (2011) Repeatability of manual subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements in healthy subjects using the technique of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52(5):2267\u20132271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.10-6024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70906-7","volume":"124","author":"E Friedman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Friedman E (1997) A hemodynamic model of the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 124(5):677\u2013682","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1963.00960040226014","volume":"69","author":"E Friedman","year":"1963","unstructured":"Friedman E, Smith TR, Kuwabara T (1963) Senile choroidal vascular patterns and drusen. Arch Ophthalmol 69:220\u2013230","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.2.150","volume":"116","author":"J Grunwald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grunwald J, Hariprasad S, DuPont J (1998) Effect of aging on foveolar choroidal circulation. Arch Ophthalmol 116:150\u2013154","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR104","first-page":"385","volume":"39","author":"J Grunwald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grunwald J, Hariprasad S, DuPont J, Maguire M, Fine S, Brucker A et al (1998) Foveolar choroidal blood flow in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:385\u2013390","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1050","volume":"46","author":"JE Grunwald","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grunwald JE, Metelitsina TI, Dupont JC, Ying GS, Maguire MG (2005) Reduced foveolar choroidal blood flow in eyes with increasing AMD severity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(3):1033\u20131038","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0526","volume":"49","author":"TI Metelitsina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Metelitsina TI, Grunwald JE, DuPont JC, Ying GS, Brucker AJ, Dunaief JL (2008) Foveolar choroidal circulation and choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(1):358\u2013363","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30974-8","volume":"102","author":"E Friedman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Friedman E, Krupsky S, Lane AM, Oak SS, Friedman ES, Egan K et al (1995) Ocular blood flow velocity in age-related macular degeneration. Ophtahlmology 102:640\u2013646","journal-title":"Ophtahlmology"},{"key":"4_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75989-6","volume":"109","author":"D Pauleikhoff","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pauleikhoff D, Chen J, Chisholm I, Bird A (1990) Choroidal perfusion abnormality with age-related Bruch\u2019s membrane change. Am J Ophthalmol 109:211\u2013217","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000310337","volume":"205","author":"G Staurenghi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Staurenghi G, Bottoni F, Lonati C, Autelitano A, Orzalesi N (1992) Drusen and \u2018choroidal filling defects\u2019: a cross-sectional survey. Ophthalmologica 205:178\u2013186","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"11","key":"4_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.3519","volume":"134","author":"JM Seddon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seddon JM, McLeod DS, Bhutto IA, Villalonga MB, Silver RE, Wenick AS et al (2016) Histopathological insights into choroidal vascular loss in clinically documented cases of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol 134(11):1272\u20131280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.3519","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.107939","volume":"192","author":"GA Lutty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lutty GA, McLeod DS, Bhutto IA, Edwards MM, Seddon JM (2020) Choriocapillaris dropout in early age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 192:107939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.107939","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"4_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14646","volume":"55","author":"M Esmaeelpour","year":"2014","unstructured":"Esmaeelpour M, Ansari-Shahrezaei S, Glittenberg C, Nemetz S, Kraus MF, Hornegger J et al (2014) Choroid, Haller\u2019s, and Sattler\u2019s layer thickness in intermediate age-related macular degeneration with and without fellow neovascular eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55(8):5074\u20135080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.14-14646","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22953","volume":"59","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Zheng F, Motulsky EH, Gregori G, Chu Z, Chen CL et al (2018) A novel strategy for quantifying choriocapillaris flow voids using swept-source OCT angiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 59(1):203\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.17-22953","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417","volume":"119","author":"Group A-rEDSR","year":"2001","unstructured":"Group A-rEDSR (2001) A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 119(10):1417\u20131436","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.08.030","volume":"115","author":"ML Klein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klein ML, Ferris FL 3rd, Armstrong J, Hwang TS, Chew EY, Bressler SB et al (2008) Retinal precursors and the development of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 115(6):1026\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.08.030","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.5799","volume":"132","author":"AC Bird","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bird AC, Phillips RL, Hageman GS (2014) Geographic atrophy: a histopathological assessment. JAMA Ophthalmol 132(3):338\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.5799","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR117","first-page":"1986","volume":"43","author":"DS