{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:34:04Z","timestamp":1773156844592,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030839055","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030839062","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83906-2_24","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T23:05:04Z","timestamp":1629846304000},"page":"291-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Levels of Autonomy and Safety Assurance for AI-Based Clinical Decision Systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Festor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Habli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Aldo","family":"Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Komorowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"24_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitterman, D.S., et al.: Approaching autonomy in medical artificial intelligence. Lancet Digital Health 2(9), e447\u2013e449 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30187-4"},{"key":"24_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Catherine Menon, C.E., McDermid, J.: Defence standard 00\u201356 issue 4: towards evidence-based safety standards. In: Dale, C., Anderson, T. (eds.) Safety-Critical Systems: Problems, Process and Practice, pp. 223\u2013243. Springer, London (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-84882-349-5_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-349-5_15"},{"key":"24_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteva, A., et al.: Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature 542(7639), 115\u2013118 (2017)","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21056"},{"key":"24_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habli, I., et al.: Artificial intelligence in health care: accountability and safety. Bull. World Health Organ. 98(4), 251 (2020)","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.237487"},{"key":"24_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joosten, A., et al.: Feasibility of closed-loop titration of norepinephrine infusion in patients undergoing moderate-and high-risk surgery. Br. J. Anaesth. 123(4), 430\u2013438 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.04.064"},{"key":"24_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joosten, A., et al.: Automated closed-loop versus manually controlled norepinephrine infusion in patients undergoing intermediate-to high-risk abdominal surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Anaesth. 126(1), 210\u2013218 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.08.051"},{"key":"24_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komorowski, M., et al.: The artificial intelligence clinician learns optimal treatment strategies for sepsis in intensive care. Nat. Med. 24(11), 1716\u20131720 (2018)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0213-5"},{"key":"24_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowery, C., Faisal, A.A.: Towards efficient, personalized anesthesia using continuous reinforcement learning for propofol infusion control. In: 2013 6th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), pp. 1414\u20131417. IEEE (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2013.6696208"},{"key":"24_CR9","unstructured":"De Montfort University: Dr\u00e4ger smartcare\u00ae\/ ps \u2013 the automated weaning protocol (2019)"},{"key":"24_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mnih, V., et al.: Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 518(7540), 529\u2013533 (2015)","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236"},{"key":"24_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, N.M., et al.: Artificial intelligence to diagnose ischemic stroke and identify large vessel occlusions: a systematic review. J. NeuroInterventional Surg. 12(2), 156\u2013164 (2020)","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2019-015135"},{"key":"24_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Struys, M.M., et al.: Comparison of plasma compartment versus two methods for effect compartment-controlled target-controlled infusion for propofol. J. Am. Soc. Anesthesiologists 92(2), 399 (2000)","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200002000-00021"},{"key":"24_CR13","unstructured":"Sutton, R.S., Barto, A.G.: Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. MIT Press (2018)"},{"issue":"1","key":"24_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","volume":"25","author":"EJ Topol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Topol, E.J.: High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat. Med. 25(1), 44\u201356 (2019)","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"24_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yealy, D.M., et al.: Early care of adults with suspected sepsis in the emergency department and out-of-hospital environment: a consensus-based task force report. Ann. Emergency Med. (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.02.006"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security. SAFECOMP 2021 Workshops"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-83906-2_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T17:43:24Z","timestamp":1710265404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-83906-2_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030839055","9783030839062"],"references-count":15,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-83906-2_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"SAFECOMP","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"York","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"United Kingdom","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"7 September 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10 September 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"40","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"safecomp2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/safecomp2021.hosted.york.ac.uk\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"76","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"17","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"22% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"4.2","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"From the workshops 26 full and 4 short papers were accepted for publication.","order":10,"name":"additional_info_on_review_process","label":"Additional Info on Review Process","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}