{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T03:55:24Z","timestamp":1771646124329,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783030891367","type":"print"},{"value":"9783030891374","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89137-4_10","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T22:42:46Z","timestamp":1633905766000},"page":"139-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Caps-LSTM: A Novel Hierarchical Encrypted VPN Network Traffic Identification Using CapsNet and LSTM"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jiyue","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenmao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chonghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/nem.1901","volume":"25","author":"P Velan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Velan, P., \u010cerm\u00e1k, M., \u010celeda, P., Dra\u0161ar, M.: A survey of methods for encrypted traffic classification and analysis. Int. J. Netw. Manage. 25(5), 355\u2013374 (2015)","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Manage."},{"issue":"23","key":"10_CR2","first-page":"12561","volume":"5","author":"E Biersack","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biersack, E., Callegari, C., Matijasevic, M., et al.: Data traffic monitoring and analysis. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 5(23), 12561\u201312570 (2013)","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherry, J., Lan, C., Popa, R.A., Ratnasamy, S.: Blindbox: deep packet inspection over encrypted traffic. In: Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication, pp. 213\u2013226 (2015)","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787502"},{"key":"10_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draper-Gil, G., Lashkari, A.H., Mamun, M.S.I., Ghorbani, A.A.: Characterization of encrypted and vpn traffic using time-related. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy (ICISSP), pp. 407\u2013414 (2016)","DOI":"10.5220\/0005740704070414"},{"issue":"5","key":"10_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800819","volume":"57","author":"S Rezaei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rezaei, S., Liu, X.: Deep learning for encrypted traffic classification: an overview. IEEE Commun. Mag. 57(5), 76\u201381 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"10_CR6","unstructured":"Sabour, S., Frosst, N., Hinton, G.E. Dynamic routing between capsules. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.09829 (2017)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10_CR7","first-page":"154","volume":"37","author":"WB Pan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pan, W.B., Cheng, G., Guo, X.J., Huang, S.X.: Review and perspective on encrypted traffic identification research. J. Commun. 37(9), 154 (2016)","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"10_CR8","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31966-5_4","volume-title":"Passive and Active Network Measurement","author":"AW Moore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore, A.W., Papagiannaki, K.: Toward the accurate identification of network applications. In: Dovrolis, C. (ed.) PAM 2005. LNCS, vol. 3431, pp. 41\u201354. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-31966-5_4"},{"key":"10_CR9","unstructured":"Madhukar, A., Williamson, C.: A longitudinal study of p2p traffic classification. In: 14th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation, pp. 179\u2013188. IEEE (2006)"},{"key":"10_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.11.001","volume":"76","author":"T Bujlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bujlow, T., Carela-Espa\u00f1ol, V., Barlet-Ros, P.: Independent comparison of popular dpi tools for traffic classification. Comput. Netw. 76, 75\u201389 (2015)","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"10_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Maghraby, R.T., Abd Elazim, N.M., Bahaa-Eldin, A.M.: A survey on deep packet inspection. In: 2017 12th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Systems (ICCES), pp. 188\u2013197. IEEE (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES.2017.8275301"},{"key":"10_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, S., Spatscheck, O., Wang, D.: Accurate, scalable in-network identification of p2p traffic using application signatures. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 512\u2013521 (2004)","DOI":"10.1145\/988672.988742"},{"key":"10_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, B., McGrew, D.: Machine learning for encrypted malware traffic classification: accounting for noisy labels and non-stationarity. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 1723\u20131732 (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3097983.3098163"},{"key":"10_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zander, S., Nguyen, T., Armitage, G.: Automated traffic classification and application identification using machine learning. In: The IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks 30th Anniversary (LCN 2005), pp. 250\u2013257. IEEE (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2005.35"},{"key":"10_CR15","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31966-5_26","volume-title":"Passive and Active Network Measurement","author":"S Zander","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zander, S., Nguyen, T., Armitage, G.: Self-learning IP traffic classification based on statistical flow characteristics. In: Dovrolis, C. (ed.) PAM 2005. LNCS, vol. 3431, pp. 325\u2013328. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-31966-5_26"},{"issue":"11","key":"10_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"Z Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, Z.: The applications of deep learning on traffic identification. BlackHat USA 24(11), 1\u201310 (2015)","journal-title":"BlackHat USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04030-2","volume":"24","author":"M Lotfollahi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lotfollahi, M., Jafari Siavoshani, M., Shirali Hossein Zade, R., Saberian, M.: Deep packet: a novel approach for encrypted traffic classification using deep learning. Soft Comput. 24(3), 1999\u20132012 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-019-04030-2","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"10_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18042","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2747560","volume":"5","author":"M Lopez-Martin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lopez-Martin, M., Carro, B., Sanchez-Esguevillas, A., Lloret, J.: Network traffic classifier with convolutional and recurrent neural networks for internet of things. IEEE Access 5, 18042\u201318050 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37004","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2905041","volume":"7","author":"X Yong Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yong Zhang, X., Chen, L.J., Wang, X., Guo, D.: Network intrusion detection: based on deep hierarchical network and original flow data. IEEE Access 7, 37004\u201337016 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, S., Jiang, B., Cai, Z., Lu, Z., Liu, S., Liu, J.: A session-packets-based encrypted traffic classification using capsule neural networks. In: 2019 IEEE 21st International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 17th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 5th International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS), pp. 429\u2013436. IEEE (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS.2019.00071"},{"key":"10_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gers, F.A., Schmidhuber, J., Cummins, F.: Learning to forget: continual prediction with lstm (1999)","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:19991218"},{"key":"10_CR22","unstructured":"Powers, D.M.W.: Evaluation: from precision, recall and f-measure to roc, informedness, markedness and correlation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.16061 (2020)"},{"key":"10_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Zhu, M., Wang, J., Zeng, X., Yang, Z.: End-to-end encrypted traffic classification with one-dimensional convolution neural networks. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI), pp. 43\u201348. IEEE (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISI.2017.8004872"},{"key":"10_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Z., Ge, J., Zheng, H., Wu, Y., Han, C., Yao, Z.: Encrypted traffic classification with a convolutional long short-term memory neural network. In: 2018 IEEE 20th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, IEEE 16th International Conference on Smart City, IEEE 4th International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS), pp. 329\u2013334. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS.2018.00074"},{"key":"10_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132950","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010637","volume":"8","author":"B Zhiyong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhiyong, B., Zhou, B., Cheng, P., Zhang, K., Ling, Z.-H.: Encrypted network traffic classification using deep and parallel network-in-network models. IEEE Access 8, 132950\u2013132959 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Science of Cyber Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-89137-4_10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T21:31:36Z","timestamp":1638394296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-89137-4_10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"ISBN":["9783030891367","9783030891374"],"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-89137-4_10","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2021","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"SciSec","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Science of Cyber Security","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Shanghai","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"China","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2021","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"13 August 2021","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"15 August 2021","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"4","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"scisec2021","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/scisec.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}