McLeod","year":"2002","unstructured":"McLeod DS, Taomoto M, Otsuji T, Green WR, Sunness JS, Lutty GA (2002) Quantifying changes in RPE and choriocapillaris in eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:1986\u20131993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3639","volume":"50","author":"DS McLeod","year":"2009","unstructured":"McLeod DS, Grebe R, Bhutto I, Merges C, Baba T, Lutty GA (2009) Relationship between RPE and choriocapillaris in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50(10):4982\u20134991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-3639","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1988.106","volume":"2","author":"JP Sarks","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sarks JP, Sarks SH, Killingsworth MC (1988) Evolution of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Eye 2:552\u2013577","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"4_CR120","first-page":"1135","volume":"25","author":"GE Korte","year":"1984","unstructured":"Korte GE, Repucci V, Henkind P (1984) RPE destruction causes choriocapillary atrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 25:1135\u20131145","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-018-0118-x","volume":"5","author":"M Arya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arya M, Sabrosa AS, Duker JS, Waheed NK (2018) Choriocapillaris changes in dry age-related macular degeneration and geographic atrophy: a review. Eye Vis (Lond) 5:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-018-0118-x","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"key":"4_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.10.002","volume":"52","author":"D Ferrara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferrara D, Waheed NK, Duker JS (2016) Investigating the choriocapillaris and choroidal vasculature with new optical coherence tomography technologies. Prog Retin Eye Res 52:130\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.10.002","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001863","volume":"38","author":"PL Nesper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nesper PL, Lutty GA, Fawzi AA (2018) Residual choroidal vessels in atrophy can masquerade as choroidal neovascularization on optical coherence tomography angiography: introducing a clinical and software approach. Retina 38(7):1289\u20131300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001863","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00509-6","volume":"106","author":"JS Sunness","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sunness JS, Gonzalez-Baron J, Bressler NM, Tian Y, Hawkins B, Applegate CA (1999) The development of choroidal neovascularization in eyes with geographic atrophy form of are-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 106:910\u2013919","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"13","key":"4_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22989","volume":"58","author":"DS McLeod","year":"2017","unstructured":"McLeod DS, Bhutto I, Edwards MM, Gedam M, Baldeosingh R, Lutty GA (2017) Mast cell-derived tryptase in geographic atrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58(13):5887\u20135896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.17-22989","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.5.589","volume":"116","author":"J Cao","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cao J, McLeod S, Merges CA, Lutty GA (1998) Choriocapillaris degeneration and related pathologic changes in human diabetic eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 116(5):589\u2013597","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.5.670","volume":"126","author":"IA Bhutto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bhutto IA, Uno K, Merges C, Zhang L, McLeod DS, Lutty GA (2008) Reduction of endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors in Bruch\u2019s membrane of the submacular region in eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 126(5):670\u2013678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.126.5.670","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33609-1","volume":"93","author":"WR Green","year":"1986","unstructured":"Green WR, Wilson DJ (1986) Choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology 93:1169\u20131176","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4_CR129","first-page":"180","volume":"75","author":"WR Green","year":"1977","unstructured":"Green WR, Key SN (1977) Senile macular degeneration: a histopathological study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 75:180\u2013254","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR130","first-page":"580","volume":"75","author":"JD Gass","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gass JD (1971) Photocoagulation of macular lesions. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 75(3):580\u2013608","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"key":"4_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512283332608","volume":"333","author":"J Folkman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Folkman J (1995) Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N Engl J Med 333:1757\u20131763","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00941723","volume":"235","author":"T Ishibashi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ishibashi T, Hata Y, Yoshikawa H, Nakagawa K, Sueishi K, Inomata H (1997) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in experimental choroidal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235:159\u2013167","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR133","first-page":"1929","volume":"37","author":"A Kvanta","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kvanta A, Algvere PV, Berglin L, Seregard S (1996) Subfoveal fibrovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration