{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T13:47:40Z","timestamp":1766929660024,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783030799410"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783030799427"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79942-7_10","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T11:05:50Z","timestamp":1624878350000},"page":"147-161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AI and Judicial Policy"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Takehiko","family":"Kasahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"10_CR1","unstructured":"In fact, as far as the judicial statistics are concerned, Japanese courts are fast and cheap. In particular criminal cases are very short due to the confession-oriented practice and \u201cprecision judiciary\u201d which means higher than 99% are convicted, which based on principle of discretionary prosecution. See \u201cCourt Data Book 2019\u201d. https:\/\/www.courts.go.jp\/vc-files\/courts\/file4\/db2019_P75-P88.pdf"},{"key":"10_CR2","unstructured":"More info. Takehiko Kasahara \u201cCivil trial and IT\u201d, 70 Jubilee of Takeshi Kojima (continuation) - the legal system and judicial policy for the rights enforceable, Commercial Law (2009)"},{"key":"10_CR3","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/singi\/keizaisaisei\/saiban\/index.html"},{"key":"10_CR4","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/singi\/keizaisaisei\/pdf\/miraitousi2017_t.pdf"},{"key":"10_CR5","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/singi\/keizaisaisei\/saiban\/index.html"},{"key":"10_CR6","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/singi\/keizaisaisei\/pdf\/miraitousi2018_zentai.pdf"},{"key":"10_CR7","unstructured":"Refer to \u201cReport of the Study Group on IT in Civil Court Procedures Toward the Realization of IT in Civil Court Procedures\u201d https:\/\/www.shojihomu.or.jp\/documents\/10448\/6839369\/%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%8B%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%8B%E7%B6%9A%E7%AD%89%EF%BC%A9%EF%BC%B4%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%BC%9A%20%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%9B%B8.pdf\/f0c69150-e413-4e26-9562-4d9a7620031b"},{"key":"10_CR8","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/singi\/keizaisaisei\/odrkasseika\/"},{"key":"10_CR9","unstructured":"See below for materials and minutes. http:\/\/www.moj.go.jp\/shingi1\/shingi04900001_00016.html"},{"key":"10_CR10","unstructured":"\u201cSurvey and research work report on IT implementation of civil court procedures in major developed countries\u201d. http:\/\/www.moj.go.jp\/content\/001322234.pdf"},{"key":"10_CR11","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.mnb.uscourts.gov\/Calendar\/CalSelect2.html"},{"key":"10_CR12","unstructured":"For various IT movements, see the CD attached to the report of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, \u201cJudiciary Reform and Lawyer Business - In the Age of Significant Increase in the Number of Lawyers-\u201c and \u201c3. 2005 American Report\u201d"},{"key":"10_CR13","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/groups\/business_law\/publications\/blt\/2013\/01\/03_toering\/"},{"key":"10_CR14","unstructured":"1 page, 10 cents (54 lines per page in principle. However, the maximum is $ 3 per document, and charged if exceed $ 15 every quarter. With one login ID and password PACER can be used at any states (mostly federal courts)"},{"key":"10_CR15","unstructured":"According to an interview at the Bankruptcy Court in New York District in 2005. Note 12), US Report 3rd Subcommittee \u201c02 US Survey Report\u201d \u201cChapter 3 Chapter 2\u20135_US Report_G2.PDF\u201d"},{"key":"10_CR16","unstructured":"Article 2716 (B) of the Michigan Cyber Court Oder"},{"key":"10_CR17","unstructured":"Prior to Germany, Austria promoted IT. However, Austria did not step into the digitization of case record and prioritized the introduction of IT only in the so-called e-filing. http:\/\/www.univie.ac.at\/frisch\/isegov\/aushaengUniWien\/IT-JustizSchneider210003.pdf"},{"key":"10_CR18","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.justiz.bayern.de\/gerichte-und-behoerden\/landgericht\/landshut\/"},{"key":"10_CR19","unstructured":"All citizens have an ID card also as passport, alike to my number care in Japan"},{"key":"10_CR20","unstructured":"Digital signatures are unpopular, and as of three years ago, most practitioners avoided using them. The bar association created the beA (Electronic Post Box. \u00a731a Lawyer Act) to eliminate the need for electronic signatures on documents"},{"key":"10_CR21","unstructured":"Helmut, R.: Saarland University, Germany (at that time), invited lecture \u201cCybercourt\u201d in November, Toin University of Yokohama (2003)"},{"key":"10_CR22","unstructured":"Organisatorisch-technische Leitlinien f\u00fcr den elektronischen Rechtsverkehr mit den Gerichten und Staatsanwaltschaften (OT-Leit-ERV)"},{"key":"10_CR23","unstructured":"The Basic Guidelines subscribed Equipment may be installed by the state judiciary and public prosecutor's office (e.g., computer center)"},{"key":"10_CR24","unstructured":"Gesetz zur F\u00f6rderung des elektronischen Rechtsverkehrs mit den Gerichten vom 10. Okt. 2013 (eJustice -Gesetz), BGBl: https:\/\/www.bgbl.de\/xaver\/bgbl\/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&start=\/\/*[@attr_id=%27bgbl113s3786.pdf%27]#_bgbl_%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl113s3786.pdf%27%5D_1508663584138"},{"key":"10_CR25","unstructured":"Introduction page of the Ministry of Justice. https:\/\/www.justiz.nrw.de\/JM\/schwerpunkte\/erv\/index.php"},{"key":"10_CR26","unstructured":"Gesetzes zur F\u00f6rderung der elektronischen Verwaltung sowie zur \u00c4nderung weiterer Vorschriften vom 25, Juli 2013"},{"key":"10_CR27","unstructured":"According to an interview with the Federal Ministry of Justice in September 2017. For the criminal case, because the court records was a huge, case record was stored in to electronic form without statue text. Papers are scanned and stored for six months"},{"key":"10_CR28","unstructured":"Same as above note (27), according to an interview with the Munich District Court. The Landshut District Court take as the court\u2019s own security that the access is not possible except for certified and registered PCs and access control is performed twice, the computer center and the IT center"},{"key":"10_CR29","unstructured":"Paragraphs 5 and 6 of the same Article stipulate the arrival time of electronic documents and incomplete transmission as follows. (5) The electronic document shall be deemed to have received when it was recorded in the (electronic information) system of the court designated for receipt. (6) If the transmitted electronic document is not suitable for the processing of the court, the court must notify without delay to the sender, that transmitting (Eingang) is invalid, send the available technical manual. Sender retransmits in a form suitable for processing of the court without delay and the document contents is prima facie showing to be identical, the document is deemed to have been sent at the precedent transmission"},{"key":"10_CR30","unstructured":"Tsuneharu, Y.: \u201cCurrent Status of Electronic Signatures in Germany and the Electronic Administrative Procedure Act,\u201d Quarterly Published Political Management Research No. 101, p. 23 et seq., \u201cOutline of the German De-Mail Service Bill --Secure and Reliable Communication on the Internet\u201d As an attempt to improve the basic legal system\u201d, Information Network Law Review, Vol. 10, p. 149, Shoji Homu (2011). As available online, the same \u201cExamination of the German Trust Service Law\u201d. https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/286608155.pdf"},{"key":"10_CR31","unstructured":"According to an interview with the Munich Bar Association in September 2017"},{"key":"10_CR32","unstructured":"\u00a7147 StPO, Gesetz zur Einf\u00fchrung der elektronischen Akte in der Justiz und zur weiteren F\u00f6rderung des elektronischen Rechtsverkehrs vom 5. Juli 2017, BGBl Teil 1 Nr.45"},{"key":"10_CR33","unstructured":"The appeal rate for district court decisions is in civil case 10.0% (report on verification of speeding up trials (2nd)) and in criminal 9.5% (judicial statistics 2016)"},{"key":"10_CR34","unstructured":"Takehiko, K.: ITization of trials of summary courts -from the perspective of citizens, Citizens and Law, No. 124, p . 3 et seq."},{"key":"10_CR35","unstructured":"\u201cHistory of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research\u201d, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. White Paper on Information and Communications (2016)"},{"key":"10_CR36","unstructured":"https:\/\/miraicolabo.willsmart.co.jp\/giojsdal"},{"key":"10_CR37","unstructured":"With respect to the concept of \u201cencryption assets\u201d. https:\/\/Gendai.Ismedia.Jp\/articles\/-\/55035 reference"},{"key":"10_CR38","unstructured":"https:\/\/ujomusic.com\/"},{"key":"10_CR39","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.coindeskjapan.com\/16565\/"},{"key":"10_CR40","unstructured":"Abbreviation for \u201cWorld Wide Web Consortium\u201d, non-profit organization that sets standards for Web technology"},{"key":"10_CR41","unstructured":"See XJustiz (Judiciary IT Project) in Germany. https:\/\/xjustiz.justiz.de\/"},{"key":"10_CR42","unstructured":"e.g. Japanese logistics, see \u201cCommentary\u201d Easy-to-understand XML\/ED, Japan Logistics Association. https:\/\/www.butsuryu.or.jp\/edi\/xml\/desc"},{"key":"10_CR43","unstructured":"Atsushi, I., Takeshi, U., Takehiko, K., Katsuhiko, T.: Lecture\/Symposium \u201cRegal XML\u201d Information Network Law Review, vol. 9, no. 2"},{"key":"10_CR44","unstructured":"BarandBench. http:\/\/www.barandbench.com\/columns\/is-artificialintelligence-replacing-judging"},{"key":"10_CR45","unstructured":"https:\/\/zuuonline.com\/archives\/125364"},{"key":"10_CR46","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.bengo4.com\/bbs\/"},{"key":"10_CR47","unstructured":"https:\/\/lisse-law.com\/service\/?utm_source=yahoo&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=1utm_content=1utm_term=%E6%B3%95%E5%8B%99%20%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0"},{"key":"10_CR48","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.hiil.org\/news\/rechtwijzer-why-online-supported-dispute-resolution-is-hard-to-implement\/"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","New Frontiers in Artificial 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