{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:12:54Z","timestamp":1760425974973,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783030780975"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783030780982"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":160,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are increasing in significance within software services. Unfortunately, these systems are not flawless. Their faults, failures and other systemic issues have emphasized the urgency for consideration of ethical standards and practices in AI engineering. Despite the growing number of studies in AI ethics, comparatively little attention has been placed on how ethical issues can be mitigated in software engineering (SE) practice. Currently understanding is lacking regarding the provision of useful tools that can help companies transform high-level ethical guidelines for AI ethics into the actual workflow of developers. In this paper, we explore the idea of using user stories to transform abstract ethical requirements into tangible outcomes in Agile software development. We tested this idea by studying master\u2019s level student projects (15 teams) developing web applications for a real industrial client over the course of five iterations. These projects resulted in 250+ user stories that were analyzed for the purposes of this paper. The teams were divided into two groups: half of the teams worked using the ECCOLA method for AI ethics in SE, while the other half, a control group, was used to compare the effectiveness of ECCOLA. Both teams were tasked with writing user stories to formulate customer needs into system requirements. Based on the data, we discuss the effectiveness of ECCOLA, and Primary Empirical Contributions (PECs) from formulating ethical user stories in Agile development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78098-2_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T07:10:14Z","timestamp":1623222614000},"page":"36-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["How to Write Ethical User Stories? Impacts of the ECCOLA Method"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0750-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Halme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1550-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ville","family":"Vakkuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8404-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joni","family":"Kultanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Jantunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0225-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Kristian","family":"Kemell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5771-3528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah","family":"Rousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4360-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pekka","family":"Abrahamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"3_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","volume":"1","author":"A Jobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jobin, A., Ienca, M., Vayena, E.: The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1(9), 389\u2013399 (2019)","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"3_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2020.2985621","volume":"37","author":"V Vakkuri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vakkuri, V., Kemell, K.K., Kultanen, J., Abrahamsson, P.: The current state of industrial practice in artificial intelligence ethics. IEEE Softw. 37, 50\u201357 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0114-4","volume":"1","author":"B Mittelstadt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mittelstadt, B.: Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1, 1\u20137 (2019)","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"4","key":"3_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MTAS.2005.1563500","volume":"24","author":"KW Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller, K.W., Larson, D.K.: Agile software development: human values and culture. IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. 24(4), 36\u201342 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag."},{"key":"3_CR5","unstructured":"Judy, K.H.: Agile principles and ethical conduct. In: 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE (2009)"},{"key":"3_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, B., Kahn, P.H., Borning, A.: Value sensitive design and information systems. In: The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, pp. 69\u2013101 (2008)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470281819.ch4"},{"key":"3_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nathan, L.P., Friedman, B., Klasnja, P., Kane, S.K., Miller, J.K.: Envisioning systemic effects on persons and society throughout interactive system design. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1394445.1394446"},{"issue":"2","key":"3_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011442319273","volume":"6","author":"AA Andrews","year":"2001","unstructured":"Andrews, A.A., Pradhan, A.S.: Ethical issues in empirical software engineering: the limits of policy. Empir. Softw. Eng. 6(2), 105\u2013110 (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1011442319273","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"3_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamara, A., Smith, J., Murphy-Hill, E.: Does ACM\u2019s code of ethics change ethical decision making in software development? In: Proceedings of the 2018 26th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, pp. 729\u2013733 (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3264833"},{"key":"3_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vakkuri, V., Kemell, K.K., Abrahamsson, P.: ECCOLA: a method for implementing ethically aligned AI systems. In: Proceedings of the 46th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, (SEAA2020), pp. 195\u2013204. IEEE (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/SEAA51224.2020.00043"},{"key":"3_CR11","unstructured":"Cohn, M.: User stories applied for agile software development. In: Cohn, M. (ed.) 13th ed. Pearson Education Inc., Indiana (2009)"},{"key":"3_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2014.05.012","volume":"57","author":"S Dimitrijevic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dimitrijevic, S., Jovanovi\u0107, J., Deved\u017ei\u0107, V.: A comparative study of software tools for user story management. Inf. Softw. Technol. 