express vascular endothelial growth factor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1929\u20131934","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR134","first-page":"855","volume":"37","author":"PF Lopez","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lopez PF, Sippy BD, Lambert HM, Thach AB, Hinton DR (1996) Transdifferentiated retinal pigment epithelial cells are immunoreactive for vascular endothelial growth factor in surgically excised age-related macular degeneration-related choroidal neovascular membranes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:855\u2013868","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.2002.2407","volume":"64","author":"A Otani","year":"2002","unstructured":"Otani A, Takagi H, Oh H, Koyama S, Ogura Y, Matumura M et al (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor family and receptor expression in human choroidal neovascular membranes. Microvasc Res 64(1):162\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/mvre.2002.2407","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.23.3.226.5467","volume":"23","author":"M Wada","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wada M, Gelfman CM, Matsunaga H, Alizadeh M, Morse L, Handa JT et al (2001) Density-dependent expression of FGF-2 in response to oxidative stress in RPE cells in vitro. Curr Eye Res 23(3):226\u2013231","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"4_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72066-5","volume":"122","author":"RN Frank","year":"1996","unstructured":"Frank RN, Amin RH, Eliott D, Puklin JE, Abrams GW (1996) Basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are present in epiretinal and choroidal neovascular membranes. Am J Ophthalmol 122:393\u2013403","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71859-8","volume":"114","author":"HE Grossniklaus","year":"1992","unstructured":"Grossniklaus HE, Martinez JA, Brown VB, Lambert HM, Sternberg P Jr, Capone A Jr et al (1992) Immunohistochemical and histochemical properties of surgically excised subretinal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 114(4):464\u2013472","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412013312203","volume":"331","author":"LP Aiello","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, Keyt BA, Jampel H, Shah ST et al (1994) Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med 331:1480\u20131487","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.09.042","volume":"137","author":"HE Grossniklaus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grossniklaus HE, Green WR (2004) Choroidal neovascularization. Am J Ophthalmol 137(3):496\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.09.042","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030310","volume":"3","author":"RS Apte","year":"2006","unstructured":"Apte RS, Richter J, Herndon J, Ferguson TA (2006) Macrophages inhibit neovascularization in a murine model of age-related macular degeneration. PLoS Med 3(8):e310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030310","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.061018","volume":"170","author":"K Izumi-Nagai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Izumi-Nagai K, Nagai N, Ozawa Y, Mihara M, Ohsugi Y, Kurihara T et al (2007) Interleukin-6 receptor-mediated activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) promotes choroidal neovascularization. Am J Pathol 170(6):2149\u20132158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2353\/ajpath.2007.061018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"4_CR143","first-page":"747","volume":"9","author":"D Kent","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kent D, Sheridan C (2003) Choroidal neovascularization: a wound healing perspective. Mol Vis 9:747\u2013755","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"4_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2432664","volume":"235","author":"J Folkman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Folkman J, Klagsbrun M (1987) Angiogenic factors. Science 235:442\u2013447","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02110-X","volume":"489","author":"G Gao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gao G, Li Y, Zhang D, Gee S, Crosson C, Ma J (2001) Unbalanced expression of VEGF and PEDF in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. FEBS Lett 489:270\u2013276","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0862","volume":"45","author":"IA Bhutto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bhutto IA, Kim SY, McLeod DS, Merges C, Fukai N, Olsen BR et al (2004) Localization of collagen XVIII and the endostatin portion of collagen XVIII in aged human control eyes and eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(5):1544\u20131552","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.05.007","volume":"82","author":"IA Bhutto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Hasegawa T, Kim SY, Merges C, Tong P et al (2006) Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in aged human choroid and eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 82(1):99\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2005.05.007","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.074005","volume":"90","author":"K Uno","year":"2006","unstructured":"Uno K, Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Merges C, Lutty GA (2006) Impaired expression of thrombospondin-1 in eyes with age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 90(1):48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2005.074005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/35025220","volume":"407","author":"P Carmeliet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carmeliet P, Jain RK (2000) Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407:249\u2013257","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4455","volume":"51","author":"J