{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T01:09:16Z","timestamp":1778461756776,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030742959","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030742966","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74296-6_25","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T20:20:47Z","timestamp":1620678047000},"page":"328-336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["WebAssembly Modules as Lightweight Containers for Liquid IoT Applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Niko","family":"M\u00e4kitalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommi","family":"Mikkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Pautasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Bankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulius","family":"Daubaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Risto","family":"Mikkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Beletski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"25_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babazadeh, M., Pautasso, C.: A restful api for controlling dynamic streaming topologies. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 965\u2013970 (2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2567948.2579223"},{"key":"25_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellucci, F., Ghiani, G., Patern\u00f2, F., Santoro, C.: Engineering javascript state persistence of web applications migrating across multiple devices. In: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems, pp. 105\u2013110 (2011)","DOI":"10.1145\/1996461.1996502"},{"key":"25_CR3","unstructured":"Bryant, D.: Webassembly outside the browser: a new foundation for pervasive computing. In: Keynote at ICWE 2020, Helsinki, Finland, 9\u201312 June 2020 (2020)"},{"issue":"3","key":"25_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2013.2269999","volume":"22","author":"M Butkiewicz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Butkiewicz, M., Madhyastha, H.V., Sekar, V.: Characterizing web page complexity and its impact. IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw. 22(3), 943\u2013956 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"25_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celesti, A., Mulfari, D., Fazio, M., Villari, M., Puliafito, A.: Exploring container virtualization in iot clouds. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP), pp. 1\u20136. IEEE (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP.2016.7501691"},{"issue":"5","key":"25_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1109\/32.685258","volume":"24","author":"A Fuggetta","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fuggetta, A., Picco, G.P., Vigna, G.: Understanding code mobility. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 24(5), 342\u2013361 (1998)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"25_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallidabino, A., Pautasso, C.: The liquid.js framework for migrating and cloning stateful web components across multiple devices. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web, pp. 183\u2013186 (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2872518.2890538"},{"issue":"5&6","key":"25_CR8","first-page":"433","volume":"16","author":"A Gallidabino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gallidabino, A., Pautasso, C., Mikkonen, T., Syst\u00e4, K., Voutilainen, J.P., Taivalsaari, A.: Architecting liquid software. J. Web Eng. 16(5&6), 433\u2013470 (2017)","journal-title":"J. Web Eng."},{"key":"25_CR9","unstructured":"Gruman, G.: Apple\u2019s handoff: What works, and what doesn\u2019t. InfoWorld (2014)"},{"key":"25_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haas, A., et al.: Bringing the web up to speed with webassembly. In: Proceedings of the 38th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, pp. 185\u2013200 (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3062341.3062363"},{"key":"25_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, A., Ramachandran, U.: An execution model for serverless functions at the edge. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation, pp. 225\u2013236 (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3302505.3310084"},{"key":"25_CR12","series-title":"EAI\/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29897-5_33","volume-title":"13th EAI International Conference on Body Area Networks","author":"M Jacobsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacobsson, M., Will\u00e9n, J.: Virtual machine execution for wearables based on webassembly. In: Sugimoto, C., Farhadi, H., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M. (eds.) BODYNETS 2018. EICC, pp. 381\u2013389. Springer, Cham (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-29897-5_33"},{"key":"25_CR13","unstructured":"Jangda, A., Powers, B., Berger, E.D., Guha, A.: Not so fast: analyzing the performance of webassembly vs. native code. In: 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pp. 107\u2013120 (2019)"},{"key":"25_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvenp\u00e4\u00e4, L., Lintinen, M., Mattila, A.L., Mikkonen, T., Syst\u00e4, K., Voutilainen, J.P.: Mobile agents for the internet of things. In: 2013 17th International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing, pp. 763\u2013767. IEEE (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSTCC.2013.6689053"},{"issue":"06","key":"25_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.4236\/wsn.2010.26054","volume":"2","author":"SA Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar, S.A., et al.: Classification and review of security schemes in mobile computing. Wirel. Sensor Netw. 2(06), 419\u2013440 (2010)","journal-title":"Wirel. Sensor Netw."