{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T00:54:24Z","timestamp":1781398464765,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030791070","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030791087","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Autonomous vehicles (AV) are intelligent information systems that perceive, collect, generate and disseminate information to improve knowledge to act autonomously and provide its required services of mobility, safety, and comfort to humans. This paper combines the security risk management (ISSRM) and operationally critical threat, asset, and vulnerability evaluation (OCTAVE\n                    <jats:italic>allegro<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) methods to define and assess the AV protected assets, security risks, and countermeasures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79108-7_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:02:48Z","timestamp":1623664968000},"page":"11-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Security Risk Estimation and Management in Autonomous Driving Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Abasi-amefon O.","family":"Affia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimundas","family":"Matulevi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rando","family":"T\u00f5nisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2_CR1","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology. SP 800\u201330 Rev. 1: Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments. https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/publications\/detail\/sp\/800-30\/rev-1\/final"},{"key":"2_CR2","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33246-4_18","volume-title":"On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2019 Conferences","author":"A-AO Affia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Affia, A.-A.O., Matulevi\u010dius, R., Nolte, A.: Security risk management in cooperative intelligent transportation systems: a systematic literature review. In: Panetto, H., Debruyne, C., Hepp, M., Lewis, D., Ardagna, C.A., Meersman, R. (eds.) OTM 2019. LNCS, vol. 11877, pp. 282\u2013300. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33246-4_18"},{"key":"2_CR3","unstructured":"Bailey, D.: Quantitative cybersecurity risk management for autonomous vehicle systems. Master\u2019s thesis, Technisch Universitat Munchen (2018)"},{"key":"2_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boudguiga, A., Boulanger, A., Chiron, P., Klaudel, W., Labiod, H., Seguy, J.C.: Race: risk analysis for cooperative engines. In: 2015 7th International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), pp. 1\u20135. IEEE (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/NTMS.2015.7266516"},{"key":"2_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caralli, R.A., Stevens, J.F., Young, L.R., Wilson, W.R.: Introducing OCTAVE allegro: improving the information security risk assessment process. Techical report, SEI (2007)","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA470450"},{"key":"2_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chattopadhyay, A., Lam, K.Y., Tavva, Y.: Autonomous vehicle: security by design. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3000797"},{"key":"2_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.12.006","volume":"90","author":"J Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui, J., Liew, L.S., Sabaliauskaite, G., Zhou, F.: A review on safety failures, security attacks, and available countermeasures for autonomous vehicles. Ad Hoc Netw. 90, 101823 (2019)","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"2_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.12.041","volume":"108","author":"G De La Torre","year":"2020","unstructured":"De La Torre, G., Rad, P., Choo, K.K.R.: Driverless vehicle security: challenges and future research opportunities. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 108, 1092\u20131111 (2020)","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"2_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dibaei, M., et al.: Attacks and defences on intelligent connected vehicles: a survey. Digit. Commun. Netw. (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2020.04.007"},{"key":"2_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominic, D., Chhawri, S., Eustice, R.M., Ma, D., Weimerskirch, A.: Risk assessment for cooperative automated driving. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems Security and Privacy, pp. 47\u201358 (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2994487.2994499"},{"key":"2_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12544-7_16","volume-title":"Intentional Perspectives on Information Systems Engineering","author":"\u00c9 Dubois","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubois, \u00c9., Heymans, P., Mayer, N., Matulevi\u010dius, R.: A systematic approach to define the domain of information system security risk management. In: Nurcan, S., Salinesi, C., Souveyet, C., Ralyt\u00e9, J. (eds.) Intentional Perspectives on Information Systems Engineering, pp. 289\u2013306. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-12544-7_16"},{"key":"2_CR12","unstructured":"ETSI TS: 182 027: Telecommunications and internet converged services and protocols for advanced networking (TISPAN). IPTV Architecture (2011)"},{"key":"2_CR13","unstructured":"EVITA: E-safety Vehicle Intrusion Protected Applications (2011). http:\/\/www.evita-project.org\/"},{"key":"2_CR14","unstructured":"Gupta, E.: Information system. Bajaj, Ankit 197 Bakry, Mohamed Abd El Latif 28 Bala, Shashi 414 Baporikar, Neeta 118, p. 97 (2000)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-016-0442-8","volume":"9","author":"HK Kong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kong, H.K., Hong, M.K., Kim, T.S.: Security risk assessment framework for smart car using the attack tree analysis. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 9(3), 531\u2013551 (2018)","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"2_CR16","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99229-7_12","volume-title":"Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security","author":"FL Leite","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leite, F.L., Schneider, D., Adler, R.: Dynamic risk management for cooperative autonomous medical cyber-physical systems. In: Gallina, B., Skavhaug, A., Schoitsch, E., Bitsch, F. (eds.) SAFECOMP 2018. LNCS, vol. 11094, pp. 126\u2013138. Springer, Cham (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99229-7_12"},{"key":"2_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macher, G., Sporer, H., Berlach, R., Armengaud, E., Kreiner, C.: Sahara: a security-aware hazard and risk analysis method. In: 2015 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), pp. 621\u2013624. IEEE (2015)","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2015.0622"},{"key":"2_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S., Sun, W.: Analysis and simulation of cyber attacks against connected and autonomous vehicles. In: 2020 International Conference on Connected and Autonomous Driving (MetroCAD), pp. 62\u201370. IEEE (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroCAD48866.2020.00018"},{"key":"2_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maple, C., Bradbury, M., Le, A.T., Ghirardello, K.: A connected and autonomous vehicle reference architecture for attack surface analysis. Appl. Sci. 9(23) (2019)","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235101"},{"issue":"4","key":"2_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.44","volume":"60","author":"BW O\u2019Hanlon","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanlon, B.W., Psiaki, M.L., Bhatti, J.A., Shepard, D.P., Humphreys, T.E.: Real-time GPS spoofing detection via correlation of encrypted signals. Navigation 60(4), 267\u2013278 (2013)","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"2_CR21","unstructured":"Olovsson, T.: HEAling Vulnerabilities to ENhance Software Security and Safety (HEAVENS) 2015, besucht am 20, pp. 33\u201389 (2018). https:\/\/research.chalmers.se\/en\/project\/5809"},{"issue":"11","key":"2_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2665968","volume":"18","author":"S Parkinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parkinson, S., Ward, P., Wilson, K., Miller, J.: Cyber threats facing autonomous and connected vehicles: future challenges. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 18(11), 2898\u20132915 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR23","first-page":"546","volume":"16","author":"J Petit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petit, J., Shladover, S.E.: Potential cyberattacks on automated vehicles. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 16(2), 546\u2013556 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"2_CR24","unstructured":"Petit, J., Stottelaar, B., Feiri, M., Kargl, F.: Remote attacks on automated vehicles sensors: experiments on camera and lidar. In: Black Hat Europe (2015)"},{"key":"2_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scalas, M., Giacinto, G.: Automotive cybersecurity: foundations for next-generation vehicles. In: 2nd International Conference on new Trends in Computing Sciences (ICTCS), pp. 1\u20136 (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTCS.2019.8923077"},{"key":"2_CR26","unstructured":"T\u00f5nisson, R.: Security Risk Management in Autonomous Driving Vehicles: Architecture Perspective. University of Tartu (2020)"},{"key":"2_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thing, V.L., Wu, J.: Autonomous vehicle security: a taxonomy of attacks and defences. In: IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), pp. 164\u2013170 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2016.52"},{"key":"2_CR28","unstructured":"Yan, C., Xu, W., Liu, J.: Can you trust autonomous vehicles: contactless attacks against sensors of self-driving vehicle. In: DEFCON (2016)"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing","Intelligent Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-79108-7_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T00:02:56Z","timestamp":1781395376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-79108-7_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030791070","9783030791087"],"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-79108-7_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1348","1865-1356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1348","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"CAiSE","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Melbourne, VIC","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Australia","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"28 June 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2 July 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"33","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"caise2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/caise21.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"33","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"6","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"In addition, 18 contributions were accepted for the CAiSE 2021 Forum, and 15 papers from the Workshops. The conference was held online due to the COVID-19 pandemic.","order":10,"name":"additional_info_on_review_process","label":"Additional Info on Review Process","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}