Amaral","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amaral J, Becerra SP (2010) Effects of human recombinant PEDF protein and PEDF-derived peptide 34-mer on choroidal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(3):1318\u20131326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-4455","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(02)02362-6","volume":"8","author":"N Bouck","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bouck N (2002) PEDF: anti-angiogenic guardian of ocular function. Trends Mol Med 8(7):330\u2013334","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"4_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5425.245","volume":"285","author":"DW Dawson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dawson DW, Volpert OV, Gillis P, Crawford SE, Xu H, Benedict W et al (1999) Pigment epithelium-derived factor: a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science 285:245\u2013248","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301931","volume":"10","author":"P Gehlbach","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gehlbach P, Demetriades AM, Yamamoto S, Deering T, Duh EJ, Yang HS et al (2003) Periocular injection of an adenoviral vector encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits choroidal neovascularization. Gene Ther 10:637\u2013646","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2005.16.473","volume":"16","author":"Y Saishin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saishin Y, Silva RL, Kachi S, Aslam S, Gong YY, Lai H et al (2005) Periocular gene transfer of pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits choroidal neovascularization in a human-sized eye. Hum Gene Ther 16(4):473\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/hum.2005.16.473","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"4_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00174-X","volume":"77","author":"SY Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim SY, Mocanu C, McLeod DS, Bhutto IA, Merges C, Eid M et al (2003) Expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in sickle cell retina and choroid. Exp Eye Res 77:433\u2013445","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"4_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1903","volume":"267","author":"N Sheibani","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sheibani N, Sorenson CM, Cornelius LA, Frazier WA (2000) Thrombospondin-1, a natural inhibitor of angiogenesis, is present in vitreous and aqueous humor and is modulated by hyperglycemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267:257\u2013261","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"4_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20290","volume":"204","author":"Y Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang Y, Su X, Wu Z, Sheibani N (2005) Thrombospondin-1 deficient mice exhibit an altered expression pattern of alternatively spliced PECAM-1 isoforms in retinal vasculature and endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 204:352\u2013361","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"4_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(00)00065-0","volume":"32","author":"JA Carron","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carron JA, Hiscott P, Hagan S, Sheridan CM, Magee R, Gallagher JA (2000) Cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells differentially express thrombospondin-1, -2, -3, and -4. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 32(11\u201312):1137\u20131142","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"4_CR159","first-page":"561","volume":"41","author":"H Miyajima-Uchida","year":"2000","unstructured":"Miyajima-Uchida H, Hayashi H, Beppu R, Kuroki M, Fukami M, Arakawa F et al (2000) Production and accumulation of thrombospondin-1 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:561\u2013567","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uno K, Prow TW, Bhutto IA, Yerrapureddy A, McLeod DS, Yamamoto M et al Role of Nrf2 in retinal vascular development and the vaso-obliterative phase of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 90(4):493\u2013500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.12.012"},{"key":"4_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81848-6","volume":"88","author":"MS O\u2019Reilly","year":"1997","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, Fukai N, Vasios G, Lane WS et al (1997) Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 88:277\u2013285","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61697-5","volume":"159","author":"K Mori","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mori K, Ando A, Gelbach P, Nesbitt D, Takahashi K, Goldsteen D et al (2001) Inhibition of choroidal neovascularization by intravenous injection of adenoviral vectors expressing secretable endostatin. Am J Pathol 159:313\u2013320","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"24","key":"4_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0801537","volume":"358","author":"RD Jager","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jager RD, Mieler WF, Miller JW (2008) Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 358(24):2606\u20132617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra0801537","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0798","volume":"70","author":"LV Johnson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Johnson LV, Ozaki S, Staples MK, Erickson PA, Anderson DH (2000) A potential role for immune complex pathogenesis in drusen formation. Exp Eye Res 70(4):441\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/exer.1999.0798","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1094","volume":"73","author":"LV Johnson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Johnson LV, Leitner WP, Staples MK, Anderson DH (2001) Complement activation and inflammatory processes in Drusen