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It does not constitute legal or professional advice. It is general comment only. Before making any decision or taking any action you should consult your legal or professional advisers to ascertain how the regulatory system applies to your particular circumstances in your jurisdiction"},{"key":"1_CR2","unstructured":"United Nation, Report of the Secretary-General, Road map for digital cooperation: implementation of the recommendations of the High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation June 2020, p 3, www.un.org\/en\/content\/digital-cooperation-roadmap\/, www.un.org\/en\/content\/digital-cooperation-roadmap\/. Accessed Jan 2021"},{"key":"1_CR3","unstructured":"Neurotechnologies and AI, privacy, agency and identity, and bias, ABC TV News 24 November 2017; Re-engineering industries with Artificial Intelligence & the social contract - The intended outcome, 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Melbourne August 2017. https:\/\/www.acs.org.au\/insightsandpublications\/media-releases\/00000121.html; Automation and The Nature of Work, ACS Canberra Conference, August 2017; Robo-advice & FinTech: More Transparent, Honest & Reliable than Human Actors? Chair and Panel, Sydney University Business School, November 2018; Future AI Forum submission to the consultation, Artificial Intelligence, Australia\u2019s Ethics Framework, May 2019, https:\/\/consult.industry.gov.au\/strategic-policy\/artificial-intelligence-ethics-framework\/consultation\/view_respondent?_b_index=60&uuId=309030657; Ethical Dimensions of AI & Autonomous Systems, Nan Tien Institute, Wollongong, Australia, 24 August 2019"},{"key":"1_CR4","unstructured":"International ICT Infrastructure & Digital Economy Conference Sarawak (IDECS) 2017 \u2013Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, April 2017; Presentation to Global Conference on Computing Ethics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 2012"},{"key":"1_CR5","unstructured":"Artificial Intelligence, the Good, and the Ugly, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, November 2017"},{"key":"1_CR6","unstructured":"AI and Employment Law Implications, LAWASIA 2018, Siem Reap, Cambodia, November 2018"},{"key":"1_CR7","unstructured":"The Ethics & Regulation of Artificial Intelligence, Keynote to NITC 2019 \u201cEmbrace Digital\u201d Colombo, Sri Lanka, 9 October 2019"},{"key":"1_CR8","unstructured":"Duty of Care and Ethics on Digital Technologies, Internet Governance Forum (IGF), Geneva, December 2017; How do we maximise the benefits of Innovative 4.0 technologies, without unnecessary risks and consequences?, World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), Geneva, May 2019; AI: Complementing Codes of Ethics with Law and Regulation, Session 131 \u201cLiving the standard \u2013 how can the Information and Knowledge Society live to an ethical and FAIR Standard\u201d, World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), Geneva, July 2020"},{"key":"1_CR9","unstructured":"Ethics & Regulation of Artificial Intelligence, SECOMU 2020 - \u201cArtificially Human or Humanly Artificial? Challenges for Society 5.0\u201d, Brazil, 18 November 2020"},{"key":"1_CR10","series-title":"IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64246-4_4","volume-title":"Unimagined Futures \u2013 ICT Opportunities and Challenges","author":"A Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"A Wong 2020 The laws and regulation of AI and autonomous systems L Strous R Johnson DA Grier D Swade Eds Unimagined Futures \u2013 ICT Opportunities and Challenges IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology IAICT 555 Springer Cham 38 54 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-64246-4_4"},{"key":"1_CR11","unstructured":"\u201cEthics must travel as AI\u2019s associate\u201d, The Australian, 13 September 2016"},{"key":"1_CR12","unstructured":"\u201cHow far should AI replace human sense?\u201d, The Australian, 27 September 2016"},{"key":"1_CR13","unstructured":"\u201cWe need plans for when robots are in driver\u2019s seat\u201d, The Australian, 22 November 2016"},{"key":"1_CR14","unstructured":"\u201cComplex algorithms can use a little of that human touch\u201d, The Australian, 24 January 2017"},{"key":"1_CR15","unstructured":"\u201cAI: Are Musk and Hawking right, or is our future in our hands?\u201d, The Australian, 23 August 2017"},{"key":"1_CR16","unstructured":"\u201cDo robots and artificial intelligence think about copyright?\u201d, The Australian, 5 September 2017"},{"key":"1_CR17","unstructured":"\u201cData frameworks critical for AI success\u201d, The Australian, 4 October 2017"},{"key":"1_CR18","unstructured":"\u201cWho is liable when robots and AI get it wrong?