{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:26:28Z","timestamp":1770747988332,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030860615","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030860622","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":263,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A \u2018universal grammar\u2019 for the full spectrum of visualization types is discussed. The grammar enables the analysis of any type of visualization regarding its syntactic constituents, such as the types of visual encodings and visual components that are used. Such an analysis of a type of visualization, describing its compositional syntax, can be represented as a specification tree. Colour coded tree branches between constituent types enforce the combination rules visually. We discuss how these specification trees differ from linguistic parse trees, and how visual statements differ from verbal statements. The grammar offers a basis for generating visualization options, and the potential for formalization and for machine-readable specifications. This may serve as a basis for a system providing computer-generated visualization advice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86062-2_40","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T02:17:10Z","timestamp":1632190630000},"page":"395-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Universal Grammar for Specifying Visualization Types"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6073-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Engelhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9109-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"40_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Card, S.K., Mackinlay, J.: The structure of the information visualization design space. 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Springer, Cham (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-91376-6_20"},{"key":"40_CR3","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/11783183_13","volume-title":"Diagrammatic Representation and Inference","author":"Y Engelhardt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Engelhardt, Y.: Objects and spaces: the visual language of graphics. In: Barker-Plummer, D., Cox, R., Swoboda, N. (eds.) Diagrams 2006. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4045, pp. 104\u2013108. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11783183_13"},{"issue":"6","key":"40_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1145\/1743546.1743567","volume":"53","author":"J Heer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heer, J., Bostock, M., Ogievetsky, V.: A tour through the visualization zoo. Commun. ACM 53(6), 59\u201367 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1743546.1743567","journal-title":"Commun. 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