{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T22:29:10Z","timestamp":1742941750668,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783030870300"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783030870317"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87031-7_5","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T18:03:27Z","timestamp":1631642607000},"page":"66-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Understanding the Impact of and Analysing Fake News About COVID-19 in SA"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Sthembile","family":"Mthethwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelisiwe","family":"Dlamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nenekazi","family":"Mkuzangwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avuya","family":"Shibambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thato","family":"Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motlatsi","family":"Mantsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5_CR1","unstructured":"Knowledge@Wharton: \u201cThe Impact of Social Media: Is it Irreplaceable?\u201d 26 July 2019. https:\/\/knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu\/article\/impact-of-social-media\/. Accessed 18 Nov 2020"},{"key":"5_CR2","unstructured":"Hudson, M.: What Is Social Media? Definition and Examples of Social Media, 23 June 2020. https:\/\/www.thebalancesmb.com\/what-is-social-media-2890301"},{"key":"5_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Zafarani, R.: A survey of fake news: fundamental theories, detection methods, and opportunities. ACM Comput. Surv. 53(5), 1\u201340 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3395046","DOI":"10.1145\/3395046"},{"key":"5_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lazer, D.M.J., et al.: The science of fake news. Science (80-. ). 359(6380), 1094\u20131096 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aao2998","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2998"},{"key":"5_CR5","unstructured":"Gottfried, J., Shearer, E.: News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016, 26 MAY 2016. https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/2016\/05\/26\/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016\/"},{"key":"5_CR6","unstructured":"WHO: WHO Director-General\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19, 30 November 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---30-november-2020"},{"key":"5_CR7","unstructured":"Cucinotta, D., Vanelli, M.: WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic, 19 March 2020. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32191675\/. Accessed 17 Nov 2020"},{"issue":"10225","key":"5_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30461-X","volume":"395","author":"J Zarocostas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zarocostas, J.: How to fight an infodemic. Lancet (Lond. Engl.) 395(10225), 676 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30461-X","journal-title":"Lancet (Lond. Engl.)"},{"issue":"7","key":"5_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620939054","volume":"31","author":"G Pennycook","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J.G., Rand, D.G.: Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychol. Sci. 31(7), 770\u2013780 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797620939054","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"5_CR10","unstructured":"Frenkel, S., Alba, D., Zhong, R.: Surge of Virus Misinformation Stumps Facebook and Twitter. The New York Times (2020). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/08\/technology\/coronavirus-misinformation-social-media.html"},{"key":"5_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampos, V., et al.: Tracking COVID-19 using online search, no. July 2020. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.08086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00384-w"},{"key":"5_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pulido, C.M., Ruiz-Eugenio, L., Redondo-Sama, G., Villarejo-Carballido, B.: A new application of social impact in social media for overcoming fake news in health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(7), 2430 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17072430","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072430"},{"key":"5_CR13","unstructured":"Statistics South Africa. Mid-year population estimates 2020. Statistical Release P0302. [online] Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, pp. 8\u20139 (2021). http:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/publications\/P0302\/P03022020.pdf"},{"key":"5_CR14","unstructured":"Miniwatts Marketing Group: \u201cInternet Users Statistics for Africa (Africa Internet Usage, 2020 Population Stats and Facebook Subscribers)\u201d, 12 November 2020. https:\/\/www.internetworldstats.com\/stats1.htm. Accessed 30 Nov 2020"},{"key":"5_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Zaman, M.S.: COVID-19-related fake news in social media. SSRN Electron. J. 1\u201312 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3644107","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3644107"},{"key":"5_CR16","unstructured":"Memon, S.A., Carley, K.M.: Characterizing COVID-19 misinformation communities using a novel twitter dataset. In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2699 (2020)"},{"issue":"13","key":"5_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1623904","volume":"23","author":"A Duffy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duffy, A., Tandoc, E., Ling, R.: Too good to be true, too good not to share: the social utility of fake news. Inf. Commun. Soc. 23(13), 1965\u20131979 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1623904","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"5_CR18","unstructured":"Wardle, C., Derakhshan, H.: Thinking about \u2018information disorder\u2019: formats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information. J. \u201cfake news\u201d disinformation-UNESCO 43\u201354 (2018). https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/f._jfnd_handbook_module_2.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2019.1602782","volume":"43","author":"JL Egelhofer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Egelhofer, J.L., Lecheler, S.: Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda. Ann. Int. Commun. Assoc. 43(2), 97\u2013116 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23808985.2019.1602782","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Commun. Assoc."},{"key":"5_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Apuke, O.D., Omar, B.: Fake news and COVID-19: modelling the predictors of fake news sharing among social media users. Telemat. Inform. 56(July 2020), 101475 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tele.2020.101475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2020.101475"},{"issue":"February","key":"5_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00014","volume":"4","author":"JJ Walczyk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walczyk, J.J., Igou, F.P., Dixon, A.P., Tcholakian, T.: Advancing lie detection by inducing cognitive load on liars: a review of relevant theories and techniques guided by lessons from polygraph-based approaches. Front. Psychol. 4(February), 1\u201313 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"5_CR22","unstructured":"Russonello, G.: Afraid of Coronavirus? That Might Say Something About Your Politics, The New York Times (2020). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/13\/us\/politics\/coronavirus-trump-polling.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"40","author":"TLD Huynh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huynh, T.L.D.: The COVID-19 risk perception: a survey on socioeconomics and media attention. Econ. Bull. 40(1), 1\u20138 (2020)","journal-title":"Econ. Bull."