\u201d, The Australian, 19 September 2017"},{"key":"1_CR19","unstructured":"Refer to examples in the AI Incident database. https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/summaries\/incidents"},{"key":"1_CR20","unstructured":"Ethical Dimensions of AI & Autonomous Systems, Nan Tien Institute, Wollongong, Australia, 24 August 2019"},{"key":"1_CR21","unstructured":"Australian AI Ethics Framework (2019). https:\/\/www.industry.gov.au\/data-and-publications\/building-australias-artificial-intelligence-capability\/ai-ethics-framework. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR22","unstructured":"European Commission: Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI (2019). https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-single-market\/en\/news\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR23","unstructured":"OECD, OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence (22 May 2019), https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/going-digital\/ai\/principles\/. Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR24","unstructured":"World Economic Forum: AI Governance: A Holistic Approach to Implement Ethics into AI. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/whitepapers\/ai-governance-a-holistic-approach-to-implement-ethics-into-ai. Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR25","unstructured":"Singapore Model AI Governance Framework. https:\/\/www.pdpc.gov.sg\/-\/media\/files\/pdpc\/pdf-files\/resource-for-organisation\/ai\/sgmodelaigovframework2.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jobin, A., Ienca, M., Vayena, E.: The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1, 389\u2013399 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2"},{"key":"1_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fjeld, J., Achten, N., Hilligoss, H., Nagy, A., Srikumar, M.: Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI (January 15, 2020). Berkman Klein Center Research Publication No. 2020-1. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3518482\u00a0or\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3518482","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3518482"},{"key":"1_CR28","unstructured":"United Nation, Report of the Secretary-General, Road map for digital cooperation: implementation of the recommendations of the High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation. www.un.org\/en\/content\/digital-cooperation-roadmap\/, June 2020 p 18, www.un.org\/en\/content\/digital-cooperation-roadmap\/. Accessed January 2021"},{"key":"1_CR29","unstructured":"The first draft of the recommendation submitted to Member States proposes options for action to Member States and other stakeholders and is accompanied by concrete implementation guidelines. The first draft of the AI Ethics Recommendation. https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000373434"},{"key":"1_CR30","unstructured":"See also the opinion of the High Level Panel Follow-up Roundtable 3C Artificial Intelligence - 1st Session. www.un.org\/en\/pdfs\/HLP%20Followup%20Roundtable%203C%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20-%201st%20Session%20Summary.pdf"},{"key":"1_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fjeld, J., Achten, N., Hilligoss, H., Nagy, A., Srikumar, M.: Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI (January 15, 2020). Berkman Klein Center Research Publication No. 2020\u20131, p. 5. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3518482or http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3518482","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3518482"},{"key":"1_CR32","unstructured":"UNESCO first draft of the AI Ethics Recommendation, Resolution 68. https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000373434"},{"key":"1_CR33","unstructured":"European Parliament three Resolutions on the ethical and legal aspects of Artificial Intelligence software systems (\u201cAI\u201d): Resolution 2020\/2012(INL) on a Framework of Ethical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and related Technologies (the \u201cAI Ethical Aspects Resolution\u201d), Resolution 2020\/2014(INL) on a Civil Liability Regime for Artificial Intelligence (the \u201cCivil Liability Resolution\u201d), and Resolution 2020\/2015(INI) on Intellectual Property Rights for the development of Artificial Intelligence Technologies (the \u201cIPR for AI Resolution\u201d)"},{"key":"1_CR34","unstructured":"Elaboration of a Recommendation on ethics of artificial intelligence (unesco.org). https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/artificial-intelligence\/ethics"},{"key":"1_CR35","unstructured":"The World Economic Forum; White Paper on AI Governance A Holistic Approach to Implement Ethics into AI, p. 6. Geneva, Switzerland (2019). https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/whitepapers\/ai-governance-a-holistic-approach-to-implement-ethics-into-ai. