{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:37:27Z","timestamp":1775230647926,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030863791","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030863807","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86380-7_48","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T12:03:14Z","timestamp":1631275394000},"page":"595-607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Reinforcement Learning for the Privacy Preservation and Manipulation of Eye Tracking Data"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7128-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Fuhl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Efe","family":"Bozkir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Enkelejda","family":"Kasneci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"48_CR1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/11499145_79","volume-title":"Image Analysis","author":"R Bednarik","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bednarik, R., Kinnunen, T., Mihaila, A., Fr\u00e4nti, P.: Eye-movements as a biometric. In: Kalviainen, H., Parkkinen, J., Kaarna, A. (eds.) SCIA 2005. LNCS, vol. 3540, pp. 780\u2013789. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11499145_79"},{"issue":"2","key":"48_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1163\/156856809787465636","volume":"22","author":"A Bovik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bovik, A., Cormack, L., Van Der Linde, I., Rajashekar, U.: Doves: a database of visual eye movements. Spat. Vis. 22(2), 161\u2013177 (2009)","journal-title":"Spat. Vis."},{"key":"48_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaudhary, A.K., Pelz, J.B.: Privacy-preserving eye videos using rubber sheet model. In: ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications. ETRA 2020 Short Papers, Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3379156.3391375","DOI":"10.1145\/3379156.3391375"},{"issue":"10","key":"48_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/10.10.28","volume":"10","author":"M Dorr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dorr, M., Martinetz, T., Gegenfurtner, K.R., Barth, E.: Variability of eye movements when viewing dynamic natural scenes. J. Vis. 10(10), 28\u201328 (2010)","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"48_CR5","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79228-4_1","volume-title":"Theory and Applications of Models of Computation","author":"C Dwork","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dwork, C.: Differential privacy: a survey of results. In: Agrawal, M., Du, D., Duan, Z., Li, A. (eds.) TAMC 2008. LNCS, vol. 4978, pp. 1\u201319. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-79228-4_1"},{"issue":"1","key":"48_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1145\/1866739.1866758","volume":"54","author":"C Dwork","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dwork, C.: A firm foundation for private data analysis. Commun. ACM 54(1), 86\u201395 (2011)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"48_CR7","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/11681878_14","volume-title":"Theory of Cryptography","author":"C Dwork","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dwork, C., McSherry, F., Nissim, K., Smith, A.: Calibrating noise to sensitivity in private data analysis. In: Halevi, S., Rabin, T. (eds.) TCC 2006. LNCS, vol. 3876, pp. 265\u2013284. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11681878_14"},{"issue":"1","key":"48_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2904018","volume":"19","author":"S Eberz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eberz, S., Rasmussen, K.B., Lenders, V., Martinovic, I.: Looks like eve: Exposing insider threats using eye movement biometrics. ACM Trans. Priv. Secur. (TOPS) 19(1), 1 (2016)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Priv. Secur. (TOPS)"},{"key":"48_CR9","unstructured":"Fan, L.: Differential privacy for image publication (2019)"},{"key":"48_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuhl, W., et al.: Encodji: encoding gaze data into emoji space for an amusing scanpath classification approach. In: Eye Tracking Research and Applications (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3314111.3323074"},{"key":"48_CR11","unstructured":"Goodfellow, I., et al.: Generative adversarial nets. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 2672\u20132680 (2014)"},{"key":"48_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judd, T., Ehinger, K., Durand, F., Torralba, A.: Learning to predict where humans look. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459462"},{"key":"48_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasprowski, P., Ober, J.: Enhancing eye-movement-based biometric identification method by using voting classifiers. In: Biometric Technology for Human Identification II, vol. 5779, pp. 314\u2013323. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2005)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.603321"},{"key":"48_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komogortsev, O.V., Holland, C.D.: Biometric authentication via complex oculomotor behavior. In: 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), pp. 1\u20138. IEEE (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2013.6712725"},{"key":"48_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunze, K., Kawaichi, H., Yoshimura, K., Kise, K.: Towards inferring language expertise using eye tracking. In: CHI 2013 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 217\u2013222. ACM (2013)","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2468396"},{"issue":"1","key":"48_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034932","volume":"40","author":"N Latif","year":"2014","unstructured":"Latif, N., Gehmacher, A., Castelhano, M.S., Munhall, K.G.: The art of gaze guidance. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 40(1), 33 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"48_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liebling, D.J., Preibusch, S.: Privacy considerations for a pervasive eye tracking world. