{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T23:19:48Z","timestamp":1743031188072,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783030856090"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783030856106"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85610-6_37","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T06:03:15Z","timestamp":1629871395000},"page":"655-664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Empirical Study of Picture Password Composition on Smartwatches"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Marios","family":"Belk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Fidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Katsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Argyris","family":"Constantinides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Pitsillides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"37_CR1","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Memon, N.: Smartwatches locking methods: a comparative study. In: WAY 2017 Workshop at the Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security, USENIX (2017)"},{"key":"37_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbach, M., De Luca, A., Egelman, S.: The anatomy of smartphone unlocking: a field study of android lock screens. In: ACM CHI 2016, pp. 4806\u20134817. ACM Press (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858267"},{"key":"37_CR3","unstructured":"Aviv, A., Gibson, K., Mossop, E., Blaze, M., Smith, J.: Smudge attacks on smartphone touch screens. In: USENIX Conference on Offensive Technologies (WOOT 2010), USENIX Association, pp. 1\u20137 (2010)"},{"key":"37_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Zezschwitz, E., De Luca, A., Janssen, P., Hussmann, H.: Easy to draw, but hard to trace?: On the observability of grid-based (un)lock patterns. In: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2015), pp. 2339\u20132342. ACM Press (2015)","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702202"},{"key":"37_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belk M., Fidas, C., Germanakos, P., Samaras, G.: The interplay between humans, technology and user authentication: a cognitive processing perspective. Comput. Hum. Behav. 184\u2013200 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.06.042"},{"issue":"3","key":"37_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3365995","volume":"4","author":"M Guerar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guerar, M., Verderame, L., Merlo, A., Palmieri, F., Migliardi, M., Vallerini, L.: CirclePIN: a novel authentication mechanism for smartwatches to prevent unauthorized access to IoT devices. ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst. 4(3), 1\u201319 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3365995","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."},{"key":"37_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2017.01.008","volume":"66","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Sae-Bae, N., Memon, N.: DRAW-A-PIN: authentication using finger-drawn pin on touch devices. Comput. Secur. 66, 115\u2013128 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"37_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerar, M., Verderame, L., Migliardi, M., Merlo, A.: 2GesturePIN: securing PIN-based authentication on smartwatches. In: IEEE Conference on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, pp. 327\u2013333. IEEE (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/WETICE.2019.00074"},{"key":"37_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.07.001","volume":"78","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Memon, N.: Tap-based user authentication for smartwatches. Comput. Secur. 78, 174\u2013186 (2018)","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"37_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oakley, I., Huh, J.H., Cho, J., Cho, G., Islam, R., Kim, H.: The personal identification chord: a four button authentication system for smartwatches. In: Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ASIACCS 2018), pp. 75\u201387. ACM Press (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3196494.3196555"},{"key":"37_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Qiu, Z., Yang, Y., Li, W., Fan, M.: An empirical study of touch-based authentication methods on smartwatches. In: ACM Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC 2017) , pp. 122\u2013125 ACM Press (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3123021.3123049"},{"key":"37_CR12","unstructured":"Yang, J., Li, Y., Xie, M.: MotionAuth: motion-based authentication for wrist worn smart devices. In: IEEE Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops 2015), pp. 550\u2013555. IEEE (2015)"},{"key":"37_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W., Lee, R.: Implicit sensor-based authentication of smartphone users with smartwatch. In: ACM Conference on Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy (HASP 2016), pp. 1\u20138. ACM Press, article 9 (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2948618.2948627"},{"key":"37_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, T., Hasan, K., Nakamura, K., Gomez, R., Irani, P.: SoundCraft: enabling spatial interactions on smartwatches using hand generated acoustics. In: ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST 2017), pp. 579\u2013591. ACM Press (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3126594.3126612"},{"issue":"4","key":"37_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/2333112.2333114","volume":"44","author":"R Biddle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Biddle, R., Chiasson, S., van Oorschot, P.: Graphical passwords: learning from the first twelve years. ACM Comput. Surv. 44(4), 41 (2012)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"37_CR16","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Ahn, G.J., Seo, J.J., Hu, H.: On the security of picture gesture authentication. In: USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 2013), USENIX, pp. 383\u2013398 (2013)"},{"issue":"2","key":"37_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90032-7","volume":"5","author":"A Paivio","year":"1973","unstructured":"Paivio, A., Csapo, K.: Picture superiority in free recall: imagery or dual coding? Cogn. Psychol. 5(2), 176\u2013206 (1973)","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"37_CR18","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29384-0_19","volume-title":"Human-Computer Interaction \u2013 INTERACT 2019","author":"C Fidas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fidas, C., Belk, M., Hadjidemetriou, G., Pitsillides, A.: Influences of mixed reality and human cognition on picture passwords: an eye tracking study. In: Lamas, D., Loizides, F., Nacke, L., Petrie, H., Winckler, M., Zaphiris, P. (eds.) INTERACT 2019. LNCS, vol. 11747, pp. 304\u2013313. Springer, Cham (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-29384-0_19"},{"key":"37_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsini, C., Fidas, C., Raptis, G., Belk, M., Samaras, G., Avouris, N.: Influences of human cognition and visual behavior on password security during picture password composition. In: ACM Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2018), p. 87. ACM Press (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173661"},{"issue":"4","key":"37_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2493171.2493173","volume":"4","author":"Y Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Feng, J., Kumin, L., Lazar, J.: Investigating user behavior for authentication methods: a comparison between individuals with down syndrome and neurotypical users. ACM Trans. Access. Comput. 