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR36","unstructured":"Selbst, Andrew D.: Negligence and AI\u2019s Human Users. In: Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper No. 20-01, p 1. UCLA School of Law (2018)"},{"key":"1_CR37","unstructured":"For a brief rundown of the regulatory frameworks and developments in selected countries refer to the Australian National Transport Commission 2020, Review of \u2018Guidelines for trials of automated vehicles in Australia\u2019: Discussion paper, NTC, Melbourne, pp. 16\u201318. https:\/\/www.ntc.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/assets\/files\/NTC%20Discussion%20Paper%20-%20Review%20of%20guidelines%20for%20trials%20of%20automated%20vehicles%20in%20Australia.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2020. For examples of Australian legislation refer to: Motor Vehicles (Trials of Automotive Technologies) Amendment Act 2016 (SA), Transport Legislation Amendment (Automated Vehicle Trials and Innovation) Act 2017 (NSW), Road Safety Amendment (Automated Vehicles) Act 2018 (Vic)"},{"key":"1_CR38","unstructured":"For the new European Union drone rules refer to. https:\/\/www.easa.europa.eu\/domains\/civil-drones-rpas\/drones-regulatory-framework-background. For the Australia drone rules refer to.  https:\/\/www.casa.gov.au\/knowyourdrone\/drone-rules and the Civil Aviation Safety Amendment (Remotely Piloted Aircraft and Model Aircraft\u2014Registration and Accreditation) Regulations 2019"},{"key":"1_CR39","unstructured":"European Commission: Report on the safety and liability implications of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics, COM (2020) 64 (Feb. 19, 2020), p 14. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/files\/commission-report-safety-and-liability-implications-ai-internet-thingsand-robotics_en. Accessed June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR40","unstructured":"European Parliament resolution of 20 October 2020 with recommendations to the Commission on a civil liability regime for artificial intelligence. www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2020-0276_EN.pdf"},{"key":"1_CR41","unstructured":"Australian National Transport Commission 2020, Review of \u2018Guidelines for trials of automated vehicles in Australia\u2019: Discussion paper, NTC, Melbourne, pp. 26\u201327. https:\/\/www.ntc.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/assets\/files\/NTC%20Discussion%20Paper%20-%20Review%20of%20guidelines%20for%20trials%20of%20automated%20vehicles%20in%20Australia.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR42","unstructured":"General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) art.22; Recital 71; see also Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2018a, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016\/679, 17\/EN WP251rev.01, p.19. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/newsroom\/article29\/item-detail.cfm?item_id=612053. Accessed 4 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobbe, Jennifer.: Administrative Law and the Machines of Government: Judicial Review of Automated Public-Sector Decision-Making. Legal Studies, p. 3 (2019)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3226913"},{"key":"1_CR44","unstructured":"For the interpretability characteristics of various AI models, refer to ICO and Alan Turing Institute: Guidance on explaining decisions made with AI (2020), annexe 2. https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/media\/for-organisations\/guide-to-data-protection\/key-data-protection-themes\/explaining-decisions-made-with-artificial-intelligence-1-0.pdf. Accessed June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR45","unstructured":"For the types of explanation that an organisation may provide, refer to ICO and Alan Turing Institute: Guidance on explaining decisions made with AI (2020), p. 20. https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/media\/for-organisations\/guide-to-data-protection\/key-data-protection-themes\/explaining-decisions-made-with-artificial-intelligence-1-0.pdf. Accessed June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR46","unstructured":"General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) art.15"},{"key":"1_CR47","unstructured":"General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) art.22"},{"key":"1_CR48","unstructured":"General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) arts.13\u201314"},{"key":"1_CR49","unstructured":"European Commission: Report on the safety and liability implications of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics, COM (2020) 64 (Feb. 19, 2020), p 15, https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/files\/commission-report-safety-and-liability-implications-ai-internet-thingsand-robotics_en. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, B.: Legal personality. Yale Law J. 37(3), 283\u2013299, 283 (1928)","DOI":"10.2307\/789740"},{"key":"1_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For a discussion on the concept and expression \u2018\u2018legal personality\u2019\u2019 refer to Bryson, J. J., Diamantis, M. E., Grant, T.D.: Of, for, and by the people: the legal lacuna of synthetic persons. Artificial Intelligence and Law. 25(3) (2017), p. 277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-017-9214-9"},{"key":"1_CR52","unstructured":"European Parliament: European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015\/2103(INL)). https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A52017IP0051. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR53","unstructured":"Ibid paragraph 59(f)"},{"key":"1_CR54","unstructured":"Refer http:\/\/www.robotics-openletter.eu\/, last accessed 2020\/6\/9"},{"key":"1_CR55","unstructured":"European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies: Statement on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and \u2018Autonomous\u2019 Systems, p 10. European Commission, Brussels (2018), http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/ege\/pdf\/ege_ai_statement_2018.pdf. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR56","unstructured":"European Commission: White Paper on Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust, COM(2020) 65, 19 February 2020. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/commissionwhite-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR57","unstructured":"European Commission: Report on the safety and liability implications of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics, COM (2020) 64, 19 February 2020. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/files\/commission-report-safety-and-liability-implications-ai-internet-thingsand-robotics_en. Accessed 9 June 2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"1_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-017-9214-9","volume":"25","author":"JJ Bryson","year":"2017","unstructured":"JJ Bryson ME Diamantis TD Grant 2017 Of, for, and by the people: the legal lacuna of synthetic persons Artif. Intell. Law 25 3 273 291 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-017-9214-9","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1_CR59.1","unstructured":"Resolution 2020\/2014(INL) on a Civil Liability Regime for Artificial Intelligence (the \"Civil Liability Resolution\"), \"any required changes in the existing legal framework should start with the clarification that AI-systems have neither legal personality nor human conscience, and that their sole task is to serve humanity\" (Civil Liability Resolution, Annex, (6))"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1_CR59.2","unstructured":"European Parliament resolution of 20 October 2020 on intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies (2020\/2015(INI)), \"that it would not be appropriate to seek to impart legal personality to AI technologies and points out the negative impact of such a possibility on incentives for human creators\", para 13"},{"key":"1_CR60","unstructured":"This section on employment implications is based on the presentation to LAWASIA 2018 at Siem Reap, Cambodia - 4 November 2018: Artificial Intelligence & Employment Law Implications"},{"key":"1_CR61","unstructured":"Definition from the Australian Securities & Investments Commission: Regulatory Guide 255 - Providing digital financial product advice to retail client, https:\/\/asic.gov.au\/regulatory-resources\/find-a-document\/regulatory-guides\/rg-255-providing-digital-financial-product-advice-to-retail-clients\/. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR62","unstructured":"Corporations Amendment (Professional Standards of Financial Advisers) Act 2017"},{"key":"1_CR63","unstructured":"Australian Securities & Investments Commission: Regulatory Guide 255 - Providing digital financial product advice to retail client. https:\/\/asic.gov.au\/regulatory-resources\/find-a-document\/regulatory-guides\/rg-255-providing-digital-financial-product-advice-to-retail-clients\/. Accessed 6 June 2020"},{"key":"1_CR64","unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), 2016 O.J. (L 119\/1) [GDPR]."},{"key":"1_CR65","unstructured":"Ibid art. 15(1)(h)"},{"key":"1_CR66","unstructured":"Ibid art. 22(3)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1_CR67.1","unstructured":"Australian Human Rights Commission: Discussion Paper on Human Rights and Technology (2019), p. 104. https:\/\/humanrights.gov.au\/our-work\/rights-and-freedoms\/publications\/human-rights-and-technology-discussion-paper-2019. Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1_CR67.2","unstructured":"For a US perspective, refer to Flicker, Kirsten: The Prison of Convenience, The Need for National Regulation of Biometric Technology in Sports Venues. In: 30 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L. J. 985 (2020), p. 1015. https:\/\/ir.lawnet.fordham.edu\/iplj\/vol30\/iss3\/7\/. 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