formation and age related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 73(6):887\u2013896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/exer.2001.1094","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"4_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01624-0","volume":"134","author":"D Anderson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anderson D, Mullins R, Hageman G, Johnson L (2002) A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye. Am J Ophthalmol 134:411\u2013431","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.06.015","volume":"93","author":"RF Mullins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mullins RF, Dewald AD, Streb LM, Wang K, Kuehn MH, Stone EM (2011) Elevated membrane attack complex in human choroid with high risk complement factor H genotypes. Exp Eye Res 93(4):565\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2011.06.015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"44","key":"4_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16182","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604255103","volume":"103","author":"J Zhou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhou J, Jang YP, Kim SR, Sparrow JR (2006) Complement activation by photooxidation products of A2E, a lipofuscin constituent of the retinal pigment epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(44):16182\u201316187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0604255103","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7367","key":"4_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10449","volume":"478","author":"D Weismann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weismann D, Hartvigsen K, Lauer N, Bennett KL, Scholl HP, Charbel Issa P et al (2011) Complement factor H binds malondialdehyde epitopes and protects from oxidative stress. Nature 478(7367):76\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10449","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5720","key":"4_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110189","volume":"308","author":"AO Edwards","year":"2005","unstructured":"Edwards AO, Ritter R 3rd, Abel KJ, Manning A, Panhuysen C, Farrer LA (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science 308(5720):421\u2013424","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5720","key":"4_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110359","volume":"308","author":"JL Haines","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S, Scott WK, Olson LM, Gallins P et al (2005) Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science 308(5720):419\u2013421","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5720","key":"4_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109557","volume":"308","author":"RJ Klein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY, Tsai JY, Sackler RS, Haynes C et al (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science 308(5720):385\u2013389","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4766","volume":"240","author":"KR Chirco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chirco KR, Whitmore SS, Wang K, Potempa LA, Halder JA, Stone EM et al (2016) Monomeric C-reactive protein and inflammation in age-related macular degeneration. J Pathol 240(2):173\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.4766","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"46","key":"4_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17456","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606234103","volume":"103","author":"PT Johnson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnson PT, Betts KE, Radeke MJ, Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV (2006) Individuals homozygous for the age-related macular degeneration risk-conferring variant of complement factor H have elevated levels of CRP in the choroid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(46):17456\u201317461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0606234103","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"4_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318921","volume":"111","author":"MB Pepys","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM (2003) C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest 111(12):1805\u20131812","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR176","first-page":"112","volume":"35","author":"AG Mainous 3rd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mainous AG 3rd, Pearson WS (2003) Aspirin and ibuprofen: potential mediators of the cardiovascular risk due to smoking? Fam Med 35(2):112\u2013118","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0348","volume":"30","author":"A Dehghan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dehghan A, van Hoek M, Sijbrands EJ, Stijnen T, Hofman A, Witteman JC (2007) Risk of type 2 diabetes attributable to C-reactive protein and other risk factors. Diabetes Care 30(10):2695\u20132699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc07-0348","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.6.704291\/6\/704","volume":"291","author":"JM Seddon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seddon JM, Gensler G, Milton RC, Klein ML, Rifai N (2004) Association between C-reactive protein and age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 291(6):704\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.291.6.704291\/6\/704","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.6.774","volume":"123","author":"JM Seddon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seddon JM, George S, Rosner B, Rifai N (2005) Progression of age-related macular degeneration: prospective assessment of C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and other cardiovascular biomarkers. Arch Ophthalmol 123(6):774\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.123.6.774","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.07.004","volume":"112","author":"AK