},{"key":"5_CR24","unstructured":"Ryder, H.: AFRICA ONLOOKS COVID-19 is only slowly reaching Africa. That\u2019s no surprise. The Africa Report (2020). https:\/\/www.theafricareport.com\/24160\/covid-19-is-only-slowly-reaching-africa-thats-no-surprise\/"},{"issue":"June","key":"5_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2020.00045","volume":"5","author":"BO Ahinkorah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahinkorah, B.O., Ameyaw, E.K., Hagan, J.E., Seidu, A.-A., Schack, T.: Rising above misinformation or fake news in Africa: another strategy to control COVID-19 spread. Front. Commun. 5(June), 2018\u20132021 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomm.2020.00045","journal-title":"Front. Commun."},{"key":"5_CR26","unstructured":"Alpert, L.I.: Coronavirus misinformation spreads on Facebook. Watchdog Says, 20 April 2020. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/coronavirus-misinformation-spreads-on-facebook-watchdog-says-11587436159"},{"issue":"6","key":"5_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.02.92","volume":"8","author":"KK Sahu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sahu, K.K., Mishra, A.K., Lal, A.: Comprehensive update on current outbreak of novel coronavirus infection (2019-nCoV). Ann. Transl. Med. 8(6), 393 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm.2020.02.92","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"5_CR28","unstructured":"Karlova, N., Fisher, K.: A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human information behavior. Inf. Res. 18(1), 4 (2013). http:\/\/informationr.net\/ir\/18-1\/paper573.html#.YAqh7-gzZPY"},{"key":"5_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Volkova, S., Jang, J.Y.: Misleading or falsification: inferring deceptive strategies and types in online news and social media. In: Web Conference 2018 - Companion World Wide Web Conference WWW 2018, pp. 575\u2013583 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3184558.3188728","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188728"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1145\/3377330.3377334","volume":"48","author":"F Pierri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pierri, F., Ceri, S.: False news on social media: a data-driven survey. SIGMOD Rec. 48(2), 18\u201332 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3377330.3377334","journal-title":"SIGMOD Rec."},{"key":"5_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Volkova, S., Shaffer, K., Jang, J.Y., Hodas, N.: Separating facts from fiction: linguistic models to classify suspicious and trusted news posts on twitter. In: ACL 2017 - Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Long Papers), vol. 2, pp. 647\u2013653 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/P17-2102","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-2102"},{"key":"5_CR32","unstructured":"\u201cMerriam-Webster,\u201d (2021). https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/scams"},{"key":"5_CR33","unstructured":"\u201cFotoforensics,\u201d (2021). http:\/\/fotoforensics.com\/"},{"key":"5_CR34","unstructured":"Beck, T.S.: How to Detect Image Manipulations Part I - Error Level Analysis in Practice. HEADT Centre (2017). https:\/\/headt.eu\/How-to-Detect-Image-Manipulations-Part-1. Accessed 20 Jan 2007"},{"key":"5_CR35","unstructured":"\u201cTwitter Analytics\u201d (2021). https:\/\/foller.me\/"},{"key":"5_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Komendantova, N., et al.: A value-driven approach to addressing misinformation in social media. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 8(1), 1\u201312(2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-020-00702-9","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-020-00702-9"},{"key":"5_CR37","unstructured":"\u201cVirustotal\u201d (2021). https:\/\/www.virustotal.com\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/e23040395","volume":"23","author":"HD Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Men\u00e9ndez, H.D., Clark, D., Barr, E.T.: Getting ahead of the arms race: hothousing the coevolution of virustotal with a packer. Entropy 23(4), 1\u201319 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e23040395","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"5_CR39","unstructured":"Bloomberg, A.S., Tseng, T., Analyst, L., Law, B., Stent, A., Maida, D.: Best Practices for Managing Data Annotation Projects Best Practices for Managing Data Annotation Projects Chief Data Officer, Global Data Best Practices for Managing Data Annotation Projects, no. September, pp. 1\u201334 (2020). https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/344343972"},{"key":"5_CR40","unstructured":"Pagel, J., Reiter, N., R\u00f6siger, I., Schulz, S.: A unified text annotation workflow for diverse goals. In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2155, pp. 31\u201336 (2018)"},{"key":"5_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schreiner, C., Torkkola, K., Gardner, M., Zhang, K.: Using machine learning techniques to reduce data annotation time. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, no. October, pp. 2438\u20132442 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154193120605002219","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605002219"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2518086","volume":"22","author":"S Pick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pick, S., Weyers, B., Hentschel, B., Kuhlen, T.W.: Design and evaluation of data annotation workflows for cave-like virtual environments. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 22(4), 1452\u20131461 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2518086","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"5_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npls.2016.01.001","volume":"2","author":"M Bengtsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bengtsson, M.: How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open 2, 8\u201314 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.npls.2016.01.001","journal-title":"NursingPlus Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43168-021-00061-2","volume":"15","author":"J Samal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samal, J.: Impact of COVID-19 infodemic on psychological wellbeing and vaccine hesitancy. Egypt. J. Bronchol. 15(1), 1\u20136 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43168-021-00061-2","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Bronchol."}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Disinformation in Open Online Media"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-87031-7_5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T05:20:07Z","timestamp":1673241607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-87031-7_5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030870300","9783030870317"],"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-87031-7_5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0302-9743"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1611-3349"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"MISDOOM","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Multidisciplinary International Symposium on Disinformation in Open Online Media","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"21 September 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"22 September 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"3","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"misdoom2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/www.oii.ox.ac.uk\/misdoom-2021","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Single-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"easychair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"27","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"9","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"33% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"2","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"1","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"No","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}