57, 352\u2013368 (2015). Mihailo Pupin Institute, Volgina 15, Belgrade, Serbia; FON, School of Business Administration, University of Belgrade, Jove Ili\u0107a 154. Belgrade, Serbia","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"3_CR13","first-page":"3","volume":"2002","author":"P Abrahamsson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abrahamsson, P., Salo, O., Ronkainen, J., Warsta, J.: Agile software development methods: review and analysis. Proc. Espoo 2002, 3\u2013107 (2002)","journal-title":"Proc. Espoo"},{"issue":"56","key":"3_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-009-9100-4","volume":"18","author":"ML Cohn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cohn, M.L., Sim, S.E., Lee, C.P.: What counts as software process? Negotiating the boundary of software work through artifacts and conversation. Comput. Support. Cooper. Work (CSCW) 18(56), 401 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10606-009-9100-4","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Cooper. Work (CSCW)"},{"key":"3_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwa, M., Gero, J.S., Purcell, T.: The roles of sketches in early conceptual design processes. In: Proceedings of Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 1043\u20131048. Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale, New Jersey (1998)","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315782416-188"},{"key":"3_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0394.00045","volume":"14","author":"G Rugg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rugg, G., McGeorge, P.: The sorting techniques: a tutorial paper on card sorts, picture sorts and item sorts. Exp. Syst. 14, 80\u201393 (1997)","journal-title":"Exp. Syst."},{"key":"3_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003022602","volume-title":"Coding as a Playground: Programming and Computational Thinking in the Early Childhood Classroom","author":"MU Bers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bers, M.U.: Coding as a Playground: Programming and Computational Thinking in the Early Childhood Classroom. Routledge, Abingdon (2020)"},{"key":"3_CR18","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-44930-7_12","volume-title":"Lean Enterprise Software and Systems","author":"E Papatheocharous","year":"2013","unstructured":"Papatheocharous, E., Nyfjord, J., Papageorgiou, E.: Fuzzy cognitive maps as decision support tools for investigating critical agile adoption factors. In: Fitzgerald, B., Conboy, K., Power, K., Valerdi, R., Morgan, L., Stol, K.-J. (eds.) LESS 2013. LNBIP, vol. 167, pp. 180\u2013193. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-44930-7_12"},{"key":"3_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29044-2","volume-title":"Experimentation in Software Engineering","author":"C Wohlin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., H\u00f6st, M., Ohlsson, M.C., Regnell, B., Wessl\u00e9n, A.: Experimentation in Software Engineering. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-29044-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"3_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2017\/41.3.02","volume":"41","author":"M Wiesche","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiesche, M., Jurisch, M.C., Yetton, P.W., Krcmar, H.: Grounded theory methodology in information systems research. MIS Q. 41(3), 685\u2013701 (2017)","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"issue":"3","key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026586415054","volume":"5","author":"M H\u00f6st","year":"2000","unstructured":"H\u00f6st, M., Regnell, B., Wohlin, C.: Using students as subjects-a comparative study of students and professionals in lead-time impact assessment. Empir. Softw. Eng. 5(3), 201\u2013214 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1026586415054","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"3_CR22","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69926-4_41","volume-title":"Product-Focused Software Process Improvement","author":"W Behutiye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Behutiye, W., Karhap\u00e4\u00e4, P., Costal, D., Oivo, M., Franch, X.: Non-functional requirements documentation in agile software development: challenges and solution proposal. In: Felderer, M., M\u00e9ndez Fern\u00e1ndez, D., Turhan, B., Kalinowski, M., Sarro, F., Winkler, D. (eds.) PROFES 2017. LNCS, vol. 10611, pp. 515\u2013522. Springer, Cham (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-69926-4_41"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing","Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-78098-2_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T11:20:53Z","timestamp":1672399253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-78098-2_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030780975","9783030780982"],"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-78098-2_3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1348","1865-1356"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1865-1348"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1865-1356"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"XP","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Agile Software Development","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"14 June 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"18 June 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"xpu2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.agilealliance.org\/xp2021\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"38","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"11","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"29% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3.1","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2.8","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}