{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:06:33Z","timestamp":1767045993976,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783030721121"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783030721138"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72113-8_9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T12:03:02Z","timestamp":1616760182000},"page":"130-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Open-Domain Conversational Search Assistant with Transformers"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2086-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7314-1558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2403-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Semedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6290-5719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao","family":"Magalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9_CR1","first-page":"133","volume":"5","author":"NJ Belkin","year":"1980","unstructured":"Belkin, N.J.: Anomalous states of knowledge as a basis for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science 5(1), 133\u2013143 (1980)","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Information Science"},{"key":"9_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, E., He, H., Iyyer, M., Yatskar, M., Yih, W., Choi, Y., Liang, P., Zettlemoyer, L.: Quac : Question answering in context. CoRR abs\/1808.07036 (2018), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1808.07036","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1241"},{"key":"9_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, C.L.A.: Waterlooclarke at the TREC 2019 conversational assistant track. In: Voorhees, E.M., Ellis, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2019, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, November 13\u201315, 2019. NIST Special Publication, vol. 1250. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2019), https:\/\/trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec28\/papers\/WaterlooClarke.C.pdf","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.1250.cast-WaterlooClarke"},{"issue":"6","key":"9_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(198711)38:6<389::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"38","author":"WB Croft","year":"1987","unstructured":"Croft, W.B., Thompson, R.H.: I3r: A new approach to the design of document retrieval systems. JASIST 38(6), 389\u2013404 (1987)","journal-title":"JASIST"},{"key":"9_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalton, J., Xiong, C., Callan, J.: The trec conversational assistance track (cast) (1 2020), http:\/\/www.treccast.ai\/","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.1266.cast-overview"},{"key":"9_CR6","unstructured":"Dalton, J., Xiong, C., Callan, J.: TREC cast 2019: The conversational assistance track overview. CoRR abs\/2003.13624 (2020), https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.13624"},{"key":"9_CR7","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. CoRR abs\/1810.04805 (2018), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1810.04805"},{"key":"9_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietz, L., Gamari, B., Dalton, J.: Trec car 2.1: A data set for complex answer retrieval (7 2018), http:\/\/trec-car.cs.unh.edu","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-331.car-overview"},{"key":"9_CR9","unstructured":"Dinan, E., Roller, S., Shuster, K., Fan, A., Auli, M., Weston, J.: Wizard of wikipedia: Knowledge-powered conversational agents. CoRR abs\/1811.01241 (2018), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1811.01241"},{"key":"9_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgohary, A., Peskov, D., Boyd-Graber, J.L.: Can you unpack that? learning to rewrite questions-in-context. In: Inui, K., Jiang, J., Ng, V., Wan, X. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, EMNLP-IJCNLP 2019, Hong Kong, China, November 3\u20137, 2019. pp. 5917\u20135923. Association for Computational Linguistics (2019). 10.18653\/v1\/D19-1605, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D19-1605","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1605"},{"key":"9_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, M., Grus, J., Neumann, M., Tafjord, O., Dasigi, P., Liu, N.F., Peters, M.E., Schmitz, M., Zettlemoyer, L.: Allennlp: A deep semantic natural language processing platform. CoRR abs\/1803.07640 (2018), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1803.07640","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-2501"},{"key":"9_CR12","unstructured":"Han, S., Wang, X., Bendersky, M., Najork, M.: Learning-to-rank with BERT in tf-ranking. CoRR abs\/2004.08476 (2020), https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.08476"},{"key":"9_CR13","unstructured":"Hermann, K.M., Kocisky, T., Grefenstette, E., Espeholt, L., Kay, W., Suleyman, M., Blunsom, P.: Teaching machines to read and comprehend. In: Advances in neural information processing systems. pp. 1693\u20131701 (2015)"},{"key":"9_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: BART: denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. CoRR abs\/1910.13461 (2019), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.13461","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.703"},{"key":"9_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Monroe, W., Ritter, A., Jurafsky, D., Galley, M., Gao, J.: Deep reinforcement learning for dialogue generation. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. pp. 1192\u20131202. Association for Computational Linguistics, Austin, Texas (Nov 2016). 10.18653\/v1\/D16-1127, https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/D16-1127","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1127"},{"key":"9_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Monroe, W., Shi, T., Jean, S., Ritter, A., Jurafsky, D.: Adversarial learning for neural dialogue generation. In: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. pp. 2157\u20132169. Association for Computational Linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark (Sep 2017). 10.18653\/v1\/D17-1230, https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/D17-1230","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1230"},{"key":"9_CR17","unstructured":"Lin, S., Yang, J., Nogueira, R., Tsai, M., Wang, C., Lin, J.: Conversational question reformulation via sequence-to-sequence architectures and pretrained language models. CoRR abs\/2004.01909 (2020), https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.01909"},{"key":"9_CR18","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du, J., Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: Roberta: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach. CoRR abs\/1907.11692 (2019), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1907.11692"},{"key":"9_CR19","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Rosenberg, M., Song, X., Gao, J., Tiwary, S., Majumder, R., Deng, L.: MS MARCO: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset. CoRR abs\/1611.09268 (2016), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1611.09268"},{"key":"9_CR20","unstructured":"NIST: Trec washington post corpus (12 2019), https:\/\/trec.nist.gov\/data\/wapost\/"},{"key":"9_CR21","unstructured":"Nogueira, R., Cho, K.: Passage re-ranking with BERT. CoRR abs\/1901.04085 (2019), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1901.04085"},{"key":"9_CR22","unstructured":"Nogueira, R., Yang, W., Cho, K., Lin, J.: Multi-stage document ranking with BERT. CoRR abs\/1910.14424 (2019), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.14424"},{"issue":"1","key":"9_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026631","volume":"33","author":"RN Oddy","year":"1977","unstructured":"Oddy, R.N.: Information retrieval through man-machine dialogue. Journal of Documentation 33(1), 1\u201314 (1977)","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"9_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., Zhu, W.J.: Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 311\u2013318. Association for Computational Linguistics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (Jul 2002). DOI: 10.3115\/1073083.1073135, https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P02-1040","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"9_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qu, C., Yang, L., Chen, C., Qiu, M., Croft, W.B., Iyyer, M.: Open-retrieval conversational question answering. In: Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. p. 539\u2013548. SIGIR \u201920, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3397271.3401110, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3397271.3401110","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401110"},{"key":"9_CR26","unstructured":"Raffel, C., Shazeer, N., Roberts, A., Lee, K., Narang, S., Matena, M., Zhou, Y., Li, W., Liu, P.J.: Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer. CoRR abs\/1910.10683 (2019), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.10683"},{"key":"9_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson, S., Zaragoza, H.: The probabilistic relevance framework: Bm25 and beyond. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval 3(4), 333\u2013389 (2009). 10.1561\/1500000019, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1561\/1500000019","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000019"},{"key":"9_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Li, C.T., Nie, J.Y., Zhang, M., Zhao, D., Yan, R.: An ensemble of retrieval-based and generation-based human-computer conversation systems. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-18. pp. 4382\u20134388. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization (7 2018). 10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/609, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/609","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/609"},{"key":"9_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Z., Bi, W., Li, X., Zhang, N.L.: Learning to abstract for memory-augmented conversational response generation. In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 3816\u20133825. Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy (Jul 2019). 10.18653\/v1\/P19-1371, https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P19-1371","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1371"},{"key":"9_CR30","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A.N., Kaiser, L., Polosukhin, I.: Attention is all you need. CoRR abs\/1706.03762 (2017), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1706.03762"},{"key":"9_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Voskarides, N., Li, D., Ren, P., Kanoulas, E., de Rijke, M.: Query resolution for conversational search with limited supervision. Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (Jul 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3397271.3401130, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/3397271.3401130","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401130"},{"key":"9_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vtyurina, A., Savenkov, D., Agichtein, E., Clarke, C.L.A.: Exploring conversational search with humans, assistants, and wizards. In: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. p. 2187\u20132193. CHI EA \u201917, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3027063.3053175, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3027063.3053175","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053175"},{"key":"9_CR33","unstructured":"Wolf, T., Debut, L., Sanh, V., Chaumond, J., Delangue, C., Moi, A., Cistac, P., Rault, T., Louf, R., Funtowicz, M., Brew, J.: Huggingface\u2019s transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing. CoRR abs\/1910.03771 (2019), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.03771"},{"key":"9_CR34","unstructured":"Yang, J., Lin, S., Wang, C., Lin, J., Tsai, M.: Query and answer expansion from conversation history. In: Voorhees, E.M., Ellis, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Text REtrieval Conference, TREC 2019, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, November 13\u201315, 2019. NIST Special Publication, vol. 1250. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2019), https:\/\/trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec28\/papers\/CFDA_CLIP.C.pdf"},{"key":"9_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, P., Fang, H., Lin, J.: Anserini: Enabling the use of lucene for information retrieval research. In: Kando, N., Sakai, T., Joho, H., Li, H., de Vries, A.P., White, R.W. (eds.) Proceedings of the 40th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, August 7\u201311, 2017. pp. 1253\u20131256. ACM (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3077136.3080721, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3077136.3080721","DOI":"10.1145\/3077136.3080721"},{"key":"9_CR36","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Carbonell, J.G., Salakhutdinov, R., Le, Q.V.: Xlnet: Generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding. CoRR abs\/1906.08237 (2019), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1906.08237"},{"key":"9_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhai, C., Lafferty, J.: A study of smoothing methods for language models applied to ad hoc information retrieval. In: Proceedings of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. p. 334\u2013342. SIGIR \u201901, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/383952.384019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/383952.384019","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.384019"},{"key":"9_CR38","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., Saleh, M., Liu, P.J.: PEGASUS: pre-training with extracted gap-sentences for abstractive summarization. CoRR abs\/1912.08777 (2019), http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1912.08777"},{"key":"9_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Xie, J., Zhu, X.: An ensemble approach to conversation generation. In: Huang, X., Jiang, J., Zhao, D., Feng, Y., Hong, Y. (eds.) Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing - 6th CCF International Conference, NLPCC 2017, Dalian, China, November 8\u201312, 2017, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10619, pp. 51\u201362. Springer (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-73618-1_5, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-73618-1_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73618-1_5"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Advances in Information Retrieval"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-72113-8_9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T22:16:08Z","timestamp":1724710568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-72113-8_9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030721121","9783030721138"],"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-72113-8_9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ECIR","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"European Conference on Information Retrieval","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"28 March 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"1 April 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"43","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ecir2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.ecir2021.eu\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"436","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"50","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"39","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"11% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}