{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:23:10Z","timestamp":1773512590053,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030816445","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030816452","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81645-2_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T21:02:52Z","timestamp":1626901372000},"page":"27-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Proof of Assets in the Diem Blockchain"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Chatzigiannis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Chalkias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","unstructured":"Bitstamp proof of reserves. https:\/\/www.bitstamp.net\/s\/documents\/Bitstamp_proof_of_reserves_statement.pdf"},{"key":"3_CR2","unstructured":"Ethereum wiki (archive.org). https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190613115908if_\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/JSON-RPC#eth_sign"},{"key":"3_CR3","unstructured":"Kraken proof of reserves. https:\/\/www.kraken.com\/en-us\/proof-of-reserves-audit"},{"key":"3_CR4","unstructured":"Okex suspends withdrawals, says key holder not available due to cooperation with investigation. https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/okex-suspends-withdrawals"},{"key":"3_CR5","unstructured":"Provisions: Privacy-preserving proofs of solvency for bitcoin exchanges. Real World Crypto 2016. https:\/\/rwc.iacr.org\/2016\/Slides\/Provisions"},{"key":"3_CR6","unstructured":"Proof of solvency technical overview (2018). https:\/\/medium.com\/iconominet\/proof-of-solvency-technical-overview-d1d0e8a8a0b8"},{"key":"3_CR7","unstructured":"Ethereum wiki (2019). https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190613115908if_\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/JSON-RPC#eth_sign"},{"key":"3_CR8","unstructured":"Diem authenticated data structure specification (2021). https:\/\/github.com\/diem\/diem\/blob\/main\/specifications\/common\/authenticated_data_structures.md"},{"key":"3_CR9","unstructured":"Diem data structures specification (2021). https:\/\/github.com\/diem\/diem\/blob\/main\/specifications\/common\/data_structures.md"},{"key":"3_CR10","unstructured":"Diem proofs of assets (2021). https:\/\/github.com\/diem\/diem\/blob\/main\/client\/assets-proof\/README.md"},{"key":"3_CR11","unstructured":"Diem roles and permissions (2021). https:\/\/dip.diem.com\/dip-2\/"},{"key":"3_CR12","unstructured":"Diem storage module (2021). https:\/\/github.com\/diem\/diem\/tree\/master\/storage"},{"key":"3_CR13","unstructured":"Amsden, Z., et al.: The libra blockchain (2020). https:\/\/diem-developers-components.netlify.app\/papers\/the-diem-blockchain\/2020-05-26.pdf"},{"key":"3_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azouvi, S., Danezis, G., Nikolaenko, V.: Winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies, pp. 189\u2013201 (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3419614.3423260"},{"key":"3_CR15","unstructured":"Baudet, M., et al.: State machine replication in the libra blockchain. The Libra Assn., Technical report (2019)"},{"key":"3_CR16","unstructured":"Blackshear, S., Wilsion, B., Zakian, T.: Diem improvement proposal 11 (2021). https:\/\/dip.diem.com\/dip-11\/"},{"key":"3_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boneh, D., Bonneau, J., B\u00fcnz, B., Fisch, B.: Verifiable delay functions. In: Annual International Cryptology Conference, pp. 757\u2013788. Springer (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96884-1_25"},{"key":"3_CR18","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45682-1_30","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2014 ASIACRYPT 2001","author":"D Boneh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boneh, D., Lynn, B., Shacham, H.: Short signatures from the Weil pairing. In: Boyd, C. (ed.) ASIACRYPT 2001. LNCS, vol. 2248, pp. 514\u2013532. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-45682-1_30"},{"key":"3_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breedon, F., Chen, L., Ranaldo, A., Vause, N.: Judgement day: algorithmic trading around the swiss franc cap removal (2018)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3126136"},{"key":"3_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalkias, K., Brown, J., Hearn, M., Lillehagen, T., Nitto, I., Schroeter, T.: Blockchained post-quantum signatures. In: 2018 IEEE Blockchain, pp. 1196\u20131203. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00213"},{"key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalkias, K., Garillot, F., Kondi, Y., Nikolaenko, V.: Non-interactive half-aggregation of EdDSA and variants of Schnorr signatures. CT-RSA (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75539-3_24"},{"key":"3_CR22","unstructured":"Chalkias, K., Lewi, K., Mohassel, P., Nikolaenko, V.: Distributed auditing proofs of liabilities. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2020\/468 (2020). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2020\/468"},{"key":"3_CR23","unstructured":"Chatzigiannis, P., Baldimtsi, F., Chalkias, K.: SoK: auditability and accountability in distributed payment systems. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2021\/239 (2021). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2021\/239"},{"key":"3_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dagher, G.G., B\u00fcnz, B., Bonneau, J., Clark, J., Boneh, D.: Provisions: privacy-preserving proofs of solvency for bitcoin exchanges. In: Ray, I., Li, N., Kruegel, C. (eds.) ACM CCS 2015, pp. 720\u2013731. ACM Press, October 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2810103.2813674","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813674"},{"key":"3_CR25","series-title":"LNCS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11212-1_18","volume-title":"ESORICS 2014, Part II","author":"C Decker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Decker, C., Wattenhofer, R.: Bitcoin transaction malleability and MtGox. In: Kutylowski, M., Vaidya, J. (eds.) ESORICS 2014, Part II. LNCS, vol. 8713, pp. 313\u2013326. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-11212-1_18"},{"key":"3_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dutta, A., Vijayakumaran, S.: MProve: a proof of reserves protocol for monero exchanges. In: 2019 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops, EuroS&P Workshops 2019, Stockholm, Sweden, 17\u201319 June 2019, pp. 330\u2013339. IEEE (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EuroSPW.2019.00043","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW.2019.00043"},{"key":"3_CR27","unstructured":"Gabizon, A., et al.: Plumo: towards scalable interoperable blockchains using ultra light validation systems. ZKProof (2020)"},{"key":"3_CR28","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Hu, Y., Wu, Q.: Jellyfish Merkle tree (2021). https:\/\/developers.diem.com\/papers\/jellyfish-merkle-tree\/2021-01-14.pdf"},{"key":"3_CR29","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30539-2_20","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2004","author":"R Gennaro","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gennaro, R., Leigh, D., Sundaram, R., Yerazunis, W.: Batching Schnorr identification scheme with applications to privacy-preserving authorization and low-bandwidth communication devices. In: Lee, P.J. (ed.) ASIACRYPT 2004. LNCS, vol. 3329, pp. 276\u2013292. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-30539-2_20"},{"key":"3_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gjermundr\u00f8d, H., Chalkias, K., Dionysiou, I.: Going beyond the coinbase transaction fee: alternative reward schemes for miners in blockchain systems. In: Proceedings of the 20th Pan-Hellenic Conference on Informatics, pp. 1\u20134 (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/3003733.3003773"},{"key":"3_CR31","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-49896-5_11","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2013 EUROCRYPT 2016","author":"J Groth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Groth, J.: On the size of pairing-based non-interactive arguments. In: Fischlin, M., Coron, J.-S. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2016. LNCS, vol. 9666, pp. 305\u2013326. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-49896-5_11"},{"key":"3_CR32","unstructured":"Hopwood, D., Bowe, S., Hornby, T., Wilcox, N.: Zcash protocol specification. San Francisco, CA, USA, GitHub (2016)"},{"key":"3_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Josefsson, S., Liusvaara, I.: RFC 8032: Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA), January 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC8032","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8032"},{"key":"3_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khovratovich, D., Law, J.: Bip32-ed25519: hierarchical deterministic keys over a non-linear keyspace. In: 2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW), pp. 27\u201331. IEEE (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW.2017.47"},{"key":"3_CR35","unstructured":"Komlo, C., Goldberg, I.: FROST: flexible round-optimized Schnorr threshold signatures. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2020\/852 (2020). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2020\/852"},{"key":"3_CR36","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48184-2_32","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2014 CRYPTO \u201987","author":"RC Merkle","year":"1988","unstructured":"Merkle, R.C.: A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function. In: Pomerance, C. (ed.) CRYPTO 1987. LNCS, vol. 293, pp. 369\u2013378. Springer, Heidelberg (1988). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-48184-2_32"},{"key":"3_CR37","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39884-1_3","volume-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security","author":"T Moore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moore, T., Christin, N.: Beware the middleman: empirical analysis of bitcoin-exchange risk. In: Sadeghi, A.-R. (ed.) FC 2013. LNCS, vol. 7859, pp. 25\u201333. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-39884-1_3"},{"key":"3_CR38","unstructured":"Nick, J., Ruffing, T., Seurin, Y.: Musig2: simple two-round Schnorr multi-signatures. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2020\/1261 (2020). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2020\/1261"},{"key":"3_CR39","unstructured":"Roose, S.: Standardizing bitcoin proof of reserves. https:\/\/blockstream.com\/2019\/02\/04\/en-standardizing-bitcoin-proof-of-reserves\/"},{"key":"3_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Syta, E., et al.: Scalable bias-resistant distributed randomness. In: 2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 444\u2013460. IEEE Computer Society Press, May 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SP.2017.45","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.45"},{"key":"3_CR41","unstructured":"Van Saberhagen, N.: Cryptonote v 2.0 (2013). https:\/\/cryptonote.org\/whitepaper.pdf"},{"key":"3_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., He, D., Ji, Y.: Designated-verifier proof of assets for bitcoin exchange using elliptic curve cryptography. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 107, 854\u2013862 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.06.028"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Applied Cryptography and Network Security Workshops"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-81645-2_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T21:03:42Z","timestamp":1626901422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-81645-2_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030816445","9783030816452"],"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-81645-2_3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ACNS","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Kamakura","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Japan","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21 June 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"24 June 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"acns2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"186","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"37","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"20% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2.89","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"7.81","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the conference took place virtually.","order":10,"name":"additional_info_on_review_process","label":"Additional Info on Review Process","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}