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication, pp. 1169\u20131177. ACM (2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2638728.2641688"},{"key":"48_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, A., Xia, L., Duchowski, A., Bailey, R., Holmqvist, K., Jain, E.: Differential privacy for eye-tracking data. arXiv arXiv:1904.06809 (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3314111.3319823"},{"issue":"4","key":"48_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2916583","volume":"21","author":"NC Luong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luong, N.C., et al.: Applications of deep reinforcement learning in communications and networking: a survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 21(4), 3133\u20133174 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"48_CR20","unstructured":"Maeder, A.J., Fookes, C.B.: A visual attention approach to personal identification (2003)"},{"key":"48_CR21","series-title":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction Series","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6392-3_3","volume-title":"Advances in Physiological Computing","author":"P Majaranta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Majaranta, P., Bulling, A.: Eye tracking and eye-based human\u2013computer interaction. In: Fairclough, S.H., Gilleade, K. (eds.) Advances in Physiological Computing. HIS, pp. 39\u201365. Springer, London (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4471-6392-3_3"},{"issue":"8","key":"48_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4448-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"MB McCamy","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCamy, M.B., Otero-Millan, J., Di Stasi, L.L., Macknik, S.L., Martinez-Conde, S.: Highly informative natural scene regions increase microsaccade production during visual scanning. J. Neurosci. 34(8), 2956\u20132966 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"48_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McSherry, F.D.: Privacy integrated queries: an extensible platform for privacy-preserving data analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 19\u201330 (2009)","DOI":"10.1145\/1559845.1559850"},{"key":"48_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyrgelis, A., Troncoso, C., De Cristofaro, E.: Knock knock, who\u2019s there? membership inference on aggregate location data. arXiv arXiv:1708.06145 (2017)","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2018.23183"},{"key":"48_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastogi, V., Nath, S.: Differentially private aggregation of distributed time-series with transformation and encryption. In: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 735\u2013746 (2010)","DOI":"10.1145\/1807167.1807247"},{"issue":"1","key":"48_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"R Sarathy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sarathy, R., Muralidhar, K.: Evaluating laplace noise addition to satisfy differential privacy for numeric data. Trans. Data Priv. 4(1), 1\u201317 (2011)","journal-title":"Trans. Data Priv."},{"key":"48_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steil, J., Hagestedt, I., Huang, M.X., Bulling, A.: Privacy-aware eye tracking using differential privacy. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, p. 27. ACM (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3314111.3319915"},{"key":"48_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steil, J., Koelle, M., Heuten, W., Boll, S., Bulling, A.: Privaceye: privacy-preserving head-mounted eye tracking using egocentric scene image and eye movement features. In: ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, ACM (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3314111.3319913"},{"key":"48_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stellmach, S., Dachselt, R.: Look & touch: gaze-supported target acquisition. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM (2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208709"},{"issue":"4","key":"48_CR30","first-page":"177","volume":"1","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Hu, W., Xu, W., Chou, C.T., Hu, J.: Continuous authentication using eye movement response of implicit visual stimuli. Proc. ACM Interact. Mobile Wearable Ubiquit. Technol. 1(4), 177 (2018)","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mobile Wearable Ubiquit. Technol."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning \u2013 ICANN 2021"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-86380-7_48","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T14:08:10Z","timestamp":1644674890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-86380-7_48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030863791","9783030863807"],"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-86380-7_48","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"ICANN","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Bratislava","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Slovakia","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"14 September 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"17 September 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"30","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"icann2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/e-nns.org\/icann2021\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"OCS","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"496","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"265","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"4","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"53% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2.5","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Conference was held online due to the COVID-19 pandemic.","order":10,"name":"additional_info_on_review_process","label":"Additional Info on Review Process","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}