4(4), 1\u201327 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2493171.2493173","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Access. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189048","volume":"13","author":"K Grindrod","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grindrod, K., et al.: Evaluating authentication options for mobile health applications in younger and older adults. PLoS ONE 13(1), e0189048 (2018)","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"47","author":"H Witkin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Witkin, H., Moore, C., Goodenough, D., Cox, P.: Field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles and their educational implications. Educ. Res. 47(1), 1\u201364 (1977)","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"37_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341910110301","volume":"11","author":"R Riding","year":"1991","unstructured":"Riding, R., Cheema, I.: Cognitive styles - an overview and integration. Educ. Psychol. 11(3\u20134), 193\u2013215 (1991)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"37_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2009.06.003","volume":"19","author":"E Peterson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peterson, E., Rayner, S., Armstrong, S.: Researching the psychology of cognitive style and learning style: is there really a future? Learn. Indiv. Differ. 19(4), 518\u2013523 (2009)","journal-title":"Learn. Indiv. Differ."},{"issue":"3","key":"37_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.3.464","volume":"133","author":"M Kozhevnikov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kozhevnikov, M.: Cognitive styles in the context of modern psychology: toward an integrated framework of cognitive style. Psychol. Bull. 133(3), 464\u2013481 (2007)","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"37_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.12.012","volume":"28","author":"J Hong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hong, J., Hwang, M., Tam, K., Lai, Y., Liu, L.: Effects of cognitive style on digital jigsaw puzzle performance: a gridware analysis. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28(3), 920\u2013928 (2012)","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"37_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raptis, G.E., Katsini, C., Belk, M., Fidas, C., Samaras, G., Avouris, N.: Using eye gaze data and visual activities to infer human cognitive styles: method and feasibility studies. In: ACM User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP 2017), pp. 164\u2013173 (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3079628.3079690"},{"key":"37_CR28","unstructured":"Davis, J.: Educational implications of field dependence-independence. In: Field Dependence-Independence: Cognitive Style across the Lifespan, Lawrence Erlbaum, 149\u2013175 (1991)"},{"key":"37_CR29","unstructured":"Johnson, J.J., Seixeiro, S., Pace, Z., van der Bogert, G., Gilmour, S., Siebens, L., Tubbs, K.: Picture Gesture Authentication (2014). https:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/US8910253"},{"key":"37_CR30","volume-title":"A Manual for the Embedded Figures Test","author":"HA Witkin","year":"1971","unstructured":"Witkin, H.A., Oltman, P., Raskin, E., Karp, S.: A Manual for the Embedded Figures Test. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA (1971)"},{"issue":"4","key":"37_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2701423","volume":"17","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Ahn, G., Hu, H.: Picture gesture authentication: empirical analysis, automated attacks, and scheme evaluation. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. (TISSEC) 17(4), 1\u201337 (2015)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. (TISSEC)"},{"key":"37_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102602","volume":"149","author":"A Constantinides","year":"2021","unstructured":"Constantinides, A., Fidas, C., Belk, M., Pietron, A.M., Han, T., Pitsillides, A.: From hotspots towards experience-spots: leveraging on users\u2019 sociocultural experiences to enhance security in cued-recall graphical authentication. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 149, 102602 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102602","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"37_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunphy, P., Yan, J.: Do background images improve \u201cDraw a Secret\u201d graphical passwords?. In: Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2007), pp. 36\u201347. ACM Press (2007)","DOI":"10.1145\/1315245.1315252"},{"key":"37_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.02.003","volume":"114","author":"G Raptis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raptis, G., Fidas, C., Avouris, N.: Effects of mixed-reality on players\u2019 behaviour and immersion in a cultural tourism game: a cognitive processing perspective. Int. J. Hum Comput Stud. 114, 69\u201379 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum Comput Stud."},{"key":"37_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsini, C., Fidas, C., Raptis, G., Belk, M., Samaras, G., Avouris, N.: Eye gaze-driven prediction of cognitive differences during graphical password composition. In: ACM SIGCHI Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2018), pp. 147\u2013152. ACM Press (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3172944.3172996"},{"key":"37_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantinides, A., Pietron, A., Belk, M., Fidas, C., Han, T., Pitsillides, A.: A cross-cultural perspective for personalizing picture passwords. In: ACM User Modeling Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP 2020), pp. 43\u201352. ACM Press (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3340631.3394859"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Human-Computer Interaction \u2013 INTERACT 2021"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-85610-6_37","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T22:15:58Z","timestamp":1638569758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-85610-6_37"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030856090","9783030856106"],"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-85610-6_37","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"INTERACT","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Bari","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Italy","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"30 August 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3 September 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"18","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"interact2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/www.interact2021.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"PCS","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"680","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"105","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"72","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"15% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}