{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:30:07Z","timestamp":1777249807728,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030705718","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030705725","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70572-5_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T07:03:53Z","timestamp":1614755033000},"page":"3-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["TV White Spaces Regulatory Framework for Kenya: An Overview and Comparison with Other Regulations in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Kennedy","family":"Ronoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Mabele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Sonoiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matinmikko, M., et al.: Overview and comparison of recent spectrum sharing approaches in regulation and research: from opportunistic unlicensed access towards licensed shared access. In: 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DYSPAN), pp. 92\u2013102. IEEE, McLean (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DySPAN.2014.6817783","DOI":"10.1109\/DySPAN.2014.6817783"},{"key":"1_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patil, K., Prasad, R., Souby, K.: A survey of worldwide spectrum occupancy measurement campaigns for cognitive radio. In: International Conference on Devices and Communications (ICDeCom), pp. 1\u20135. IEEE, Mesra (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDECOM.2011.5738472","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDECOM.2011.5738472"},{"key":"1_CR3","unstructured":"Cristian, G.: TV white spaces: managing spaces or better managing inefficiencies. In: Pietrosemoli, P., Zennaro, M. (eds.) TV White Spaces: A Pragmatic Approach (2013)"},{"key":"1_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kennedy, R., George, K., Vitalice, O., Okello-Odongo, W.: TV white spaces in Africa: trials and role in improving broadband access in Africa. In: AFRICON 2015, pp. 1\u20135. IEEE, Addis Ababa (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AFRCON.2015.7331920","DOI":"10.1109\/AFRCON.2015.7331920"},{"key":"1_CR5","unstructured":"Rural Broadband TVWS Trial in Laikipia County Kenya. https:\/\/docplayer.net\/5987593-Rural-broadband-trials-laikipia-county-kenya-for-the-communications-authority-of-kenya.html. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR6","unstructured":"European Communications Commission (ECC): Light Licensing, Licence-Exempt And Commons. https:\/\/docdb.cept.org\/download\/87ccb237-fa9a\/ECCREP132.PDF. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR7","unstructured":"Chen, V., Das, S., Zhu, L., Malyar, J., McCann, P.: Protocol to access white-space (PAWS) databases. https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc7545. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR8","unstructured":"Steven, S.: Studies on the Use of TV White Spaces in South Africa: recommendations and Learnings. http:\/\/www.tenet.ac.za\/tvws\/recommendations-and-learnings-from-the-cape-town-tv-white-spaces-trialF. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masonta, M.T., Kola, L.M., Lysko, A.A., Pieterse, L., Velempini, M.: Network performance analysis of the Limpopo TV white space (TVWS) trial network. In: AFRICON 2015, pp. 1\u20135. IEEE, Addis Ababa (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AFRCON.2015.7331923","DOI":"10.1109\/AFRCON.2015.7331923"},{"key":"1_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ndlovu, K., Mbero, Z.A., Kovarik, C.L., Patel, A.: Network performance analysis of the television white space (TVWS) connectivity for telemedicine: a case for Botswana. In: AFRICON 2017, pp. 542\u2013547. IEEE, Cape Town (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AFRCON.2017.8095539","DOI":"10.1109\/AFRCON.2017.8095539"},{"key":"1_CR11","unstructured":"Communication Authority of Kenya: Authorisation of the Use of TV White Spaces - Kenya. https:\/\/ca.go.ke\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Authorisation-of-the-use-of-TV-White-Spaces-min.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nyasulu, T., Crawford, D.H., Mikeka, C.: Malawi\u2019s TV white space regulations: a review and comparison with FCC and Ofcom regulations. In: 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 1\u20136. IEEE, Barcelona (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377175","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377175"},{"key":"1_CR13","unstructured":"ICASA: Regulations on the use of TV White Spaces - South Africa. https:\/\/www.icasa.org.za\/legislation-and-regulations\/regulations-on-the-use-of-television-white-spaces-2018. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR14","unstructured":"UCC: TV White Space Guidelines for Uganda. https:\/\/www.ucc.co.ug\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/TVWS-Guidelines-for-Consultation-9th-July-2018_v2.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR15","unstructured":"NCA: Guidelines for the Operation of Data Services using Television White Spaces (TVWS) in Ghana. https:\/\/www.nca.org.gh\/assets\/Uploads\/Guidelines-for-TVWS-Data-Services.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR16","unstructured":"NCC: Draft Guidelines on the use of Television White Space (TVWS) in Nigeria. https:\/\/www.ncc.gov.ng\/media-centre\/public-notices\/760-public-notice-draft-guidelines-on-the-use-of-television-white-space-tvws-in-nigeria. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR17","unstructured":"FCC: Amendment of Part 15 Rules for Unlicensed White Spaces Devices. https:\/\/docs.fcc.gov\/public\/attachments\/FCC-19-24A1_Rcd.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR18","unstructured":"OFCOM: TV white spaces - approach to coexistence. https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/consultations-and-statements\/category-1\/white-space-coexistence. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2467-2","volume":"83","author":"R Ch\u00e1vez-Santiago","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez-Santiago, R., et al.: 5G: the convergence of wireless communications. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 83(3), 1617\u20131642 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-015-2467-2","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"1_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hossain, E., Niyato, D., Han Z.: Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networkse. 1st edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511609909","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511609909"},{"key":"1_CR21","unstructured":"DSA Comments ET Docket No. 14\u2013165 Petition for Rulemaking. http:\/\/dynamicspectrumalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/DSA-Comments-ET-Docket-No.-14-165-Petition-for-Rulemaking-TVWS-Microsoft-Petition-Signed.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR22","unstructured":"Microsoft TV White Space Proposals to FCC. https:\/\/ecfsapi.fcc.gov\/file\/1050380945109\/White%20Spaces%20Petition%20for%20Rulemaking%20(May%203%202019).pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi, L., Sung, K.W., Zander, J.: Secondary spectrum access in TV-bands with combined co-channel and adjacent channel interference constraints. In: 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DYSPAN), pp. 452\u2013460. IEEE, Bellevue (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DYSPAN.2012.6478169","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2012.6478169"},{"key":"1_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruttik, K., Koufos, K., J\u00e4ntti, R.: Model for computing aggregate interference from secondary cellular network in presence of correlated shadow fading. In: 2011 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pp. 433\u2013437. IEEE, Toronto (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PIMRC.2011.6139998","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2011.6139998"},{"key":"1_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Obregon, E., Shi, L., Ferrer, J., Zander, J.: A model for aggregate adjacent channel interference in TV white space. In: Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1\u20135. IEEE, Yokohama (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VETECS.2011.5956237","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2011.5956237"},{"key":"1_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ronoh, K.K., Kamucha, G., Omwansa, T.: Improved resource allocation for TV White Space network based on modified firefly algorithm. J. Comput. Inf. Technol. 26(3), 167\u2013177 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20532\/cit.2018.1004074","DOI":"10.20532\/cit.2018.1004074"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering","Towards new e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-70572-5_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T07:03:35Z","timestamp":1619766215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-70572-5_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030705718","9783030705725"],"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-70572-5_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1867-8211","1867-822X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-8211","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-822X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"AFRICOMM","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Eb\u00e8ne","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Mauritius","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2020","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2 December 2020","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"4 December 2020","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"12","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"africom2020","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/africommconference.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"ConfyPlus","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"89","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"20","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"22% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually.","order":10,"name":"additional_info_on_review_process","label":"Additional Info on Review Process","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}