Vine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vine AK, Stader J, Branham K, Musch DC, Swaroop A (2005) Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease as risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 112(12):2076\u20132080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.07.004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"4_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.7.835","volume":"14","author":"RF Mullins","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mullins RF, Russell SR, Anderson DH, Hageman GS (2000) Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease. FASEB J 14(7):835\u2013846","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.051","volume":"140","author":"R Klein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, Wong TY, Shankar A, Tsai MY (2005) Systemic markers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and age-related maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 140(1):35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.051","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.067397","volume":"89","author":"G McGwin","year":"2005","unstructured":"McGwin G, Hall TA, Xie A, Owsley C (2005) The relation between C reactive protein and age related macular degeneration in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Br J Ophthalmol 89(9):1166\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2005.067397","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1976.tb01939.x","volume":"6","author":"WE Parish","year":"1976","unstructured":"Parish WE (1976) Studies on vasculitis. VII. C-reactive protein as a substance perpetuating chronic vasculitis. Occurrence in lesions and concentrations in sera. Clin Allergy 6(6):543\u2013550","journal-title":"Clin Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR185","first-page":"237","volume":"58","author":"IF Rowe","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rowe IF, Soutar AK, Trayner IM, Thompson GR, Pepys MB (1984) Circulating human C-reactive protein binds very low density lipoproteins. Clin Exp Immunol 58(1):237\u2013244","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.06.002","volume":"93","author":"SD Vogt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vogt SD, Curcio CA, Wang L, Li CM, McGwin G Jr, Medeiros NE et al (2011) Retinal pigment epithelial expression of complement regulator CD46 is altered early in the course of geographic atrophy. Exp Eye Res 93(4):413\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2011.06.002","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.06.001","volume":"28","author":"H Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu H, Chen M, Forrester JV (2009) Para-inflammation in the aging retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 28(5):348\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.06.001","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"7203","key":"4_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","volume":"454","author":"R Medzhitov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Medzhitov R (2008) Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 454(7203):428\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature07201","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ogura S, Baldeosingh R, Bhutto IA, Kambhampati SP, Scott McLeod D, Edwards MM et al (2020) A role for mast cells in geographic atrophy. FASEB J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202000807R","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000807R"},{"issue":"14","key":"4_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20049","volume":"57","author":"DS McLeod","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLeod DS, Bhutto I, Edwards MM, Silver RE, Seddon JM, Lutty GA (2016) Distribution and quantification of Choroidal macrophages in human eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57(14):5843\u20135855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.16-20049","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"4_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.003","volume":"35","author":"A Biesemeier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Biesemeier A, Taubitz T, Julien S, Yoeruek E, Schraermeyer U (2014) Choriocapillaris breakdown precedes retinal degeneration in age-related macular degeneration. Neurobiol Aging 35(11):2562\u20132573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.09.001","volume":"30","author":"CJ Chiu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiu CJ, Taylor A (2011) Dietary hyperglycemia, glycemic index and metabolic retinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 30(1):18\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.09.001","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"4_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2011.00752.x","volume":"11","author":"T Uchiki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uchiki T, Weikel KA, Jiao W, Shang F, Caceres A, Pawlak D et al (2012) Glycation-altered proteolysis as a pathobiological mechanism thatlinks dietary glycemic index, aging, and age-related disease (in nondiabetics). Aging Cell 11:1\u201313","journal-title":"Aging Cell"}],"container-title":["Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","Age-related Macular Degeneration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-66014-7_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T11:22:02Z","timestamp":1618312922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-66014-7_4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030660130","9783030660147"],"references-count":193,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-66014-7_4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2598","2214-8019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2598","type":"print"},{"value":"2214-8019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}