},{"issue":"02","key":"25_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129626403001276","volume":"13","author":"D Kurzyniec","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kurzyniec, D., Wrzosek, T., Drzewiecki, D., Sunderam, V.: Towards self-organizing distributed computing frameworks: the H2O approach. Parallel Process. Lett. 13(02), 273\u2013290 (2003)","journal-title":"Parallel Process. Lett."},{"key":"25_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4kitalo, N., Bankowski, V., Daubaris, P., Mikkola, R., Beletski, O., Mikkonen, T.: Bringing webassembly up to speed with dynamic linking. Accepted to SAC 2021 (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3412841.3442045"},{"issue":"5","key":"25_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-sen.2017.0350","volume":"12","author":"N M\u00e4kitalo","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00e4kitalo, N., Nocera, F., Mongiello, M., Bistarelli, S.: Architecting the web of things for the fog computing era. IET Softw. 12(5), 381\u2013389 (2018)","journal-title":"IET Softw."},{"key":"25_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maximilien, E.M., Ranabahu, A.: The programmable web: agile, social, and grassroot computing. In: International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC 2007), pp. 477\u2013481. IEEE (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2007.97"},{"key":"25_CR20","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19890-3_10","volume-title":"Engineering the Web in the Big Data Era","author":"T Mikkonen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mikkonen, T., Syst\u00e4, K., Pautasso, C.: Towards liquid web applications. In: Cimiano, P., Frasincar, F., Houben, G.-J., Schwabe, D. (eds.) ICWE 2015. LNCS, vol. 9114, pp. 134\u2013143. Springer, Cham (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-19890-3_10"},{"key":"25_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morabito, R.: A performance evaluation of container technologies on internet of things devices. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), pp. 999\u20131000. IEEE (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2016.7562228"},{"issue":"1","key":"25_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700175","volume":"32","author":"R Morabito","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morabito, R., Cozzolino, V., Ding, A.Y., Beijar, N., Ott, J.: Consolidate IoT edge computing with lightweight virtualization. IEEE Netw. 32(1), 102\u2013111 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"25_CR23","unstructured":"Napieralla, J.: Considering webassembly containers for edge computing on hardware-constrained IoT devices. Master\u2019s thesis, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden (2020)"},{"key":"25_CR24","unstructured":"Shillaker, S., Pietzuch, P.: Faasm: Lightweight isolation for efficient stateful serverless computing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.09344 (2020)"},{"issue":"3","key":"25_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2018.2141019","volume":"35","author":"A Taivalsaari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taivalsaari, A., Mikkonen, T.: A taxonomy of IoT client architectures. IEEE Softw. 35(3), 83\u201388 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"25_CR26","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46963-8_12","volume-title":"Current Trends in Web Engineering","author":"J-P Voutilainen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Voutilainen, J.-P., Mikkonen, T., Syst\u00e4, K.: Synchronizing application state using virtual DOM trees. In: Casteleyn, S., Dolog, P., Pautasso, C. (eds.) ICWE 2016. LNCS, vol. 9881, pp. 142\u2013154. Springer, Cham (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46963-8_12"},{"key":"25_CR27","unstructured":"Wasik, B.: In the programmable world, all our objects will act as one. Wired (2013). http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2013\/05\/internet-of-things-2\/, Accessed 13 Oct 2020"},{"key":"25_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, E., Weber, G.: Wasmachine: bring IoT up to speed with a webassembly OS. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), pp. 1\u20134. IEEE (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/PerComWorkshops48775.2020.9156135"},{"key":"25_CR29","unstructured":"World Wide Web Consortium: WebAssembly Core Specification (2019). https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/wasm-core-1\/, https:\/\/webassembly.github.io\/spec\/core\/_download\/WebAssembly.pdf"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Web Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-74296-6_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:32:47Z","timestamp":1778459567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-74296-6_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030742959","9783030742966"],"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-74296-6_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 May 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ICWE","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Web Engineering","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Biarritz","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"France","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"18 May 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21 May 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"icwe2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/icwe2021.webengineering.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"128","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"22","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"13","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"17% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"4","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"6 demo, 1 poster, 3 PhD, and 3 tutorial papers are also included. The conference was held virtually.","order":10,"name":"additional_info_on_review_process","label":"Additional Info on Review Process","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}